市場調査レポート
商品コード
1494366

欧州の呼気分析装置:2030年市場予測-地域別分析-技術、用途、エンドユーザー別

Europe Breath Analyzer Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - By Technology, Application, and End User


出版日
ページ情報
英文 89 Pages
納期
即納可能 即納可能とは
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.70円
欧州の呼気分析装置:2030年市場予測-地域別分析-技術、用途、エンドユーザー別
出版日: 2024年03月14日
発行: The Insight Partners
ページ情報: 英文 89 Pages
納期: 即納可能 即納可能とは
GIIご利用のメリット
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

欧州の呼気分析装置市場は、2022年の3億16万米ドルから2030年には9億7,212万米ドルに成長すると予測されています。2022年から2030年までのCAGRは15.8%と推定されます。

呼気分析装置採用のための有利で支持的な規制とメーカーによる革新的な製品発売が欧州呼気分析装置市場を後押し

欧州連合(EU)は、2022年5月以降に製造されEU域内で販売されるすべての自動車に、スピードリミッターと飲酒検知器を搭載することを義務付ける新規制について合意に達しました。当面の間、この法律はすべての自動車に適用される必要はなく、各加盟国が普遍的に適用するか、特定の ドライバーや車種だけに適用するかを自由に選択できます。飲酒ロックが実施されると、 ドライバーは事前にインストールされたテストを完了しなければならなくなります。そのテストの結果に応じて、テストがクリアされるまで車は発進するかロックされたままになります。また、2023年には、犯罪者に禁酒を徹底させるためのテストの一環として、ノッティンガムシャー警察が欧州で初めて、顔認証を採用した飲酒検知装置を使用しました。警察犯罪対策庁長官によれば、この「大胆な」取り組みは「犯罪を未然に防ぎ」、再犯率を下げようとするものだといいます。このように、革新的な呼気分析装置の採用は、長期的には呼気分析装置メーカーに有利な機会を提供すると予想されます。

欧州の呼気分析装置市場概要

欧州の呼気分析装置市場は、飲酒者の安全規律を維持するために呼気分析装置の採用が増加しているため、過去数年間で大きな成長を遂げています。飲酒運転事故を監視するために、呼気分析装置は数秒で結果が得られるため有用であり、BAC0.8は許容範囲と考えられています。これらの装置は、リハビリテーション・センターや、欧州諸国における国内および国際航空輸送の秩序維持のためにも普及しています。国際交通フォーラムが2023年に発表したデータによると、欧州では交通事故死者全体の25%がアルコール関連だといいます。また、飲酒運転は3大死因の1つであり、 ドライバーが飲酒運転に関する法律を守れば毎年6,500人の死亡を防ぐことができます。

欧州の呼気分析装置市場の収益と2030年までの予測(金額)

欧州の呼気分析装置市場セグメンテーション

欧州の呼気分析装置市場は、技術、用途、エンドユーザー、国に区分されます。

技術別では、欧州呼気分析装置市場は燃料電池技術、赤外分光法、半導体センサー、その他に区分されます。燃料電池技術は2022年に欧州呼気分析装置市場で最大のシェアを占めました。

用途別では、欧州呼気分析装置市場はアルコール検出、医療用途、薬物乱用検出に区分されます。医療用途は2022年に欧州呼気分析装置市場で最大シェアを占めました。

エンドユーザー別では、欧州呼気分析装置市場は病院・診断センター、法執行機関、その他に区分されます。2022年の欧州呼気分析装置市場は病院・診断センター向けが最大シェアを占めました。

国別では、欧州呼気分析装置市場はドイツ、フランス、英国、イタリア、スペイン、その他欧州に区分されます。2022年の欧州呼気分析装置市場はドイツが独占。

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc、Now Group UK Ltd、Dragerwerk AG &Co KGaA、Abbott Laboratories、Honeywell International Inc、KHN Solutions LLC、Bedfont Scientific Ltd、Intoximeters Incは、欧州呼気分析装置市場で事業を展開している大手企業です。

目次

第1章 イントロダクション

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 主要な洞察

第3章 調査手法

  • 調査範囲
  • 2次調査
  • 1次調査

第4章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場- 主要産業力学

  • 市場促進要因
    • アルコール消費量の増加と飲酒事故
  • 主な市場抑制要因
    • 呼気分析装置による誤った結果
  • 主な市場機会
    • 呼気分析装置の導入に有利な規制と、メーカーによる革新的な製品発表
  • 今後の動向
    • 呼気分析装置の技術的進歩

第5章 呼気分析装置市場:欧州市場分析

  • 欧州の呼気分析装置市場売上高、2022年~2030年

第6章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場-2030年に至る収益と予測:技術別

  • 欧州の呼気分析装置市場収益シェア:技術別2022年・2030年(%)
  • 燃料電池技術
  • 半導体センサー
  • 赤外線分光法
  • その他

第7章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場:用途別収益と2030年までの予測

  • 欧州呼気分析装置市場2022年・2030年用途別売上高シェア(%)
  • 薬物乱用検出
  • アルコール検出
  • 医療用途

第8章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場:エンドユーザー別収益と2030年までの予測

  • 欧州呼気分析装置市場:2022年・2030年エンドユーザー別売上高シェア(%)
  • 法執行機関
  • 病院・診断センター
  • その他

第9章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場:2030年までの収益と予測:国別分析

  • 欧州
    • ドイツ
    • フランス
    • 英国
    • イタリア
    • スペイン
    • その他欧州

第10章 欧州の呼気分析装置市場-業界情勢

  • 呼気分析装置市場における成長戦略
  • 有機的成長戦略
  • 無機的成長戦略

第11章 企業プロファイル

  • Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
  • Now Group UK Ltd
  • Dragerwerk AG & Co KGaA
  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Honeywell International Inc
  • KHN Solutions LLC
  • Bedfont Scientific Ltd
  • Intoximeters Inc

第12章 付録

図表

List Of Tables

  • Table 1. Breath Analyzer Market Segmentation
  • Table 2. Germany Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 3. Germany Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 4. Germany Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 5. France Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 6. France Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 7. France Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 8. UK Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 9. UK Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 10. UK Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 11. Italy Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 12. Italy Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 13. Italy Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 14. Spain Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 15. Spain Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 16. Spain Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 17. Rest of Europe Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 18. Rest of Europe Breath Analyzer Market, by Application - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 19. Rest of Europe Breath Analyzer Market, by End User - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Table 20. Recent Organic Growth Strategies in Breath Analyzer Market
  • Table 21. Recent Inorganic Growth Strategies in the Breath Analyzer Market
  • Table 22. Glossary of Terms, Breath Analyzer Market

List Of Figures

  • Figure 1. Breath Analyzer Market Segmentation, By Country
  • Figure 2. Breath Analyzer Market: Key Industry Dynamics
  • Figure 3. Breath Analyzer Market: Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • Figure 4. Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue (US$ Mn), 2021 - 2030
  • Figure 5. Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by Technology 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 6. Fuel Cell Technology: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 7. Semiconductor Sensor: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 8. Infrared Spectroscopy: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 9. Others: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 10. Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by Application 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 11. Drug Abuse Detection: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 12. Alcohol Detection: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 13. Medical Applications: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 14. Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by End User 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 15. Law Enforcement Agencies: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 16. Hospital & Diagnostic Centers: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 17. Others: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 18. Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by Key Country - Revenue (2022) (US$ Million)
  • Figure 19. Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by Country, 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • Figure 20. Germany: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 21. France: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 22. UK: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 23. Italy: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 24. Spain: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 25. Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • Figure 26. Growth Strategies in Breath Analyzer Market
目次
Product Code: BMIRE00029782

The Europe breath analyzer market is expected to grow from US$ 300.16 million in 2022 to US$ 972.12 million by 2030. It is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 15.8% from 2022 to 2030.

Favorable and Supportive Regulations for Adoption of Breath Analyzers and Innovative Product Launches by Manufacturers Fuel Europe Breath Analyzer Market

The European Union has reached a consensus on new regulations mandating that all vehicles manufactured after May 2022 and marketed within the EU must be equipped with integrated speed limiters and breathalyzers, which prevent driving when a driver is intoxicated. For the time being, the law is not required for all vehicles; instead, each member nation is free to choose whether to apply it universally or just to specific drivers or car models. When the breathalyzer lock is implemented, drivers will have to complete a pre-installed test. The car will either start or stay locked until the test is clear, depending on the outcome of that test. Also, in 2023, as part of a test to ensure offenders abstain from alcohol, Nottinghamshire Police became the first force in Europe to use breathalyzer equipment, which employs facial recognition. According to Police Crime and Commissioner, the "bold" effort attempts to "prevent crime before it happens" and lower reoffending rates. Thus, adoption of innovative breath analyzers is expected to provide lucrative opportunities for the breath analyzer manufacturers in the long run.

Europe Breath Analyzer Market Overview

The breath analyzer market in Europe has witnessed enormous growth in the past many years owing to the rising adoption of breath analyzers for maintaining safety discipline among the drinking population. To monitor drink and drive incidents, a breath analyzer is useful as it provides results in a few seconds, with 0.8 BAC considered permissible. These devices are also becoming popular in rehabilitation centers and for maintaining high order discipline in national and international air transport in European countries. According to the data published in 2023 by the International Transport Forum, 25% of all road accident deaths are alcohol-related in Europe. Also, drunken driving is one of the three main causes of deaths, with ~ 6,500 deaths that could be prevented every year if drivers obeyed drink-driving laws.

Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

Europe Breath Analyzer Market Segmentation

The Europe breath analyzer market is segmented into technology, application, end user, and country.

Based on technology, the Europe breath analyzer market is segmented into fuel cell technology, infrared spectroscopy, semiconductor sensor, and others. The fuel cell technology held the largest share of the Europe breath analyzer market in 2022.

Based on application, the Europe breath analyzer market is segmented into alcohol detection, medical applications, and drug abuse detection. The medical applications segment held the largest share of the Europe breath analyzer market in 2022.

Based on end user, the Europe breath analyzer market is segmented into hospitals and diagnostic centers, law enforcement agencies, and others. The hospitals and diagnostic centers segment held the largest share of the Europe breath analyzer market in 2022.

Based on country, the Europe breath analyzer market is segmented into Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, and the Rest of Europe. Germany dominated the Europe breath analyzer market in 2022.

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Now Group UK Ltd, Dragerwerk AG & Co KGaA, Abbott Laboratories, Honeywell International Inc, KHN Solutions LLC, Bedfont Scientific Ltd, and Intoximeters Inc are some of the leading companies operating in the Europe breath analyzer market.

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

  • 1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
  • 1.2 Market Segmentation

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1 Key Insights

3. Research Methodology

  • 3.1 Coverage
  • 3.2 Secondary Research
  • 3.3 Primary Research

4. Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Key Industry Dynamics

  • 4.1 Key Market Drivers
    • 4.1.1 Growing Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Impaired Accidents
  • 4.2 Key Market Restraints
    • 4.2.1 False Results by Breath Analyzers
  • 4.3 Key Market Opportunities
    • 4.3.1 Favorable and Supportive Regulations for Adoption of Breath Analyzers and Innovative Product Launches by Manufacturers
  • 4.4 Future Trends
    • 4.4.1 Technological Advancements in Breath Analyzers

5. Breath Analyzer Market - Europe Market Analysis

  • 5.1 Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue (US$ Mn), 2022 - 2030

6. Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by Technology

  • 6.1 Overview
  • 6.2 Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by Technology 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 6.3 Fuel Cell Technology
    • 6.3.1 Overview
    • 6.3.2 Fuel Cell Technology: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 6.4 Semiconductor Sensor
    • 6.4.1 Overview
    • 6.4.2 Semiconductor Sensor: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 6.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
    • 6.5.1 Overview
    • 6.5.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Sensor: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 6.6 Others
    • 6.6.1 Overview
    • 6.6.2 Others: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

7. Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by Application

  • 7.1 Overview
  • 7.2 Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by Application 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 7.3 Drug Abuse Detection
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Drug Abuse Detection: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.4 Alcohol Detection
    • 7.4.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2 Alcohol Detection: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 7.5 Medical Applications
    • 7.5.1 Overview
    • 7.5.2 Medical Applications: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - by End User

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 Europe Breath Analyzer Market Revenue Share, by End User 2022 & 2030 (%)
  • 8.3 Law Enforcement Agencies
    • 8.3.1 Overview
    • 8.3.2 Law Enforcement Agencies: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.4 Hospital & Diagnostic Centers
    • 8.4.1 Overview
    • 8.4.2 Hospital & Diagnostic Centers: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
  • 8.5 Others
    • 8.5.1 Overview
    • 8.5.2 Others: Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. Europe Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - Country Analysis

  • 9.1 Europe: Breath Analyzer Market
    • 9.1.1 Overview
    • 9.1.2 Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by Country
      • 9.1.2.1 Germany: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.1.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.1.2 Germany: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.1.3 Germany: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.1.4 Germany: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.1.5 Germany: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
      • 9.1.2.2 France: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.2.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.2.2 France: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.2.3 France: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.2.4 France: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.2.5 France: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
      • 9.1.2.3 UK: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.3.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.3.2 UK: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.3.3 UK: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.3.4 UK: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.3.5 UK: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
      • 9.1.2.4 Italy: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.4.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.4.2 Italy: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.4.3 Italy: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.4.4 Italy: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.4.5 Italy: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
      • 9.1.2.5 Spain: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.5.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.5.2 Spain: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.5.3 Spain: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.5.4 Spain: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.5.5 Spain: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
      • 9.1.2.6 Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.6.1 Overview
        • 9.1.2.6.2 Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.6.3 Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by Technology, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.6.4 Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by Application, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)
        • 9.1.2.6.5 Rest of Europe: Breath Analyzer Market, by End User, 2020-2030 (US$ Million)

10. Breath Analyzer Market-Industry Landscape

  • 10.1 Overview
  • 10.2 Growth Strategies in Breath Analyzer Market
  • 10.3 Organic Growth Strategies
    • 10.3.1 Overview
  • 10.4 Inorganic Growth Strategies
    • 10.4.1 Overview

11. Company Profiles

  • 11.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
    • 11.1.1 Key Facts
    • 11.1.2 Business Description
    • 11.1.3 Products and Services
    • 11.1.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.2 Now Group UK Ltd
    • 11.2.1 Key Facts
    • 11.2.2 Business Description
    • 11.2.3 Products and Services
    • 11.2.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.2.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.2.6 Key Developments
  • 11.3 Dragerwerk AG & Co KGaA
    • 11.3.1 Key Facts
    • 11.3.2 Business Description
    • 11.3.3 Products and Services
    • 11.3.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.3.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.3.6 Key Developments
  • 11.4 Abbott Laboratories
    • 11.4.1 Key Facts
    • 11.4.2 Business Description
    • 11.4.3 Products and Services
    • 11.4.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.4.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.4.6 Key Developments
  • 11.5 Honeywell International Inc
    • 11.5.1 Key Facts
    • 11.5.2 Business Description
    • 11.5.3 Products and Services
    • 11.5.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.5.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.5.6 Key Developments
  • 11.6 KHN Solutions LLC
    • 11.6.1 Key Facts
    • 11.6.2 Business Description
    • 11.6.3 Products and Services
    • 11.6.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.6.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.6.6 Key Developments
  • 11.7 Bedfont Scientific Ltd
    • 11.7.1 Key Facts
    • 11.7.2 Business Description
    • 11.7.3 Products and Services
    • 11.7.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.7.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.7.6 Key Developments
  • 11.8 Intoximeters Inc
    • 11.8.1 Key Facts
    • 11.8.2 Business Description
    • 11.8.3 Products and Services
    • 11.8.4 Financial Overview
    • 11.8.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 11.8.6 Key Developments

12. Appendix

  • 12.1 About Us
  • 12.2 Glossary of Terms