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電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤の市場規模、シェア、動向分析レポート：車両タイプ別、バッテリータイプ別、地域別、セグメント予測、2024～2030年

Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Vehicle Type (Battery Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles), By Battery Type, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024 - 2030

出版日
ページ情報
英文 70 Pages
納期
2～10営業日
カスタマイズ可能
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.06円
電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤の市場規模、シェア、動向分析レポート：車両タイプ別、バッテリータイプ別、地域別、セグメント予測、2024～2030年
出版日: 2024年09月24日
発行: Grand View Research
ページ情報: 英文 70 Pages
納期: 2～10営業日
GIIご利用のメリット
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

市場規模と動向：

電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤の世界市場規模は、2023年に20億2,764万米ドルと推計され、2024年から2030年にかけてCAGR 3.8%で成長すると予測されています。

環境汚染に対する関心の高まりと持続可能な交通手段へのシフトが、電気自動車の需要を大幅に押し上げています。このような電気自動車の普及の急増は、自動車の効率とバッテリーの寿命を確保するための効果的なバッテリー冷却システムの需要に直接影響しています。

バッテリー技術の進化に伴い、エネルギー密度を高め、充電時間を短縮し、バッテリー全体の性能を向上させる努力が続けられています。これらの進歩により、運転中や充電中に発生する熱を管理するためのより効率的な冷却ソリューションが必要となり、高度なバッテリー冷却剤の必要性が高まっています。世界各国の政府は、自動車の排出ガスと燃費に関する規制を強化しています。こうした規制により、自動車メーカーはバッテリーの性能を最適化し、規制基準に適合させるための高度な冷却システムなど、電気自動車技術への投資を進めています。

再生可能エネルギー源と電気自動車充電インフラの統合が進んでいます。この動向は、電気自動車の充電に伴う二酸化炭素排出量を削減するため、電気自動車の使用を奨励しています。その結果、急速な充放電サイクルに対応できる高度なバッテリー冷却システムへの需要が高まっています。

消費者は、航続距離が長く、性能が向上した電気自動車を求めるようになっています。効率的なバッテリー冷却は、最適なバッテリー動作温度を維持することでバッテリー寿命と航続距離を延ばすことができるため、これらの目標を達成するために不可欠です。大手自動車メーカーは、電気自動車のラインアップを拡大し、生産能力を増強しています。メーカーはバッテリーの安全性、性能、耐久性を高める冷却技術を取り入れようとしているため、この拡大はEVバッテリー冷却剤の需要拡大に直結しています。

市場は、EVの普及拡大、バッテリーおよび冷却システムの技術進歩、規制要件の厳格化、自動車性能と持続可能性の向上に向けた総体的な推進力の累積効果によって牽引されています。

目次

第1章 調査手法と範囲

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第3章 電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の変数、動向、範囲

  • 市場系統の見通し
  • 業界バリューチェーン分析
    • 原材料の動向
    • 製造/技術動向
    • 販売チャネル分析
    • 価格動向分析
  • 地域別の規制枠組み
  • 市場力学
    • 市場 促進要因分析
    • 市場抑制要因分析
    • 業界の課題
    • 業界の機会
  • 業界分析ツール
    • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
    • マクロ環境分析

第4章 電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場：車両タイプ別の推定・動向分析

  • 2023年と2030年の車両タイプ別変動分析と市場シェア
  • バッテリー電気自動車
  • ハイブリッド電気自動車

第5章 電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場：バッテリータイプの推定・動向分析

  • バッテリータイプの変動分析と市場シェア、2023年と2030年
  • 鉛蓄電池
  • リチウムイオン電池

第6章 電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場：地域の推定・動向分析

  • 地域変動分析と市場シェア、2023年と2030年
  • 北米
    • 北米電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の推定・予測、2018年-2030年
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州
    • 欧州電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の推定・予測、2018年-2030年
    • ドイツ
    • 英国
    • フランス
    • イタリア
    • スペイン
  • アジア太平洋
    • アジア太平洋地域の電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の推定・予測、2018年-2030年
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 日本
    • 韓国
  • 中南米
    • 中南米電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の推定・予測、2018年-2030年
    • ブラジル
    • アルゼンチン
  • 中東・アフリカ
    • 中東およびアフリカの電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場の推定・予測、2018年-2030年
    • サウジアラビア
    • 南アフリカ

第7章 電気自動車用バッテリー冷却剤市場-競合情勢

  • 主要市場参入企業による最近の動向と影響分析
  • 主要企業分類
  • 企業市況分析、2023年
  • 企業ヒートマップ分析
  • ベンダー情勢
    • 販売代理店一覧
  • 戦略マッピング
  • 企業プロファイル
    • Valvoline Inc.
    • BASF SE
    • Exxon Mobil Corporation
    • Shell Group
    • GS Caltex
    • BP Plc
    • 3M
    • TotalEnergies
図表

List of Tables

  • Table 1 List of Potential End-Users
  • Table 2 Regulatory Framework, by regions
  • Table 3 List of Raw Material Suppliers
  • Table 4 U.S. Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 5 Canada Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 6 Mexico Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 7 Germany Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 8 UK Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 9 France Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 10 Italy Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 11 Spain Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 12 China Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 13 India Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 14 Japan Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 15 South Korea Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 16 Brazil Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 17 Argentina Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 18 Saudi Arabia Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 19 South Africa Macroeconomic Outlay
  • Table 20 Participant's Overview
  • Table 21 Financial Performance
  • Table 22 Product Benchmarking
  • Table 23 Company Heat Map Analysis
  • Table 24 Key Strategy Mapping

List of Figures

  • Fig. 1 Global Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Snapshot
  • Fig. 2 Global Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Snapshot: Vehicle Type and Battery Type
  • Fig. 3 Global Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Competitive Landscape Snapshot
  • Fig. 4 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: Industry Value Chain Analysis
  • Fig. 5 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: Price Trend Analysis, 2018 - 2030 (USD/Kg)
  • Fig. 6 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Dynamics
  • Fig. 7 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: PORTERs Analysis
  • Fig. 8 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: PESTLE Analysis
  • Fig. 9 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Vehicle Type: Key Takeaways
  • Fig. 10 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Share, By Vehicle Type, 2023 & 2030
  • Fig. 11 Battery Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 12 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 13 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, by Battery Type: Key Takeaways
  • Fig. 14 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Share, by Battery Type, 2023 & 2030
  • Fig. 15 Lead Acid Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 16 Lithium Ion Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 17 Other Battery Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, Key Takeaways
  • Fig. 18 Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Revenue, by Region, 2023 & 2030 (USD Million)
  • Fig. 19 North America Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 20 U.S. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 21 Canada Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 22 Mexico Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 23 Europe Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 24 Germany Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 25 UK Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 26 France Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 27 Italy Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 28 Spain Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 29 Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 30 China Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 31 India Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 32 Japan Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 33 South Korea Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 34 Central & South America Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 35 Brazil Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 36 Argentina Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 37 Middle East & Africa Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 38 Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 39 South Africa Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (Kilotons) (USD Million)
  • Fig. 40 Key Company Categorization
  • Fig. 41 Company Market Positioning Analysis
  • Fig. 42 Strategy Mapping
目次
Product Code: GVR-4-68040-468-2

Market Size & Trends:

The global electric vehicle battery coolant market size was estimated at USD 2,027.64 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% from 2024 to 2030. The growing concern over environmental pollution and the shift towards sustainable modes of transportation are significantly boosting the demand for electric vehicles. This surge in EV adoption directly impacts the demand for effective battery cooling systems to ensure vehicle efficiency and battery longevity.

As battery technology evolves, there is a continuous effort to increase energy density, reduce charging time, and enhance overall battery performance. These advancements necessitate more efficient cooling solutions to manage the heat generated during operation and charging, thereby driving the need for advanced battery coolants. Governments around the world are implementing stricter regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency. These regulations are pushing automakers to invest in electric vehicle technology, including advanced cooling systems to optimize battery performance and comply with regulatory standards.

The integration of renewable energy sources with electric vehicle charging infrastructure is growing. This trend encourages the use of electric vehicles, as it reduces the carbon footprint associated with EV charging. Consequently, the demand for sophisticated battery cooling systems that can handle rapid charging and discharging cycles is on the rise.

Consumers are increasingly demanding electric vehicles that offer longer range and improved performance. Efficient battery cooling is critical to achieving these objectives, as it helps maintain optimal battery operation temperatures, thereby extending battery life and vehicle range. Major automotive manufacturers are expanding their EV lineups and increasing production capacities. This expansion is directly linked to a higher demand for EV battery coolants, as manufacturers seek to incorporate cooling technologies that enhance battery safety, performance, and durability.

The market is driven by the cumulative effect of increased EV adoption, technological advancements in battery and cooling systems, stringent regulatory requirements, and a collective push towards improved vehicle performance and sustainability.

Global Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2018 to 2030. For this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global electric vehicle battery coolant market report based on vehicle type, battery type, and region:

  • Vehicle Type Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
  • Battery Electric Vehicles
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  • Battery Type Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
  • Lead Acid Battery
  • Lithium Ion Battery
  • Others
  • Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)
  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
  • Central & South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
  • Middle East and Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • South Africa

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Market Segmentation & Scope
  • 1.2. Market Definition
  • 1.3. Information Procurement
    • 1.3.1. Purchased Database
    • 1.3.2. GVR's Internal Database
    • 1.3.3. Secondary Sources & Third-Party Perspectives
    • 1.3.4. Primary Research
  • 1.4. Information Analysis
    • 1.4.1. Data Analysis Models
  • 1.5. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
  • 1.6. Data Validation & Publishing

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1. Market Snapshot
  • 2.2. Segment Snapshot
  • 2.3. Competitive Landscape Snapshot

Chapter 3. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Variables, Trends & Scope

  • 3.1. Market Lineage Outlook
  • 3.2. Industry Value Chain Analysis
    • 3.2.1. Raw Material Trends
    • 3.2.2. Manufacturing/ Technology Trends
    • 3.2.3. Sales Channel Analysis
    • 3.2.4. Price Trend Analysis
      • 3.2.4.1. Factors Influencing Prices
  • 3.3. Regulatory Framework, By Regions
  • 3.4. Market Dynamics
    • 3.4.1. Market Driver Analysis
    • 3.4.2. Market Restraint Analysis
    • 3.4.3. Industry Challenges
    • 3.4.4. Industry Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Analysis Tools
    • 3.5.1. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    • 3.5.2. Macro-environmental Analysis

Chapter 4. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: Vehicle Type Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 4.1. Vehicle Type Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2023 & 2030
  • 4.2. Battery Electric Vehicles
    • 4.2.1. Battery Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 4.3. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
    • 4.3.1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)

Chapter 5. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: Battery Type Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 5.1. Battery Type Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2023 & 2030
  • 5.2. Lead Acid Battery
    • 5.2.1. Lead Acid Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 5.3. Lithium Ion Battery
    • 5.3.1. Lithium Ion Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)

Chapter 6. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis

  • 6.1. Regional Movement Analysis & Market Share, 2023 & 2030
  • 6.2. North America
    • 6.2.1. North America Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.2.2. U.S.
      • 6.2.2.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.2.2.2. U.S. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.2.3. Canada
      • 6.2.3.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.2.3.2. Canada Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.2.4. Mexico
      • 6.2.4.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.2.4.2. Mexico Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 6.3. Europe
    • 6.3.1. Europe Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.3.2. Germany
      • 6.3.2.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.3.2.2. Germany Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.3.3. UK
      • 6.3.3.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.3.3.2. UK Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.3.4. France
      • 6.3.4.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.3.4.2. France Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.3.5. Italy
      • 6.3.5.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.3.5.2. Italy Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.3.6. Spain
      • 6.3.6.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.3.6.2. Spain Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 6.4. Asia Pacific
    • 6.4.1. Asia Pacific Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.4.2. China
      • 6.4.2.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.4.2.2. China Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.4.3. India
      • 6.4.3.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.4.3.2. India Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.4.4. Japan
      • 6.4.4.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.4.4.2. Japan Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.4.5. South Korea
      • 6.4.5.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.4.5.2. South Korea Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 6.5. Central & South America
    • 6.5.1. Central & South America Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.5.2. Brazil
      • 6.5.2.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.5.2.2. Brazil Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.5.3. Argentina
      • 6.5.3.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.5.3.2. Argentina Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
  • 6.6. Middle East & Africa
    • 6.6.1. Middles East & Africa Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market Estimates & Forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.6.2. Saudi Arabia
      • 6.6.2.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.6.2.2. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)
    • 6.6.3. South Africa
      • 6.6.3.1. Key country dynamics
      • 6.6.3.2. South Africa Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market estimates & forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million) (Kilotons)

Chapter 7. Electric Vehicle Battery Coolant Market - Competitive Landscape

  • 7.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
  • 7.2. Key Company Categorization
  • 7.3. Company Market Position Analysis, 2023
  • 7.4. Company Heat Map Analysis
  • 7.5. Vendor Landscape
    • 7.5.1. List of Distributors
  • 7.6. Strategy Mapping
  • 7.7. Company Profiles
    • 7.7.1. Valvoline Inc.
      • 7.7.1.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.1.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.1.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.1.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.2. BASF SE
      • 7.7.2.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.2.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.2.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.2.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.3. Exxon Mobil Corporation
      • 7.7.3.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.3.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.3.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.3.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.4. Shell Group
      • 7.7.4.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.4.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.4.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.4.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.5. GS Caltex
      • 7.7.5.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.5.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.5.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.5.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.6. BP Plc
      • 7.7.6.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.6.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.6.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.6.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.7. 3M
      • 7.7.7.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.7.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.7.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.7.4. Recent developments
    • 7.7.8. TotalEnergies
      • 7.7.8.1. Participant's overview
      • 7.7.8.2. Financial performance
      • 7.7.8.3. Product benchmarking
      • 7.7.8.4. Recent developments