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自動車用バルブの世界市場規模：製品タイプ別、用途タイプ別、車両タイプ別、機能別、地域別、予測

Global Automotive Valves Market Size By Product Type, By Application Type, By Vehicle Type, By Function, By Geographic Scope and Forecast

出版日
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英文 202 Pages
納期
2～3営業日
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.76円
自動車用バルブの世界市場規模：製品タイプ別、用途タイプ別、車両タイプ別、機能別、地域別、予測
出版日: 2025年04月29日
発行: Verified Market Research
ページ情報: 英文 202 Pages
納期: 2～3営業日
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概要

自動車用バルブの市場規模と予測

世界の自動車用バルブの市場規模は、2024年に329億8,000万米ドルと評価され、2026年～2032年にCAGR3.50%で成長し、2032年には423億4,000万米ドルに達すると予測されます。

自動車用バルブは、エンジンの作動時に空気、燃料、排気ガスの流れを調整する内燃エンジンの重要な部品です。これらのバルブは、エンジン性能、効率、排出ガス制御において重要な役割を果たしています。一般的な4サイクルエンジンには、吸気バルブと排気バルブの2種類があります。吸気バルブは、吸気ストローク中に空気と燃料の混合気が燃焼室に入るのを可能にし、燃焼効率の最大化を保証します。

自動車用バルブは、内燃エンジンの運転と性能において重要な役割を果たし、効率、排出ガス制御、エンジン全体の信頼性に役立つ様々な機能を果たします。自動車用バルブは、主にエンジンの吸気システムと排気システムに使用されています。吸気バルブは、吸気ストローク中に燃焼室に流入する混合気の流れを制御します。

技術の向上と業界の変化により、自動車用バルブの将来は有望視されています。自動車用バルブは、現代の自動車の性能、効率、汚染防止にとって極めて重要です。今後の主な動向としては、電気自動車やハイブリッドパワートレインの統合が挙げられ、これらの高度な推進システムでは、空気流と排気ガスを効率的に管理できるバルブの使用が必要となります。

自動車用バルブの世界市場力学

自動車用バルブの世界市場を形成している主な市場力学は以下の通りです：

主な市場促進要因

燃費効率の需要：自動車業界が燃費効率化を重視し続けていることが主な要因の一つです。吸気バルブや排気バルブなどのバルブは、エンジン性能や燃費に直接影響を与えます。チタン合金や中空ステムなどの先進的なバルブ設計や材料は、重量や摩擦を最小限に抑え、エンジン効率を高めるのに役立っています。

エンジン技術の進歩：ターボチャージャーやダウンサイジングといったエンジン技術の進歩も、自動車用バルブの需要を促進する重要な要因の一つです。例えば、ターボチャージャーエンジンには、信頼性を維持しながらより高い温度と圧力に耐えるバルブが必要です。また、バルブタイミングとリフト量を変化させ、幅広い回転数範囲でエンジン性能を最適化する可変バルブタイミング（VVT）システムも、特殊なバルブソリューションの需要を促進しています。

電気自動車市場の成長：電気自動車（EV）への移行は自動車セクターを変化させ、バルブ技術に影響を与えています。EVは従来の内燃機関を使用しませんが、冷却やHVAC（暖房、換気、空調）などの補助システムにはバルブが必要です。EV産業が成長するにつれ、効率的な熱管理と車内の快適性を保証する用途におけるバルブの需要も増加しています。

主な課題

厳しい排ガス規制：自動車用バルブにとって最も重要な課題のひとつは、世界中でますます厳しくなる排ガス規制への対応です。各国政府が窒素酸化物（NOx）や粒子状物質などの汚染物質に対する規制を強化する中、エンジンバルブはより効率的な燃焼と排気ガス再循環（EGR）運転を可能にする必要があります。

燃料効率の要求：自動車メーカーは、燃費の向上と二酸化炭素排出量の削減を常に求められています。バルブは、エンジンシリンダー内のエアフローを最適化し、燃焼効率を向上させることで、これらの目標の達成を支援しなければなりません。そのためには、さまざまなエンジン回転数と負荷でスムーズに機能し、エネルギー損失を減らして出力を向上させるバルブが必要です。

品質と耐久性：自動車用バルブは、自動車の寿命を通じて長寿命と信頼性を確保するために、高品質の基準を満たす必要があります。バルブの材料の選択、製造精度、組み立て工程はすべて、寿命と性能を決定するための重要な考慮事項です。バルブは、機能と安全性を維持しながら、高い作動圧力、繰り返されるサイクル、厳しいエンジン条件にさらされることに耐えなければなりません。

主な動向

軽量材料：自動車バルブにおける注目すべき開発の一つは、業界がチタン合金やステンレス鋼のような軽量材料にシフトしていることです。これらの材料は、一般的な鋼鉄よりも強度重量比が高く、エンジン全体の効率を高め、燃料消費量を低減します。軽量バルブはまた、排出ガスの削減と車両力学の向上にも役立ち、持続可能性と性能を追求する世界の自動車動向に合致しています。

先進製造技術の統合：自動車バルブの製造において、先進的な製造技術へのシフトが顕著になってきています。コンピュータ数値制御（CNC）機械加工、3Dプリント、レーザー切断などの技術のおかげで、バルブ製造はより精密で効率的になってきています。これらの技術は、バルブの性能、耐久性、信頼性を向上させる複雑な形状や独自の設計を可能にします。

電気自動車とハイブリッド車用バルブの採用：電気自動車やハイブリッド車の増加に伴い、これらの代替パワートレインシステムの性能を向上させるために設計された専門バルブの需要も増加しています。電気自動車には、バッテリー冷却システムの冷却、加熱、および流体の流れを制御するバルブが必要であり、ハイブリッド車には、多くの走行モードを通じてエンジン機能を効率的に調整するバルブが必要です。

目次

第1章 自動車用バルブの世界市場のイントロダクション

  • 市場概要
  • 調査範囲
  • 前提条件

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第3章 VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCHの調査手法

  • データマイニング
  • バリデーション
  • 一次資料
  • データソース一覧
  • 市場の魅力

第4章 自動車用バルブの世界市場展望

  • 概要
  • 市場力学
    • 促進要因
    • 抑制要因
    • 機会
  • ポーターのファイブフォースモデル
  • バリューチェーン分析

第5章 自動車用バルブの世界市場：製品タイプ別

  • 概要
  • エンジンバルブ
  • 空調バルブ
  • ブレーキコンビネーションバルブ
  • サーモスタットバルブ
  • 燃料システムバルブ
  • 排気ガス再循環（EGR）バルブ
  • その他

第6章 自動車用バルブの世界市場：用途タイプ別

  • 概要
  • エンジンシステム
  • HVACシステム
  • ブレーキシステム
  • その他

第7章 自動車用バルブの世界市場：車両タイプ別

  • 概要
  • 乗用車
  • 商用車
    • 小型商用車（LCV）
    • 大型商用車（HCV）
  • その他

第8章 自動車用バルブの世界市場：機能別

  • 概要
  • 油圧式
  • 電気式
  • 空気圧

第9章 自動車用バルブの世界市場：地域別

  • 概要
  • 北米
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州
    • ドイツ
    • 英国
    • フランス
    • その他欧州
  • アジア太平洋
    • 中国
    • 日本
    • インド
    • その他アジア太平洋
  • 世界のその他の地域
    • ラテンアメリカ
    • 中東・アフリカ

第10章 自動車用バルブの世界市場の競合情勢

  • 概要
  • 各社の市場ランキング
  • 主な開発戦略
  • ACEマトリックス

第11章 企業プロファイル

  • Denso Corporation
  • Eaton Corporation
  • Federal-Mogul Corporation
  • Schaeffler AG
  • Continental AG
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Hitachi Astemo
  • BorgWarner Inc.
  • Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
  • Valeo SA

第12章 主な発展

  • 製品発売/開発
  • 合併と買収
  • 事業拡大
  • パートナーシップと提携

第13章 付録

  • 関連調査
目次
Product Code: 32366

Automotive Valves Market Size and Forecast

Automotive Valves Market size was valued at USD 32.98 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 42.34 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 3.50% from 2026 to 2032.

Automotive valves are critical components of an internal combustion engine regulating the flow of air, fuel, and exhaust gases as the engine operates. These valves play a critical role in engine performance, efficiency, and emissions control. A typical four-stroke engine has two types of valves: intake valves and exhaust valves. Intake valves allow the mixture of air and fuel to enter the combustion chamber during the intake stroke, guaranteeing maximum combustion efficiency.

Automotive valves play critical roles in the operation and performance of internal combustion engines performing a variety of functions that help with efficiency, emissions control, and overall engine reliability. Automotive valves are primarily used in engine intake and exhaust systems. Intake valves control the flow of air-fuel mixture into the combustion chamber during the intake stroke.

The future of automotive valves looks promising, thanks to technological improvements and industry changes. Automotive valves are crucial to the performance, efficiency, and pollution control of modern automobiles. Looking ahead, major trends include the integration of electric and hybrid powertrains which need the use of valves capable of efficiently managing airflow and exhaust gases in these sophisticated propulsion systems.

Global Automotive Valves Market Dynamics

The key market dynamics that are shaping the global automotive valves market include:

Key Market Drivers:

Demand for Fuel Efficiency: One of the key factors is the automotive in industry's ongoing emphasis on increasing fuel efficiency. Valves, such as intake and exhaust valves have a direct impact on engine performance and fuel consumption. Advanced valve designs and materials such as titanium alloys and hollow stems help to minimize weight and friction resulting in increased engine efficiency.

Engine Technology Advancements: The advancement of engine technologies such as turbocharging and downsizing is another important factor driving automotive valve demand. Turbocharged engines, for example, need valves that can endure higher temperatures and pressures while remaining reliable. Variable valve timing (VVT) systems which vary valve timing and lift to optimize engine performance across a wide range of RPMs are also driving demand for specialized valve solutions.

Growing Electric Vehicle Market: The transition to electric cars (EVs) is altering the automotive sector and influencing valve technologies. EVs do not use traditional internal combustion engines but valves are still required in auxiliary systems like as cooling and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning). As the EV industry grows, so does the demand for valves in applications that assure efficient thermal management and cabin comfort.

Key Challenges:

Stringent Emissions Regulations: One of the most significant issues for automotive valves is complying with increasingly rigorous emissions standards around the world. As governments tighten regulations on pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter, engine valves must enable more efficient combustion and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operations.

Fuel Efficiency Demands: Automotive manufacturers are constantly under pressure to enhance fuel efficiency and lower carbon emissions. Valves must help achieve these goals by optimizing airflow within engine cylinders and improving combustion efficiency. This necessitates valves that can function smoothly at different engine speeds and loads reducing energy losses and increasing power output.

Quality and Durability: Automotive valves must meet high-quality criteria to ensure longevity and dependability throughout the vehicle's life. Valve material selection, manufacturing precision, and assembly processes are all important considerations for deciding longevity and performance. Valves must tolerate high operating pressures, repeated cycles, and exposure to severe engine conditions while maintaining functioning and safety.

Key Trends:

Lightweight Materials: One noteworthy development in automobile valves is the industry's shift to lightweight materials like titanium alloys and stainless steel. These materials have higher strength-to-weight ratios than typical steel increasing total engine efficiency and lowering fuel consumption. Lightweight valves also help to reduce emissions and improve vehicle dynamics which aligns with worldwide automotive trends toward sustainability and performance.

Integration of Advanced Manufacturing Techniques: There has been a noticeable shift toward advanced manufacturing techniques in the production of automobile valves. Valve manufacturing is becoming more precise and efficient thanks to technologies such as computer numerical control (CNC) machining, 3D printing, and laser cutting. These techniques enable complicated geometries and unique designs that improve valve performance, durability, and dependability.

Adoption of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Valves: As the number of electric and hybrid vehicles grows, so does the demand for specialist valves designed to improve the performance of these alternative powertrain systems. Electric vehicles require valves that control cooling, heating, and fluid flow in battery cooling systems, whereas hybrid vehicles require valves that efficiently regulate engine function throughout many driving modes.

Global Automotive Valves Market Regional Analysis

Here is a more detailed regional analysis of the global automotive valves market:

Asia Pacific:

The Asia Pacific region dominates the worldwide automotive valves market led by strong automobile production and sales in China, Japan, and India. This region is projected to maintain its leadership position in the coming years as car ownership increases and manufacturing capacities develop. Asia Pacific's automobile industry has grown significantly over the last decade. According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), China will build around 27.5 million vehicles in 2021 accounting for nearly 33% of world output. Japan and India followed with 7.8 million and 4.4 million units respectively. This enormous production volume is directly proportional to the demand for automobile valves.

The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) estimated that car sales in China will reach 26.28 million units in 2021 showing a robust domestic market. In Japan, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) reported domestic car sales of 4.4 million units in the same year. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), domestic vehicle sales in India totaled 17.5 million units in fiscal year 2021-2022. These data highlight the region's important contribution to the global automotive market, and hence, the automotive valves sector. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicts that the region's GDP will increase by 4.8% in 2024 and 4.9% in 2024 indicating ongoing economic strength that will likely support further automotive sector expansion.

North America:

The North American automotive valves market is growing rapidly with the United States leading the way. According to recent industry reports, the market is predicted to develop at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.8% between 2021 and 2026. The region's large car manufacturing base is important. The United States, in particular, is home to major automotive manufacturers and has a well-developed supply chain. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, motor vehicle and parts manufacturing contributed USD 79.5 Billion to the United States' GDP in 2020. Furthermore, the growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) is encouraging advancements in valve technology.

According to the US Department of Energy, EV sales in the United States increased by 85% between 2020 and 2021 reaching a record high of 608,000 units. This shift toward electrification is leading valve makers to create new valves specifically for EV applications. Furthermore, tough pollution laws imposed by authorities such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are encouraging manufacturers to increase engine efficiency, increasing demand for advanced valve systems. The EPA's Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements aim to attain an industry-wide objective of 40.4 miles per gallon for passenger automobiles by 2026 creating a demand for more efficient engine components.

Global Automotive Valves Market: Segmentation Analysis

The Global Automotive Valves Market is segmented based on Product Type, Vehicle Type, Application Type, Function, and Geography.

Automotive Valves Market, By Product Type

  • Engine Valve
  • Air Conditioning Valve
  • Brake Combination Valve
  • Thermostat Valve
  • Fuel System Valve
  • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Valves
  • Others

Based on the Product Type, the Global Automotive Valves Market is bifurcated into Engine Valve, Air Conditioning Valve, Brake Combination Valve, Thermostat Valve, Fuel System Valve, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Valves, and Others. In the automotive valves market, engine valves are typically dominant due to their critical role in engine performance and efficiency. Engine valves control the intake and exhaust of air and fuel mixture, crucial for combustion within the engine cylinders. As vehicles evolve towards more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly designs, there is a continuous demand for engine valves that can optimize fuel combustion, reduce emissions, and enhance overall engine efficiency.

Automotive Valves Market, By Vehicle Type

  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles
  • Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV)
  • Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV)
  • Others

Based on Vehicle Type, the Global Automotive Valves Market is bifurcated into Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV), Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV), and Others. In the automotive valves market, passenger cars dominate due to their sheer volume in global vehicle production and sales. Passenger cars typically require a variety of valves for their internal combustion engines ranging from intake and exhaust valves to those for cooling and emission control systems. The continuous innovation in passenger car engine technology including advancements in fuel efficiency, emissions control, and performance, drives significant demand for specialized automotive valves. Additionally, the increasing consumer preference for passenger cars equipped with advanced features and technologies further boosts the market for automotive valves in this segment.

Automotive Valves Market, By Application Type

  • Engine System
  • HVAC System
  • Brake System
  • Others

Based on the Application Type, the Global Automotive Valves Market is bifurcated into Engine System, HVAC System, Brake System, and Others. In the automotive valves market, the engine system segment stands out as dominant. Engine valves are crucial components that regulate the intake of air and fuel and the exhaust of combustion gases directly impacting engine performance, efficiency, and emissions. The continuous innovation in engine technology including turbocharged engines and variable valve timing (VVT) systems drives significant demand for specialized valves that enhance combustion efficiency and power output while meeting stringent emission standards.

Automotive Valves Market, By Function

  • Hydraulic
  • Electric
  • Pneumatic

Based on the Function, the Global Automotive Valves Market is bifurcated into Hydraulic, Electric, and Pneumatic. In the Automotive Valves Market, electric valves are currently dominant due to several factors. Electric valves offer precise control over fluid or gas flow within vehicle systems, improving efficiency and performance compared to traditional hydraulic or pneumatic valves. They are integral to modern vehicle designs especially in electric and hybrid vehicles where they play crucial roles in managing battery cooling systems, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and other critical functions. Electric valves also contribute to reduced energy consumption and emissions aligning with global trends towards sustainability and stricter environmental regulations.

Automotive Valves Market, By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of the World

Based on Geography, the Global Automotive Valves Market is classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World. In the global automotive valves market, Asia Pacific holds dominance primarily due to several key factors. The region is a major hub for automotive manufacturing with countries like China, Japan, South Korea, and India playing pivotal roles in both production and consumption of vehicles. This concentration of automotive manufacturing drives substantial demand for automotive valves to support engine production across a wide range of vehicle types from passenger cars to commercial vehicles.

Key Players

The "Global Automotive Valves Market" study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market. The major players in the market are Denso Corporation, Eaton Corporation, Federal-Mogul Corporation, Schaeffler AG, BorgWarner, Inc., Jinan Worldwide Auto-Accessory Limited ICP, MAHLE GmbH, Magna International, Inc., Continental AG, Robert Bosch GmbH, Hitachi Astemo, BorgWarner, Inc., Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd., Valeo SA, and Tenneco, Inc.

Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with product benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

Global Automotive Valves Market Key Developments

  • In August 2022, Hitachi developed the Scanning Acoustic Tomography. It is essentially a technology developed to provide a one-time examination and increased image quality for 300 mm wafer defect detection.
  • In April 2022, Eaton Corporation expanded its business categories across Europe including vehicle groups and e-mobility. The purpose of this expansion was to establish a new research facility and office in Karlsruhe, Germany. This development will expand the existing engineering and production capabilities in Tczew, Poland, and Montrottier, France.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET

  • 1.1 Overview of the Market
  • 1.2 Scope of Report
  • 1.3 Assumptions

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH

  • 3.1 Data Mining
  • 3.2 Validation
  • 3.3 Primary Interviews
  • 3.4 List of Data Sources
  • 3.5 Market attractiveness

4 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET OUTLOOK

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Market Dynamics
    • 4.2.1 Drivers
    • 4.2.2 Restraints
    • 4.2.3 Opportunities
  • 4.3 Porters Five Force Model
  • 4.4 Value Chain Analysis

5 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE

  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 Engine Valve
  • 5.3 Air Conditioning Valve
  • 5.4 Brake Combination Valve
  • 5.5 Thermostat Valve
  • 5.6 Fuel System Valve
  • 5.7 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Valves
  • 5.8 Others

6 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION TYPE

  • 6.1 Overview
  • 6.2 Engine System
  • 6.3 HVAC System
  • 6.4 Brake System
  • 6.5 Others

7 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE

  • 7.1 Overview
  • 7.2 Passenger Cars
  • 7.3 Commercial Vehicles
    • 7.3.1 Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV)
    • 7.3.2 Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV)
  • 7.4 Others

8 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 Hydraulic
  • 8.3 Electric
  • 8.4 Pneumatic

9 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 9.1 Overview
  • 9.2 North America
    • 9.2.1 U.S.
    • 9.2.2 Canada
    • 9.2.3 Mexico
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
    • 9.3.2 U.K.
    • 9.3.3 France
    • 9.3.4 Rest of Europe
  • 9.4 Asia Pacific
    • 9.4.1 China
    • 9.4.2 Japan
    • 9.4.3 India
    • 9.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 9.5 Rest of the World
    • 9.5.1 Latin America
    • 9.5.2 Middle East and Africa

10 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

  • 10.1 Overview
  • 10.2 Company Market Ranking
  • 10.3 Key Development Strategies
  • 10.4 ACE Matrix

11 COMPANY PROFILES

  • 11.1 Denso Corporation
    • 11.1.1 Overview
    • 11.1.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.1.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.1.4 Key Developments
  • 11.2 Eaton Corporation
    • 11.2.1 Overview
    • 11.2.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.2.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.2.4 Key Developments
  • 11.3 Federal-Mogul Corporation
    • 11.3.1 Overview
    • 11.3.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.3.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.3.4 Key Developments
  • 11.4 Schaeffler AG
    • 11.4.1 Overview
    • 11.4.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.4.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.4.4 Key Developments
  • 11.5 Continental AG
    • 11.5.1 Overview
    • 11.5.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.5.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.5.4 Key Developments
  • 11.6 Robert Bosch GmbH
    • 11.6.1 Overview
    • 11.6.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.6.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.6.4 Key Developments
  • 11.7 Hitachi Astemo
    • 11.7.1 Overview
    • 11.7.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.7.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.7.4 Key Developments
  • 11.8 BorgWarner Inc.
    • 11.8.1 Overview
    • 11.8.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.8.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.8.4 Key Developments
  • 11.9 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
    • 11.9.1 Overview
    • 11.9.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.9.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.9.4 Key Developments
  • 11.10 Valeo SA
    • 11.10.1 Overview
    • 11.10.2 Financial Performance
    • 11.10.3 Product Outlook
    • 11.10.4 Key Developments

12 KEY DEVELOPMENTS

  • 12.1 Product Launches/Developments
  • 12.2 Mergers and Acquisitions
  • 12.3 Business Expansions
  • 12.4 Partnerships and Collaborations

13 Appendix

  • 13.1 Related Research