市場調査レポート
商品コード
1652962

ベビーキャリアの世界市場、2025-2029年

Global Baby Carrier Market 2025-2029


出版日
発行
TechNavio
ページ情報
英文 194 Pages
納期
即納可能 即納可能とは
カスタマイズ可能
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=143.57円
ベビーキャリアの世界市場、2025-2029年
出版日: 2025年01月30日
発行: TechNavio
ページ情報: 英文 194 Pages
納期: 即納可能 即納可能とは
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  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 目次
概要

ベビーキャリア市場は2024-2029年に1億8,100万米ドル、予測期間中のCAGRは3.5%で成長すると予測されます。

当レポートでは、ベビーキャリア市場の全体的な分析、市場規模・予測、動向、成長促進要因、課題、約25のベンダーを網羅したベンダー分析などを掲載しています。

現在の市場シナリオ、最新動向と促進要因、市場環境全体に関する最新分析を提供しています。市場を牽引するのは、製品のプレミアム化につながる技術革新とポートフォリオの拡充、多機能ベビーキャリアの需要増、ひとり親家庭や核家族化に伴うライフスタイルの変化などです。

市場範囲
基準年 2025
終了年 2029
予測期間 2025-2029
成長モメンタム 加速
前年比2025年 3.2%
CAGR 3.5%
増分額 1億8,100万米ドル

本調査は、業界の主要参加者からのインプットを含め、一次情報と二次情報を客観的に組み合わせて実施しました。本レポートには、主要企業の分析に加え、包括的な市場規模データ、地域別分析によるセグメント、ベンダー情勢が含まれています。レポートには過去データと予測データがあります。

本調査では、今後数年間のベビーキャリア市場の成長を促進する主な要因の1つとして、革新的なベビーキャリアの出現を挙げています。また、ベンダーによる流通チャネル拡大戦略の採用や、環境に優しいベビーキャリアへの需要の増加が、市場の大きな需要につながるとしています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場概要

第2章 Technavio分析

  • 価格・ライフサイクル・顧客購入バスケット・採用率・購入基準の分析
  • インプットの重要性と差別化の要因
  • 混乱の要因
  • 促進要因と課題の影響

第3章 市場情勢

  • 市場エコシステム
  • 市場の特徴
  • バリューチェーン分析

第4章 市場規模

  • 市場の定義
  • 市場セグメント分析
  • 市場規模 2024
  • 市場の見通し 2024-2029

第5章 市場規模実績

  • ベビーキャリアの世界市場 2019-2023
  • チャネルセグメント分析 2019-2023
  • 製品セグメント分析 2019-2023
  • 地域別セグメント分析 2019-2023
  • 国別セグメント分析 2019-2023

第6章 定性分析

  • AIの影響:ベビーキャリアの世界市場

第7章 ファイブフォース分析

  • ファイブフォースの要約
  • 買い手の交渉力
  • 供給企業の交渉力
  • 新規参入業者の脅威
  • 代替品の脅威
  • 競争の脅威
  • 市況

第8章 市場セグメンテーション:チャネル別

  • 市場セグメント
  • 比較:チャネル別
  • オンライン:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • オフライン:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 市場機会:チャネル別

第9章 市場セグメンテーション:製品別

  • 市場セグメント
  • 比較:製品別
  • バックルベビーキャリア:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • ベビーラップキャリア:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • ベビースリングキャリア:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 市場機会:製品別

第10章 顧客情勢

  • 顧客情勢の概要

第11章 地域別情勢

  • 地域別セグメンテーション
  • 地域別比較
  • 北米:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 欧州:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • アジア太平洋:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 南米:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 中東・アフリカ:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 米国:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 中国:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • フランス:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 英国:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • ドイツ:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • カナダ:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • インド:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 日本:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • ブラジル:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • オーストラリア:市場規模と予測 2024-2029
  • 市場機会:地域情勢別

第12章 促進要因・課題・機会・抑制要因

  • 市場促進要因
  • 市場の課題
  • 促進要因と課題の影響
  • 市場の機会・抑制要因

第13章 競合情勢

  • 概要
  • 競合情勢
  • 混乱の状況
  • 業界のリスク

第14章 競合分析

  • 企業プロファイル
  • 企業ランキング指数
  • 企業の市場ポジショニング
  • Baby K tan LLC
  • BabyBjorn AB
  • Beachfront Baby LLC
  • Bitybean LLC
  • Boba Inc.
  • BREVI MILANO Spa
  • BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH
  • Chicco
  • Combi Corp.
  • Kol Kol
  • L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc.
  • Lalabu LLC
  • lillebaby LLC
  • Mothers Lounge LLC
  • R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd.

第15章 付録

目次
Product Code: IRTNTR40784

The baby carrier market is forecasted to grow by USD 181 million during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 3.5% during the forecast period. The report on the baby carrier market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by innovation and portfolio extension leading to product premiumization, rise in demand for multi-functional baby carriers, and changing lifestyles coupled with rise in single-parent and nuclear families.

Market Scope
Base Year2025
End Year2029
Series Year2025-2029
Growth MomentumAccelerate
YOY 20253.2%
CAGR3.5%
Incremental Value$181 mn

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market size data, segment with regional analysis and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key companies. Reports have historic and forecast data.

Technavio's baby carrier market is segmented as below:

By Channel

    • Online
    • Offline

By Product

    • Buckled baby carrier
    • Baby wrap carrier
    • Baby sling carrier

By Geographical Landscape

    • North America
    • Europe
    • APAC
    • South America
    • Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the emergence of innovative baby carriers as one of the prime reasons driving the baby carrier market growth during the next few years. Also, adoption of distribution channel expansion strategies by vendors and increase in demand for eco-friendly baby carriers will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the baby carrier market covers the following areas:

    • Baby Carrier Market sizing
    • Baby Carrier Market forecast
    • Baby Carrier Market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading baby carrier market vendors that include Baby K tan LLC, BabyBjorn AB, Beachfront Baby LLC, Bitybean LLC, Blue Box, Boba Inc., BREVI MILANO Spa, BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH, Chicco, Combi Corp., Kol Kol, L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc., Lalabu LLC, lillebaby LLC, Mothers Lounge LLC, R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd., Soul Slings, TETRA Clothing, The ERGObaby Carrier Inc., and Twingo LLC. Also, the baby carrier market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

  • 1.1 Market overview
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
    • Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Channel
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
    • Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
    • Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning

2 Technavio Analysis

  • 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
    • Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
  • 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
    • Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
  • 2.3 Factors of disruption
    • Overview on factors of disruption
  • 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges
    • Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029

3 Market Landscape

  • 3.1 Market ecosystem
    • Parent Market
    • Data Table on - Parent Market
  • 3.2 Market characteristics
    • Market characteristics analysis
  • 3.3 Value chain analysis
    • Value chain analysis

4 Market Sizing

  • 4.1 Market definition
    • Offerings of companies included in the market definition
  • 4.2 Market segment analysis
    • Market segments
  • 4.3 Market size 2024
  • 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029
    • Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)

5 Historic Market Size

  • 5.1 Global Baby Carrier Market 2019 - 2023
    • Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Baby Carrier Market 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
  • 5.2 Channel segment analysis 2019 - 2023
    • Historic Market Size - Channel Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
  • 5.3 Product segment analysis 2019 - 2023
    • Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
  • 5.4 Geography segment analysis 2019 - 2023
    • Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
  • 5.5 Country segment analysis 2019 - 2023
    • Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)

6 Qualitative Analysis

  • 6.1 The AI impact on Global Baby Carrier Market

7 Five Forces Analysis

  • 7.1 Five forces summary
    • Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029
  • 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers
    • Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029
  • 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
    • Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
  • 7.4 Threat of new entrants
    • Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
  • 7.5 Threat of substitutes
    • Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
  • 7.6 Threat of rivalry
    • Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029
  • 7.7 Market condition
    • Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029

8 Market Segmentation by Channel

  • 8.1 Market segments
    • Chart on Channel - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Channel - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
  • 8.2 Comparison by Channel
    • Chart on Comparison by Channel
    • Data Table on Comparison by Channel
  • 8.3 Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 8.4 Offline - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Offline - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Offline - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Offline - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 8.5 Market opportunity by Channel
    • Market opportunity by Channel ($ million)
    • Data Table on Market opportunity by Channel ($ million)

9 Market Segmentation by Product

  • 9.1 Market segments
    • Chart on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Product - Market share 2024-2029 (%)
  • 9.2 Comparison by Product
    • Chart on Comparison by Product
    • Data Table on Comparison by Product
  • 9.3 Buckled baby carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Buckled baby carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Buckled baby carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Buckled baby carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Buckled baby carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 9.4 Baby wrap carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Baby wrap carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Baby wrap carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Baby wrap carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Baby wrap carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 9.5 Baby sling carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Baby sling carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Baby sling carrier - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Baby sling carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Baby sling carrier - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 9.6 Market opportunity by Product
    • Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
    • Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ million)

10 Customer Landscape

  • 10.1 Customer landscape overview
    • Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

11 Geographic Landscape

  • 11.1 Geographic segmentation
    • Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.2 Geographic comparison
    • Chart on Geographic comparison
    • Data Table on Geographic comparison
  • 11.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.5 APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.8 US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.9 China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.10 France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.11 UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.12 Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.13 Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.14 India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on India - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.15 Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.16 Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Brazil - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Brazil - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.17 Australia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029
    • Chart on Australia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Data Table on Australia - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million)
    • Chart on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
    • Data Table on Australia - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
  • 11.18 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
    • Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
    • Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)

12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints

  • 12.1 Market drivers
  • 12.2 Market challenges
  • 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
    • Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
  • 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints

13 Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1 Overview
  • 13.2 Competitive Landscape
    • Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
  • 13.3 Landscape disruption
    • Overview on factors of disruption
  • 13.4 Industry risks
    • Impact of key risks on business

14 Competitive Analysis

  • 14.1 Companies profiled
    • Companies covered
  • 14.2 Company ranking index
    • Company ranking index
  • 14.3 Market positioning of companies
    • Matrix on companies position and classification
  • 14.4 Baby K tan LLC
    • Baby K tan LLC - Overview
    • Baby K tan LLC - Product / Service
    • Baby K tan LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.5 BabyBjorn AB
    • BabyBjorn AB - Overview
    • BabyBjorn AB - Product / Service
    • BabyBjorn AB - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.6 Beachfront Baby LLC
    • Beachfront Baby LLC - Overview
    • Beachfront Baby LLC - Product / Service
    • Beachfront Baby LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.7 Bitybean LLC
    • Bitybean LLC - Overview
    • Bitybean LLC - Product / Service
    • Bitybean LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.8 Boba Inc.
    • Boba Inc. - Overview
    • Boba Inc. - Product / Service
    • Boba Inc. - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.9 BREVI MILANO Spa
    • BREVI MILANO Spa - Overview
    • BREVI MILANO Spa - Product / Service
    • BREVI MILANO Spa - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.10 BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH
    • BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH - Overview
    • BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH - Product / Service
    • BRITAX ROMER Kindersicherheit GmbH - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.11 Chicco
    • Chicco - Overview
    • Chicco - Product / Service
    • Chicco - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.12 Combi Corp.
    • Combi Corp. - Overview
    • Combi Corp. - Product / Service
    • Combi Corp. - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.13 Kol Kol
    • Kol Kol - Overview
    • Kol Kol - Product / Service
    • Kol Kol - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.14 L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc.
    • L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc. - Overview
    • L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc. - Product / Service
    • L echarpe Porte-bonheur Inc. - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.15 Lalabu LLC
    • Lalabu LLC - Overview
    • Lalabu LLC - Product / Service
    • Lalabu LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.16 lillebaby LLC
    • lillebaby LLC - Overview
    • lillebaby LLC - Product / Service
    • lillebaby LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.17 Mothers Lounge LLC
    • Mothers Lounge LLC - Overview
    • Mothers Lounge LLC - Product / Service
    • Mothers Lounge LLC - Key offerings
    • SWOT
  • 14.18 R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd.
    • R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
    • R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
    • R for Rabbit Baby Products Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
    • SWOT

15 Appendix

  • 15.1 Scope of the report
  • 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
    • Inclusions checklist
    • Exclusions checklist
  • 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
    • Currency conversion rates for US$
  • 15.4 Research methodology
    • Research methodology
  • 15.5 Data procurement
    • Information sources
  • 15.6 Data validation
    • Data validation
  • 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
    • Validation techniques employed for market sizing
  • 15.8 Data synthesis
    • Data synthesis
  • 15.9 360 degree market analysis
    • 360 degree market analysis
  • 15.10 List of abbreviations
    • List of abbreviations