Product Code: PM1315
The global epilepsy drugs market size is expected to reach USD 19.45 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Epilepsy Drugs Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Type (First Generation Anti-epileptics, Second Generation Anti-epileptics, and Third Generation Anti-epileptics), Route of Administration, Antiepileptic Drugs Type, Distribution Channel, and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.
The epilepsy drugs market comprises pharmaceutical products designed to manage and control seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity. These drugs, also known as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), function by stabilizing nerve signals in the brain to prevent excessive electrical activity that leads to seizures. The market includes various types of AEDs, categorized into first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation drugs, as well as narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum AEDs, which differ based on their targeted seizure types. These medications are available in different formulations, including oral, intravenous, and intramuscular, allowing flexibility in treatment approaches based on patient needs and medical conditions.
The epilepsy drugs market demand is driven by several factors, including the rising prevalence of epilepsy, advancements in drug formulations, and increased awareness of neurological disorders. The market is witnessing continuous research and development efforts to introduce safer and more effective treatment options with minimal side effects.
Additionally, the growing elderly population, rising healthcare expenditures, and improved access to medical treatment in emerging regions are fueling market expansion. Regulatory approvals, new drug launches, and collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and research institutions play a crucial role in shaping the competitive landscape. As treatment strategies evolve, the market is expected to benefit from innovative drug development and personalized medicine approaches aimed at optimizing seizure control and improving patient outcomes.
Epilepsy Drugs Market Report Highlights
By type, The third generation anti-epileptics segment holds the largest share of the epilepsy drugs market revenue in 2024 due to their improved safety profiles, enhanced efficacy, and reduced side effects compared to earlier generations.
By route of administration, the oral segment dominates the epilepsy drugs market share as it is the most commonly used and convenient method for administering epilepsy drugs. The availability of a wide range of oral formulations, including tablets and extended-release capsules, enhances patient adherence to treatment regimens, driving its market share.
By antiepileptic drugs type, the broad-spectrum AEDs segment is experiencing a higher growth rate, as these drugs are effective in treating multiple types of seizures, making them more versatile than narrow-spectrum AEDs. The increasing demand for flexible and comprehensive treatment options, especially in cases of drug-resistant epilepsy, is a key factor contributing to this segment's rapid expansion.
By region, North America holds the largest share of the epilepsy drugs market, primarily due to its advanced healthcare infrastructure, high awareness levels, and robust research and development initiatives.
The epilepsy drugs market features several major companies actively involved in developing and providing treatments for epilepsy. A few key players include UCB S.A.; Sanofi; Pfizer Inc.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Abbott Laboratories; Novartis AG; GlaxoSmithKline plc; Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (a subsidiary of Sumitomo Pharma); Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc; Neurelis Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited.
Polaris Market Research has segmented the epilepsy drugs market report on the basis of type, route of administration, antiepileptic drugs type, distribution channel, and region:
By Type Outlook (Revenue-USD Billion, 2020-2034)
First Generation Anti-epileptics
Second Generation Anti-epileptics
Third Generation Anti-epileptics
By Route of Administration Outlook (Revenue-USD Billion, 2020-2034)
Oral
Intravenous
Intra-muscular
By Antiepileptic Drugs Type Outlook (Revenue-USD Billion, 2020-2034)
Narrow-Spectrum AEDs
Broad-Spectrum AEDs
By Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue-USD Billion, 2020-2034)
Hospital Pharmacies
Retail Pharmacies
Others
By Regional Outlook (Revenue-USD Billion, 2020-2034)
North America
US
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Netherlands
Russia
Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
India
Malaysia
Suth Korea
Indnesia
Australia
Vietnam
Rest of Asia Pacific
Middle East & Africa
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Israel
Suth Africa
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Latin America
Mexic
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of Latin America
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
- 1.2. Stakeholders
2. Executive Summary
3. Research Methodology
- 3.1. Overview
- 3.2. Data Source
- 3.2.1. Primary Source
- 3.2.2. Secondary Source
4. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market Insights
- 4.1. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Market Snapshot
- 4.2. Epilepsy Drugs Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
- 4.2.1.1. Increasing Prevalence of Epilepsy
- 4.2.1.2. Advancements in Antiepileptic Drug Development
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
- 4.2.2.1. Drug resistance in a significant percentage of epilepsy patients
- 4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
- 4.4. PESTEL Analysis
- 4.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market Application Trends
- 4.6. Value Chain Analysis
- 4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
5. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type
- 5.1. Key Findings
- 5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.3. First Generation Anti-epileptics
- 5.3.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by First Generation Anti-epileptics, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.4. Second Generation Anti-epileptics
- 5.4.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Second Generation Anti-epileptics, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.5. Third Generation Anti-epileptics
- 5.5.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Third Generation Anti-epileptics, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration
- 6.1. Key Findings
- 6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.3. Oral
- 6.3.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Oral, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.4. Intravenous
- 6.4.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Intravenous, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 6.5. Intra-muscular
- 6.5.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Intra-muscular, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type
- 7.1. Key Findings
- 7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.3. Narrow-Spectrum AEDs
- 7.3.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Narrow-Spectrum AEDs, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.4. Broad-Spectrum AEDs
- 7.4.1. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Broad-Spectrum AEDs, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8. Global Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Geography
- 8.1. Key Findings
- 8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Epilepsy Drugs Market Assessment, By Geography, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3. Epilepsy Drugs Market - North America
- 8.3.1. North America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.2. North America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.3. North America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - U.S.
- 8.3.4.1. U.S.: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.4.2. U.S.: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.4.3. U.S.: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Canada
- 8.3.5.1. Canada: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.5.2. Canada: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.5.3. Canada: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Europe
- 8.4.1. Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.2. Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.3. Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - UK
- 8.4.4.1. UK: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.4.2. UK: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.4.3. UK: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - France
- 8.4.5.1. France: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.5.2. France: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.5.3. France: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.6. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Germany
- 8.4.6.1. Germany: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.6.2. Germany: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.6.3. Germany: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.7. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Italy
- 8.4.7.1. Italy: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.7.2. Italy: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.7.3. Italy: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.8. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Spain
- 8.4.8.1. Spain: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.8.2. Spain: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.8.3. Spain: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.9. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Netherlands
- 8.4.9.1. Netherlands: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.9.2. Netherlands: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.9.3. Netherlands: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.10. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Russia
- 8.4.10.1. Russia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.10.2. Russia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.10.3. Russia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.11. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Rest of Europe
- 8.4.11.1. Rest of Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.11.2. Rest of Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.11.3. Rest of Europe: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1. Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.2. Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.3. Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - China
- 8.5.4.1. China: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.4.2. China: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.4.3. China: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - India
- 8.5.5.1. India: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.5.2. India: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.5.3. India: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.6. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Malaysia
- 8.5.6.1. Malaysia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.6.2. Malaysia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.6.3. Malaysia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.7. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Japan
- 8.5.7.1. Japan: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.7.2. Japan: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.7.3. Japan: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.8. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Indonesia
- 8.5.8.1. Indonesia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.8.2. Indonesia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.8.3. Indonesia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.9. Epilepsy Drugs Market - South Korea
- 8.5.9.1. South Korea: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.9.2. South Korea: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.9.3. South Korea: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.10. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Australia
- 8.5.10.1. Australia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.10.2. Australia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.10.3. Australia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.11. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.5.11.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.11.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.11.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Saudi Arabia
- 8.6.4.1. Saudi Arabia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.4.2. Saudi Arabia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.4.3. Saudi Arabia: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - UAE
- 8.6.5.1. UAE: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.5.2. UAE: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.5.3. UAE: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.6. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Israel
- 8.6.6.1. Israel: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.6.2. Israel: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.6.3. Israel: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.7. Epilepsy Drugs Market - South Africa
- 8.6.7.1. South Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.7.2. South Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.7.3. South Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.8. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.8.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.8.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.8.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Latin America
- 8.7.1. Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.2. Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.3. Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.4. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Mexico
- 8.7.4.1. Mexico: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.4.2. Mexico: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.4.3. Mexico: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.5. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Brazil
- 8.7.5.1. Brazil: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.5.2. Brazil: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.5.3. Brazil: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.6. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Argentina
- 8.7.6.1. Argentina: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.6.2. Argentina: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.6.3. Argentina: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.7. Epilepsy Drugs Market - Rest of Latin America
- 8.7.7.1. Rest of Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.7.2. Rest of Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Route of Administration, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.7.3. Rest of Latin America: Epilepsy Drugs Market, by Antiepileptic Drugs Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
9. Competitive Landscape
- 9.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 9.1.1. Expansion
- 9.1.2. Acquisitions
- 9.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions
10. Company Profiles
- 10.1. Abbott Laboratories
- 10.1.1. Company Overview
- 10.1.2. Financial Performance
- 10.1.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.1.4. Recent Development
- 10.2. Eisai Co., Ltd.
- 10.2.1. Company Overview
- 10.2.2. Financial Performance
- 10.2.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.2.4. Recent Development
- 10.3. GlaxoSmithKline plc
- 10.3.1. Company Overview
- 10.3.2. Financial Performance
- 10.3.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.3.4. Recent Development
- 10.4. Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc
- 10.4.1. Company Overview
- 10.4.2. Financial Performance
- 10.4.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.4.4. Recent Development
- 10.5. Neurelis Inc.
- 10.5.1. Company Overview
- 10.5.2. Financial Performance
- 10.5.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.5.4. Recent Development
- 10.6. Novartis AG
- 10.6.1. Company Overview
- 10.6.2. Financial Performance
- 10.6.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.6.4. Recent Development
- 10.7. Pfizer Inc.
- 10.7.1. Company Overview
- 10.7.2. Financial Performance
- 10.7.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.7.4. Recent Development
- 10.8. Sanofi
- 10.8.1. Company Overview
- 10.8.2. Financial Performance
- 10.8.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.8.4. Recent Development
- 10.9. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
- 10.9.1. Company Overview
- 10.9.2. Financial Performance
- 10.9.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.9.4. Recent Development
- 10.10. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. (a subsidiary of Sumitomo Pharma)
- 10.10.1. Company Overview
- 10.10.2. Financial Performance
- 10.10.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.10.4. Recent Development
- 10.11. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
- 10.11.1. Company Overview
- 10.11.2. Financial Performance
- 10.11.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.11.4. Recent Development
- 10.12. UCB S.A.
- 10.12.1. Company Overview
- 10.12.2. Financial Performance
- 10.12.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.12.4. Recent Development