市場調査レポート
商品コード
1453796

3Dプリンターの世界市場 2024-2028

Global 3D Printer Market 2024-2028

出版日: | 発行: TechNavio | ページ情報: 英文 172 Pages | 納期: 即納可能 即納可能とは

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価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=155.46円
3Dプリンターの世界市場 2024-2028
出版日: 2024年03月07日
発行: TechNavio
ページ情報: 英文 172 Pages
納期: 即納可能 即納可能とは
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

3Dプリンター市場は2023-2028年に300億米ドル、予測期間中のCAGRは23.16%で成長すると予測されます。

当レポートでは、3Dプリンター市場の全体的な分析、市場規模・予測、動向、成長促進要因、課題、約25のベンダーを網羅したベンダー分析などを掲載しています。

現在の市場シナリオ、最新動向と促進要因、市場環境全体に関する最新分析を提供しています。市場は、3Dカスタマイズ製品に対する消費者の関心の高まり、積層造形への投資の増加、市場投入までの時間短縮の重視によって牽引されています。

市場範囲
基準年 2024
終了年 2028
予測期間 2024-2028
成長モメンタム 加速
前年比2024年 22.4%
CAGR 23.16%
増分額 300億米ドル

本調査では、今後数年間における3Dプリンター市場の成長を促進する主な理由の1つとして、新素材に対する需要の高まりを挙げています。また、3Dプリンティングのアウトソーシングの増加や仮想在庫の出現は、市場の大きな需要につながります。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場概要

第2章 市場情勢

  • 市場エコシステム

第3章 市場規模

  • 市場の定義
  • 市場セグメント分析
  • 市場規模 2023
  • 市場の見通し 2023-2028

第4章 市場規模実績

  • 3Dプリンターの世界市場 2018-2022
  • 製品セグメント分析 2018-2022
  • 技術セグメント分析 2018-2022
  • 地域別セグメント分析 2018-2022
  • 国別セグメント分析 2018-2022

第5章 ファイブフォース分析

  • ファイブフォースの要約
  • 買い手の交渉力
  • 供給企業の交渉力
  • 新規参入業者の脅威
  • 代替品の脅威
  • 競争の脅威
  • 市況

第6章 市場セグメンテーション:製品別

  • 市場セグメント
  • 比較:製品別
  • 工業用3Dプリンター:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • デスクトップ用3Dプリンター:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 市場機会:製品別

第7章 市場セグメンテーション:技術別

  • 市場セグメント
  • 比較:技術別
  • 熱溶解積層法:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 粉末焼結積層造形:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 光造形:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • その他:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 市場機会:技術別

第8章 顧客情勢

  • 顧客情勢の概要

第9章 地域別情勢

  • 地域別セグメンテーション
  • 地域別比較
  • 北米:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 欧州:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • アジア太平洋:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 南米:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 中東・アフリカ:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 米国:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • ドイツ:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 中国:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • カナダ:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 英国:市場規模と予測 2023-2028
  • 市場機会:地域情勢別

第10章 促進要因、課題、および動向

  • 市場促進要因
  • 市場の課題
  • 促進要因と課題の影響
  • 市場動向

第11章 ベンダー情勢

  • 概要
  • ベンダー情勢
  • 混乱の状況
  • 業界のリスク

第12章 ベンダー分析

  • 対象ベンダー
  • ベンダーの市場ポジショニング
  • 3D Systems Corp.
  • Carbon Inc.
  • Desktop Metal Inc.
  • EOS GmbH
  • Formlabs Inc.
  • General Electric Co.
  • HP Inc.
  • LuxCreo Inc.
  • Markforged Holding Corp.
  • Nano Dimension Ltd.
  • Organovo Holdings Inc.
  • SLM Solutions Group AG
  • Stratasys Ltd.
  • voxeljet AG
  • WANHAO 3D PRINTER

第13章 付録

図表

Exhibits:

  • Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
  • Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
  • Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
  • Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
  • Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Technology
  • Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
  • Exhibits9: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
  • Exhibits10: Parent market
  • Exhibits11: Market Characteristics
  • Exhibits12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
  • Exhibits13: Market segments
  • Exhibits14: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits15: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits16: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits17: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on global 3d printer market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits19: Historic Market Size - Product Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits20: Historic Market Size - Technology Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits21: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits22: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits23: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits24: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits25: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits26: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits27: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits28: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits29: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits30: Chart on Product - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits31: Data Table on Product - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits32: Chart on Comparison by Product
  • Exhibits33: Data Table on Comparison by Product
  • Exhibits34: Chart on Industrial 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits35: Data Table on Industrial 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits36: Chart on Industrial 3D printer - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits37: Data Table on Industrial 3D printer - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits38: Chart on Desktop 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits39: Data Table on Desktop 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits40: Chart on Desktop 3D printer - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits41: Data Table on Desktop 3D printer - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits42: Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
  • Exhibits43: Data Table on Market opportunity by Product ($ billion)
  • Exhibits44: Chart on Technology - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits45: Data Table on Technology - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits46: Chart on Comparison by Technology
  • Exhibits47: Data Table on Comparison by Technology
  • Exhibits48: Chart on Fused deposition modeling - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits49: Data Table on Fused deposition modeling - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits50: Chart on Fused deposition modeling - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits51: Data Table on Fused deposition modeling - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits52: Chart on Selective laser sintering - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits53: Data Table on Selective laser sintering - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits54: Chart on Selective laser sintering - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits55: Data Table on Selective laser sintering - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits56: Chart on Stereolithography - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits57: Data Table on Stereolithography - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits58: Chart on Stereolithography - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits59: Data Table on Stereolithography - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits60: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits61: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits62: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits63: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits64: Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)
  • Exhibits65: Data Table on Market opportunity by Technology ($ billion)
  • Exhibits66: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
  • Exhibits67: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits68: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits69: Chart on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits70: Data Table on Geographic comparison
  • Exhibits71: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits72: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits73: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits74: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits75: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits76: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits77: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits78: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits79: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits80: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits81: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits82: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits83: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits84: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits85: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits86: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits87: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits88: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits89: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits90: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits91: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits92: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits93: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits94: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits95: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits96: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits97: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits98: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits99: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits100: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits101: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits102: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits103: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits104: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits105: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits106: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits107: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits108: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
  • Exhibits109: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits110: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
  • Exhibits111: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
  • Exhibits112: Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
  • Exhibits113: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
  • Exhibits114: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
  • Exhibits115: Overview on factors of disruption
  • Exhibits116: Impact of key risks on business
  • Exhibits117: Vendors covered
  • Exhibits118: Matrix on vendor position and classification
  • Exhibits119: 3D Systems Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits120: 3D Systems Corp. - Business segments
  • Exhibits121: 3D Systems Corp. - Key news
  • Exhibits122: 3D Systems Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits123: 3D Systems Corp. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits124: Carbon Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits125: Carbon Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits126: Carbon Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits127: Desktop Metal Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits128: Desktop Metal Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits129: Desktop Metal Inc. - Key news
  • Exhibits130: Desktop Metal Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits131: Desktop Metal Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits132: EOS GmbH - Overview
  • Exhibits133: EOS GmbH - Product / Service
  • Exhibits134: EOS GmbH - Key offerings
  • Exhibits135: Formlabs Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits136: Formlabs Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits137: Formlabs Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits138: General Electric Co. - Overview
  • Exhibits139: General Electric Co. - Business segments
  • Exhibits140: General Electric Co. - Key news
  • Exhibits141: General Electric Co. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits142: General Electric Co. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits143: HP Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits144: HP Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits145: HP Inc. - Key news
  • Exhibits146: HP Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits147: HP Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits148: LuxCreo Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits149: LuxCreo Inc. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits150: LuxCreo Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits151: Markforged Holding Corp. - Overview
  • Exhibits152: Markforged Holding Corp. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits153: Markforged Holding Corp. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits154: Nano Dimension Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits155: Nano Dimension Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits156: Nano Dimension Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits157: Organovo Holdings Inc. - Overview
  • Exhibits158: Organovo Holdings Inc. - Business segments
  • Exhibits159: Organovo Holdings Inc. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits160: Organovo Holdings Inc. - Segment focus
  • Exhibits161: SLM Solutions Group AG - Overview
  • Exhibits162: SLM Solutions Group AG - Business segments
  • Exhibits163: SLM Solutions Group AG - Key news
  • Exhibits164: SLM Solutions Group AG - Key offerings
  • Exhibits165: SLM Solutions Group AG - Segment focus
  • Exhibits166: Stratasys Ltd. - Overview
  • Exhibits167: Stratasys Ltd. - Product / Service
  • Exhibits168: Stratasys Ltd. - Key news
  • Exhibits169: Stratasys Ltd. - Key offerings
  • Exhibits170: voxeljet AG - Overview
  • Exhibits171: voxeljet AG - Business segments
  • Exhibits172: voxeljet AG - Key news
  • Exhibits173: voxeljet AG - Key offerings
  • Exhibits174: voxeljet AG - Segment focus
  • Exhibits175: WANHAO 3D PRINTER - Overview
  • Exhibits176: WANHAO 3D PRINTER - Product / Service
  • Exhibits177: WANHAO 3D PRINTER - Key offerings
  • Exhibits178: Inclusions checklist
  • Exhibits179: Exclusions checklist
  • Exhibits180: Currency conversion rates for US$
  • Exhibits181: Research methodology
  • Exhibits182: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
  • Exhibits183: Information sources
  • Exhibits184: List of abbreviations
目次
Product Code: IRTNTR40791

The 3D printer market is forecasted to grow by USD 30.00 bn during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 23.16% during the forecast period. The report on the 3D printer market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by increase in consumer interest in 3D customized products, increasing investments in additive manufacturing, and emphasis on reducing time-to-market.

Technavio's 3D printer market is segmented as below:

Market Scope
Base Year2024
End Year2028
Series Year2024-2028
Growth MomentumAccelerate
YOY 202422.4%
CAGR23.16%
Incremental Value$30.00bn

By Product

  • Industrial 3D printer
  • Desktop 3D printer

By Technology

  • Fused deposition modeling
  • Selective laser sintering
  • Stereolithography
  • Others

By Geographical Landscape

  • North America
  • Europe
  • APAC
  • South America
  • Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the growing demand for new materials as one of the prime reasons driving the 3D printer market growth during the next few years. Also, increase in 3D printing outsourcing and advent of virtual inventories will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the 3D printer market covers the following areas:

  • 3D printer market sizing
  • 3D printer market forecast
  • 3D printer market industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading 3D printer market vendors that include 3D Systems Corp., ANYCUBIC Technology Co. Ltd., Carbon Inc., Desktop Metal Inc., EOS GmbH, Formlabs Inc., General Electric Co., HP Inc., LuxCreo Inc., Markforged Holding Corp., Nano Dimension Ltd., Organovo Holdings Inc., Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co. Ltd, SLM Solutions Group AG, Stratasys Ltd., voxeljet AG, WANHAO 3D PRINTER, XYZPRINTING Inc., Zhejiang Flashforge 3D Technology Co. Ltd., and Zortrax S.A.. Also, the 3D printer market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

  • 1.1 Market overview

2 Market Landscape

  • 2.1 Market ecosystem

3 Market Sizing

  • 3.1 Market definition
  • 3.2 Market segment analysis
  • 3.3 Market size 2023
  • 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028

4 Historic Market Size

  • 4.1 Global 3D printer market 2018 - 2022
  • 4.2 Product Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.3 Technology Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022
  • 4.5 Country Segment Analysis 2018 - 2022

5 Five Forces Analysis

  • 5.1 Five forces summary
  • 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 5.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 5.5 Threat of substitutes
  • 5.6 Threat of rivalry
  • 5.7 Market condition

6 Market Segmentation by Product

  • 6.1 Market segments
  • 6.2 Comparison by Product
  • 6.3 Industrial 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.4 Desktop 3D printer - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 6.5 Market opportunity by Product

7 Market Segmentation by Technology

  • 7.1 Market segments
  • 7.2 Comparison by Technology
  • 7.3 Fused deposition modeling - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.4 Selective laser sintering - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.5 Stereolithography - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.6 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 7.7 Market opportunity by Technology

8 Customer Landscape

  • 8.1 Customer landscape overview

9 Geographic Landscape

  • 9.1 Geographic segmentation
  • 9.2 Geographic comparison
  • 9.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.5 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.9 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.10 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.12 UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
  • 9.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape

10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

  • 10.1 Market drivers
  • 10.2 Market challenges
  • 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
  • 10.4 Market trends

11 Vendor Landscape

  • 11.1 Overview
  • 11.2 Vendor landscape
  • 11.3 Landscape disruption
  • 11.4 Industry risks

12 Vendor Analysis

  • 12.1 Vendors covered
  • 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
  • 12.3 3D Systems Corp.
  • 12.4 Carbon Inc.
  • 12.5 Desktop Metal Inc.
  • 12.6 EOS GmbH
  • 12.7 Formlabs Inc.
  • 12.8 General Electric Co.
  • 12.9 HP Inc.
  • 12.10 LuxCreo Inc.
  • 12.11 Markforged Holding Corp.
  • 12.12 Nano Dimension Ltd.
  • 12.13 Organovo Holdings Inc.
  • 12.14 SLM Solutions Group AG
  • 12.15 Stratasys Ltd.
  • 12.16 voxeljet AG
  • 12.17 WANHAO 3D PRINTER

13 Appendix

  • 13.1 Scope of the report
  • 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
  • 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
  • 13.4 Research methodology
  • 13.5 List of abbreviations