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市場調査レポート
商品コード
1667874
生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場- 世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、ビジネスチャンスと予測、タイプ別、用途別、エンドユーザー別、地域別、競合別セグメント、2020~2030年Biodegradable Plastic Films Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity & Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Application, By End User, By Region, & Competition, 2020-2030F |
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| 生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場- 世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、ビジネスチャンスと予測、タイプ別、用途別、エンドユーザー別、地域別、競合別セグメント、2020~2030年 |
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出版日: 2025年02月28日
発行: TechSci Research
ページ情報: 英文 184 Pages
納期: 2~3営業日
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全表示
- 概要
- 目次
生分解性プラスチックフィルムの世界市場規模は2022年に14億4,000万米ドルとなり、2030年までの年間平均成長率(CAGR)は6.10%と、予測期間中に力強い成長が予測されています。
世界的に持続可能性が重視されるようになったことで、プラスチック産業では大きな技術革新が進み、生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場の出現につながりました。プラスチック汚染や環境への影響に対する懸念が強まるにつれ、エコフレンドリー代替品への需要が急増しています。再生可能な資源に由来し、自然に分解するように設計された生分解性プラスチックフィルムは、有望なソリューションとして浮上しています。当レポートでは、世界の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場を形成する主要促進要因・課題・動向・促進要因を探り、包括的な市場分析を提供しています。
| 市場概要 | |
|---|---|
| 予測期間 | 2026~2030年 |
| 市場規模:2024年 | 14億4,000万米ドル |
| 市場規模:2030年 | 20億6,000万米ドル |
| CAGR:2025~2030年 | 6.10% |
| 急成長セグメント | 飲食品 |
| 最大市場 | アジア太平洋 |
生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場は、環境問題に対する世界の意識の高まりを反映したいくつかの要因によって推進されています。再生不可能な資源に由来する従来のプラスチックフィルムは、公害や環境悪化に大きく貢献してきました。こうした課題に対処する必要性から、生分解性代替品の開発と採用が進んでいます。
市場の主要促進要因は、持続可能でエコフレンドリー包装ソリューションに対する消費者の需要の高まりです。飲食品から小売に至るまで様々な産業の企業が、環境意識の高い消費者の嗜好に沿った包装材料を求めるようになってきています。生分解性プラスチックフィルムは、進化する消費者の期待に応えつつ、持続可能性を高める機会を企業に記載しています。
市場促進要因
持続可能性を促進する政府の施策
主要市場課題
生分解性プラスチックフィルムのコスト上昇
主要市場動向
新材料の開発
目次
第1章 概要
第2章 調査手法
第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー
第4章 COVID-19が世界の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場に与える影響
第5章 顧客の声
第6章 世界の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 金額・数量別
- 市場シェア・予測
- タイプ別(デンプンブレンド、ポリ乳酸、ポリブチレンアジペートコテレフタレート(PBAT)、ポリブチレンサクシネート(PBS)、ポリヒドロキシアルカン酸(PHA)、その他)
- 用途別(袋、包装フィルム、ライナー、シート、その他)
- エンドユーザー別(飲食品、医療、農業、パーソナルケア・化粧品、電気・電子機器、その他)
- 地域別
- 企業別(2024)
- 市場マップ
第7章 アジア太平洋の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 市場シェア・予測
- アジア太平洋:国別分析
- 中国
- インド
- オーストラリア
- 日本
- 韓国
第8章 欧州の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 市場シェア・予測
- 欧州:国別分析
- フランス
- ドイツ
- スペイン
- イタリア
- 英国
第9章 北米の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 市場シェア・予測
- 北米:国別分析
- 米国
- メキシコ
- カナダ
第10章 南米の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 市場シェア・予測
- 南米:国別分析
- ブラジル
- アルゼンチン
- コロンビア
第11章 中東・アフリカの生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場展望
- 市場規模・予測
- 市場シェア・予測
- 中東・アフリカ:国別分析
- 南アフリカ
- サウジアラビア
- アラブ首長国連邦
- クウェート
- トルコ
- エジプト
第12章 市場力学
- 促進要因
- 課題
第13章 市場動向と発展
- 製品上市
- 合併と買収
第14章 世界の生分解性プラスチックフィルム市場:SWOT分析
第15章 価格分析
第16章 ポーターのファイブフォース分析
- 産業内の競合
- 新規参入の可能性
- サプライヤーの力
- 顧客の力
- 代替申請の脅威
第17章 PESTEL分析
第18章 競合情勢
- Brentwood Plastics Inc.
- BASF SE
- Cortec Corporation
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.
- Futamura Chemicals Co. Ltd
- BioBag Americas Inc.
- Plantic Technologies Ltd.
- Shreeji Stretch Film Industries
- Clondalkin Group Holding B.V.
- Tipa Corp. Ltd.
第19章 戦略的提言
第20章 調査会社について・免責事項
The global biodegradable plastic films market was valued at USD 1.44 billion in 2022 and is projected to experience robust growth during the forecast period, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.10% through 2030. The increasing global emphasis on sustainable practices has driven significant innovation within the plastics industry, leading to the emergence of the biodegradable plastic films market. As concerns about plastic pollution and environmental impact intensify, the demand for eco-friendly alternatives has surged. Biodegradable plastic films, which are derived from renewable resources and designed to break down naturally, have emerged as a promising solution. This report offers a comprehensive market analysis, exploring the key drivers, challenges, trends, and opportunities shaping the global biodegradable plastic films market.
| Market Overview | |
|---|---|
| Forecast Period | 2026-2030 |
| Market Size 2024 | USD 1.44 Billion |
| Market Size 2030 | USD 2.06 Billion |
| CAGR 2025-2030 | 6.10% |
| Fastest Growing Segment | Food & Beverage |
| Largest Market | Asia Pacific |
The biodegradable plastic films market is propelled by several factors reflecting heightened global awareness of environmental issues. Traditional plastic films, which are derived from non-renewable sources, have significantly contributed to pollution and environmental degradation. The need to address these challenges has driven the development and adoption of biodegradable alternatives.
A primary driver for the market is the growing consumer demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging solutions. Businesses across various industries, ranging from food and beverage to retail, are increasingly seeking packaging materials that align with eco-conscious consumer preferences. Biodegradable plastic films offer businesses an opportunity to enhance their sustainability credentials while meeting evolving consumer expectations.
Key Market Drivers
Government Policies Promoting Sustainability
Government policies promoting sustainability play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the global biodegradable plastic films market. These policies are designed to address pressing environmental challenges, including plastic pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. By establishing regulatory frameworks and economic incentives that encourage the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives, governments are fostering the market's expansion. Strict regulations aimed at phasing out single-use plastics and non-biodegradable materials are being implemented globally. For example, the European Union's Single-Use Plastics Directive (2019) bans certain single-use plastic products and mandates the use of sustainable alternatives. Countries such as India, Canada, and Australia have introduced similar bans, creating a surge in demand for biodegradable plastic films as viable substitutes. These regulations compel industries to transition to biodegradable alternatives, directly contributing to market growth.
Furthermore, governments are offering financial incentives, tax rebates, and subsidies to businesses adopting biodegradable materials. For instance, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides grants and loans to companies developing bio-based products, including biodegradable films. These incentives help reduce production costs, making biodegradable plastic films more economically viable and attractive. Many nations have committed to reducing carbon emissions through international agreements like the Paris Agreement, and biodegradable plastic films, which generally have a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional plastics, align with these sustainability goals. As a result, governments are encouraging industries to adopt biodegradable films to help meet their environmental targets, driving market demand.
Key Market Challenges
Higher Cost of Biodegradable Plastic Films
A key challenge faced by the biodegradable plastic films market is the higher cost of production compared to conventional plastic films. Despite the growing focus on sustainable packaging solutions, the production processes and raw materials required for biodegradable films lead to increased production costs. Biodegradable plastics typically rely on specialized polymers derived from renewable resources, and their production necessitates advanced technologies. This cost disparity presents a challenge in a competitive market where traditional plastic films dominate due to their lower production costs. Industry stakeholders must focus on research and development to improve manufacturing efficiency, explore more cost-effective raw material sourcing, and leverage economies of scale. Addressing this cost challenge will make the biodegradable plastic films market more competitive, allowing it to better meet the increasing demand for eco-friendly packaging and fostering sustained global growth.
Key Market Trends
Development of New Materials
The global biodegradable plastic films market is undergoing a transformative shift, with the development of new materials serving as a key growth driver. As environmental awareness continues to play a critical role in consumer and industrial practices, the demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics is increasing. Innovations in biodegradable plastic films offer eco-friendly solutions that reduce the environmental impact of conventional plastics. New materials, often sourced from renewable resources such as plant starches, polylactic acid (PLA), and other bio-based polymers, are being developed to enhance the biodegradability and compostability of plastic films.
For example, advances in blending various biopolymers to create films with superior mechanical properties and enhanced barrier functionalities are expanding the applications of biodegradable plastic films. These films are being used across industries such as packaging, agriculture, and food services, offering an environmentally friendly alternative without compromising performance.
Key Market Players
- Brentwood Plastics Inc.
- Cortec Corporation
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.
- Futamura Chemicals Co. Ltd.
- BioBag Americas Inc.
- Plantic Technologies Ltd.
- Shreeji Stretch Film Industries
- Clondalkin Group Holding B.V.
- Tipa Corp. Ltd.
- BASF SE
Report Scope:
This report segments the Global Biodegradable Plastic Films Market into the following categories, in addition to detailing industry trends:
By Type:
- Starch Blends
- Polylactic Acid (PLA)
- Polybutylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate (PBAT)
- Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- Others
By Application:
- Bags
- Wrapping Films
- Liners
- Sheets
- Others
By End User:
- Food & Beverage
- Healthcare
- Agriculture
- Personal Care & Cosmetics
- Electrical & Electronics
- Others
By Region:
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Germany
- Spain
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
- South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Kuwait
- Turkey
- Egypt
Competitive Landscape
Company Profiles: In-depth analysis of the leading companies operating in the Global Biodegradable Plastic Films Market.
Available Customizations:
TechSci Research offers customized reports based on the specific needs of a company. The following customizations are available:
- Company Information: Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
Table of Contents
1. Product Overview
- 1.1. Market Definition
- 1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. Research Methodology
- 2.1. Objective of the Study
- 2.2. Baseline Methodology
- 2.3. Key Industry Partners
- 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
- 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
- 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
- 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
- 3.1. Overview of the Market
- 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
- 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
- 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
- 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Biodegradable Plastic Films Market
5. Voice of Customer
6. Global Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Type (Starch Blends, Poly lactic Acid, Poly butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), Poly butylene Succinate (PBS), Poly hydroxy alkanoates (PHA), Others)
- 6.2.2. By Application (Bags, Wrapping Films, Liners, Sheets, Others)
- 6.2.3. By End User (Food & Beverage, Healthcare, Agriculture, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Electrical & Electronics, Others)
- 6.2.4. By Region
- 6.2.5. By Company (2024)
- 6.3. Market Map
7. Asia Pacific Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Type
- 7.2.2. By Application
- 7.2.3. By End User
- 7.2.4. By Country
- 7.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. China Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
- 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.1.2.3. By End User
- 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.2. India Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
- 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.2.2.3. By End User
- 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.3. Australia Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
- 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.3.2.3. By End User
- 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.4. Japan Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
- 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.4.2.3. By End User
- 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.5. South Korea Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
- 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
- 7.3.5.2.3. By End User
- 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.3.1. China Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
8. Europe Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Type
- 8.2.2. By Application
- 8.2.3. By End User
- 8.2.4. By Country
- 8.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. France Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
- 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.1.2.3. By End User
- 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.2. Germany Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
- 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.2.2.3. By End User
- 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.3. Spain Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
- 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.3.2.3. By End User
- 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.4. Italy Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
- 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.4.2.3. By End User
- 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.5. United Kingdom Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
- 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
- 8.3.5.2.3. By End User
- 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.3.1. France Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
9. North America Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Type
- 9.2.2. By Application
- 9.2.3. By End User
- 9.2.4. By Country
- 9.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. United States Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
- 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.1.2.3. By End User
- 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.2. Mexico Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
- 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.2.2.3. By End User
- 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.3. Canada Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
- 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 9.3.3.2.3. By End User
- 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.3.1. United States Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
10. South America Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Type
- 10.2.2. By Application
- 10.2.3. By End User
- 10.2.4. By Country
- 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 10.3.1. Brazil Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
- 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 10.3.1.2.3. By End User
- 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.2. Argentina Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
- 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 10.3.2.2.3. By End User
- 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.3. Colombia Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
- 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 10.3.3.2.3. By End User
- 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.3.1. Brazil Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
11. Middle East and Africa Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.2.1. By Type
- 11.2.2. By Application
- 11.2.3. By End User
- 11.2.4. By Country
- 11.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 11.3.1. South Africa Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.1.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.1.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.1.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.2.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.2.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.2.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.3. UAE Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.3.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.3.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.3.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.4. Kuwait Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.4.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.4.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.4.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.5. Turkey Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.5.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.5.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.5.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.6. Egypt Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
- 11.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.6.1.1. By Value & Volume
- 11.3.6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 11.3.6.2.1. By Type
- 11.3.6.2.2. By Application
- 11.3.6.2.3. By End User
- 11.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 11.3.1. South Africa Biodegradable Plastic Films Market Outlook
12. Market Dynamics
- 12.1. Drivers
- 12.2. Challenges
13. Market Trends & Developments
- 13.1. Recent Developments
- 13.2. Product Launches
- 13.3. Mergers & Acquisitions
14. Global Biodegradable Plastic Films Market: SWOT Analysis
15. Pricing Analysis
16. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 16.1. Competition in the Industry
- 16.2. Potential of New Entrants
- 16.3. Power of Suppliers
- 16.4. Power of Customers
- 16.5. Threat of Substitute Application
17. PESTLE Analysis
18. Competitive Landscape
- 18.1. Brentwood Plastics Inc.
- 18.1.1. Business Overview
- 18.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 18.1.3. Product & Services
- 18.1.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
- 18.1.5. Recent Developments
- 18.1.6. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2. BASF SE
- 18.3. Cortec Corporation
- 18.4. Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.
- 18.5. Futamura Chemicals Co. Ltd
- 18.6. BioBag Americas Inc.
- 18.7. Plantic Technologies Ltd.
- 18.8. Shreeji Stretch Film Industries
- 18.9. Clondalkin Group Holding B.V.
- 18.10. Tipa Corp. Ltd.
