サンプル依頼リスト カート
  • English
  • Korean
  • Traditional Chinese
  • Simplified Chinese
デフォルト表紙
市場調査レポート
商品コード
1643405

自動車用スラストワッシャーの世界市場

Automotive Thrust Washers

出版日
ページ情報
英文 174 Pages
納期
即日から翌営業日
適宜更新あり
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=143.57円
自動車用スラストワッシャーの世界市場
出版日: 2025年01月27日
発行: Global Industry Analysts, Inc.
ページ情報: 英文 174 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
GIIご利用のメリット
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 目次
概要

自動車用スラストワッシャーの世界市場は2030年までに13億米ドルに達する

2024年に10億米ドルと推定される自動車用スラストワッシャーの世界市場は、2024年から2030年にかけてCAGR 4.2％で成長し、2030年には13億米ドルに達すると予測されます。本レポートで分析したセグメントの1つであるOEM流通チャネルは、CAGR 4.0%を記録し、分析期間終了時には8億4,210万米ドルに達すると予測されます。アフターマーケット流通チャネル分野の成長率は、分析期間中CAGR 4.6%と推定されます。

米国市場は2億8,080万米ドルと推定、中国はCAGR6.9%で成長予測

米国の自動車用スラストワッシャー市場は、2024年に2億8,080万米ドルと推定されます。世界第2位の経済大国である中国は、分析期間2024-2030年のCAGR 6.9%を牽引し、2030年までに2億6,860万米ドルの市場規模に達すると予測されています。その他の注目すべき地域別市場としては、日本とカナダがあり、分析期間中のCAGRはそれぞれ1.5％と4.5％と予測されています。欧州では、ドイツがCAGR 2.4%で成長すると予測されています。

世界の自動車用スラストワッシャー市場- 主要動向と促進要因のまとめ

自動車用スラストワッシャーとは何か、エンジンとトランスミッションの機能をどのようにサポートするのか？

自動車用スラストワッシャーは、エンジンとトランスミッションの重要な部品であり、アキシャル荷重を管理し、回転部品のエンドプレイ（横方向の動き）を制御して、スムーズで信頼性の高い動作を保証するように設計されています。これらのワッシャーは、通常、鋼、青銅、特殊合金などの頑丈な材料で作られており、摩擦を減らし、摩耗を最小限に抑え、軸方向の力を吸収するために回転部品の間に配置されます。エンジンでは、スラストワッシャーは、クランクシャフト、カムシャフト、コネクティングロッドなどの部品に使用され、高速で高応力の条件下で、これらの要素のアライメントを維持し、安定性を確保するのに役立ちます。同様にトランスミッションでは、スラストワッシャーはギアの回転とシフトチェンジによって発生する軸方向の力を吸収し、スムーズなギアチェンジを容易にし、金属同士の直接接触を防ぐことで金属表面の摩耗を減らします。適切な間隔を保ち、横方向の動きを制限することで、スラストワッシャーはエンジンとトランスミッションの性能と寿命を向上させ、最終的に車両の安全性と信頼性をサポートします。これらのワッシャーは、わずかなミスアライメントでも摩擦の増加、部品の摩耗、車両の重要部品への潜在的な損傷につながる可能性がある、高負荷かつ高速のアプリケーションで特に重要です。

材料と設計の進歩により、スラストワッシャーの性能と耐久性はどのように向上したか？

材料と設計の進歩により、自動車用スラストワッシャーの耐久性、効率、性能が大幅に向上し、最新のエンジンやトランスミッションの厳しい条件にも耐えられるようになりました。今日のスラストワッシャーは、ブロンズ-スチール合金、ポリマー複合材料、潤滑剤を埋め込んだ自己潤滑性材料などの高度な複合材料で作られており、極端な温度や負荷の下でも優れた耐摩耗性、熱安定性、低摩擦を提供します。この強化された材料構成は、熱膨張や劣化などのリスクを最小限に抑え、高ストレス条件下でもワッシャーの完全性と機能性を確実に維持します。さらに、耐摩擦コーティングや耐腐食コーティングなどの特殊コーティング技術は、スラストワッシャーの寿命を延ばし、早期故障につながる摩耗や環境暴露から保護します。CNC機械加工を含む精密製造技術は、エンジンやトランスミッションで要求される正確なクリアランスを維持するために重要な、非常に正確な厚さと厳しい公差を持つワッシャーの製造を可能にしました。最近のスラストワッシャーの中には、潤滑の分配と放熱を改善するオイル溝やチャンネルを備えているものもあり、摩擦をさらに減らし、全体的な効率を高めています。このような材料と設計の革新により、スラストワッシャーは、重要な車両システムの安定した作動をサポートし、頻繁なメンテナンスの必要性を減らし、部品の寿命を延ばす、信頼性の高い高性能部品に生まれ変わりました。

なぜ自動車用スラストワッシャーは、さまざまな車種や用途で重要なのでしょうか？

自動車用スラストワッシャーは、日常的に使用される乗用車から大型トラック、高性能スポーツカーまで、様々な車種の機能と寿命に欠かせないものであり、高い応力を受ける回転部品のアライメントと安定性を維持するのに役立ちます。乗用車では、スラストワッシャーはエンジンのスムーズな運転を維持するために不可欠であり、燃費の向上に貢献し、主要部品の全体的な摩耗を低減することで、車両の信頼性をサポートし、長期的なメンテナンスコストを削減します。トラックやその他の大型車では、高荷重と長時間の使用という厳しい条件下で運転されるため、スラストワッシャーはミスアライメントを防止し、摩擦を低減します。高性能スポーツカーやレーシングカーでは、エンジンやトランスミッションが極限の速度で作動し、平均以上の応力がかかるため、部品の故障を防ぎ、エンジン出力を最適化し、急加速・急減速時の安定性を維持するためには、スラストワッシャーの精度と耐摩耗性が非常に重要です。スラストワッシャーは、エンジンやトランスミッション以外にも、サスペンションシステム、ステアリング機構、その他の自動車部品にも使用され、横方向の動きを防止し、制御性を高めています。さまざまな動作要件に耐えるスラストワッシャーの能力により、スラストワッシャーは幅広い車両用途で不可欠なものとなっており、多様な走行環境における性能要求と安全ニーズの両方を支えています。

自動車用スラストウォッシャー市場の成長を促進する要因は？

自動車用スラストウォッシャー市場は、自動車技術の進歩、高性能用途における耐久性の高い部品に対する需要の高まり、効率性と長寿命に関する業界標準の高まりなど、いくつかの重要な要因によって力強い成長を遂げています。最近のエンジンとトランスミッションはより複雑化し、より厳しい公差で製造されるようになったため、高いアキシャル荷重に耐え、正確なアライメントを維持できる高度なスラストワッシャーの需要が高まっています。高性能車や電気自動車へのシフトは、このニーズをさらに増幅させています。これらの自動車は、より高い速度や圧力の下で運転されることが多く、優れた耐摩耗性、熱安定性、メンテナンスの必要性を低減するスラストワッシャーが必要とされるからです。自己潤滑性材料、複合合金、高度なコーティング技術の使用など、材料科学と製造プロセスにおける革新もまた、市場を前進させる一因となっています。メーカーがこれらの厳しい要件を満たすスラストワッシャーを製造できるようになり、高品質の部品を重視する自動車メーカーにアピールできるようになったからです。さらに、自動車の寿命とメンテナンス費用の削減に対する消費者の期待が、自動車システムの全体的な耐久性と効率に貢献する高性能で摩擦の少ないスラストワッシャーへの投資を自動車メーカーに促しています。この動向は、低燃費の乗用車から長距離トラックまで、さまざまな車両セグメントで顕著であり、企業は運用コストを削減しながら車両の信頼性を高めようとしています。自動車用スラストワッシャーの市場は、エネルギー効率、性能、部品の耐久性を優先する規制基準によってさらに支えられており、メーカーは品質に妥協することなくエンジンやトランスミッションの効率を向上させるウォッシャーの開発を推し進めています。技術革新、高性能で持続可能な部品への需要、進化する消費者の期待、業界全体の規制支援といったこれらの要因が相まって、自動車用スラストウォッシャー市場は成長を続けており、これらの部品は現代の自動車業界の性能と信頼性の目標を達成するために不可欠なものと位置付けられています。

セグメント

流通チャネル（OEM流通チャネル、アフターマーケット流通チャネル）

調査対象企業の例（全36件）

  • BorgWarner, Inc.
  • Daido Metal Co., Ltd.
  • GGB Heilbronn GmbH
  • igus Inc.
  • JIAXING Tisen Sliding Bearing Co., Ltd.
  • JTEKT Corporation
  • Jtekt Europe Bearings B.V.
  • Miba AG
  • NSK Ltd.
  • NTN Corporation

目次

第1章 調査手法

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場概要
  • 主要企業
  • 市場動向と促進要因
  • 世界市場の見通し

第3章 市場分析

  • 米国
  • カナダ
  • 日本
  • 中国
  • 欧州
  • フランス
  • ドイツ
  • イタリア
  • 英国
  • スペイン
  • ロシア
  • その他欧州
  • アジア太平洋
  • オーストラリア
  • インド
  • 韓国
  • その他アジア太平洋地域
  • ラテンアメリカ
  • アルゼンチン
  • ブラジル
  • メキシコ
  • その他ラテンアメリカ
  • 中東
  • イラン
  • イスラエル
  • サウジアラビア
  • アラブ首長国連邦
  • その他中東
  • アフリカ

第4章 競合

目次
Product Code: MCP25473

Global Automotive Thrust Washers Market to Reach US$1.3 Billion by 2030

The global market for Automotive Thrust Washers estimated at US$1.0 Billion in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$1.3 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.2% over the analysis period 2024-2030. OEM Distribution Channel, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 4.0% CAGR and reach US$842.1 Million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Aftermarket Distribution Channel segment is estimated at 4.6% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$280.8 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 6.9% CAGR

The Automotive Thrust Washers market in the U.S. is estimated at US$280.8 Million in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$268.6 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 6.9% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 1.5% and 4.5% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 2.4% CAGR.

Global Automotive Thrust Washers Market - Key Trends and Drivers Summarized

What Are Automotive Thrust Washers, and How Do They Support Engine and Transmission Functionality?

Automotive thrust washers are crucial components within engines and transmissions, designed to manage axial loads and control the endplay, or lateral movement, of rotating parts, ensuring smooth and reliable operation. These washers, typically made from robust materials like steel, bronze, or specially engineered alloys, are positioned between rotating components to reduce friction, minimize wear, and absorb axial forces. In an engine, thrust washers are found in parts such as crankshafts, camshafts, and connecting rods, where they help maintain alignment and ensure the stability of these elements under high-speed and high-stress conditions. Similarly, in transmissions, thrust washers absorb the axial forces generated by gear rotation and shifting, facilitating smooth gear changes and reducing wear on metal surfaces by preventing direct metal-to-metal contact. By maintaining proper spacing and restricting lateral movement, thrust washers enhance both the performance and longevity of the engine and transmission, ultimately supporting vehicle safety and reliability. These washers are particularly critical in high-load and high-speed applications, where even minor misalignments can lead to increased friction, component wear, and potential damage to the vehicle’s essential parts.

How Have Material and Design Advances Improved Thrust Washer Performance and Durability?

Material and design advancements have significantly enhanced the durability, efficiency, and performance of automotive thrust washers, allowing them to better withstand the demanding conditions of modern engines and transmissions. Today’s thrust washers are crafted from advanced composite materials like bronze-steel alloys, polymer composites, and self-lubricating materials embedded with lubricants, which offer excellent wear resistance, thermal stability, and low friction even under extreme temperatures and loads. This enhanced material composition minimizes risks such as thermal expansion or degradation, ensuring the washer maintains its integrity and functionality despite high-stress conditions. Additionally, specialized coating technologies, such as anti-friction and anti-corrosion coatings, extend the service life of thrust washers, protecting them from wear and environmental exposure that could otherwise lead to premature failure. Precision manufacturing techniques, including CNC machining, have enabled the production of washers with highly accurate thicknesses and tight tolerances, crucial for maintaining the precise clearances required in engines and transmissions. Some modern thrust washers even feature oil grooves or channels that improve lubrication distribution and heat dissipation, further reducing friction and enhancing overall efficiency. These innovations in materials and design have transformed thrust washers into reliable, high-performance components that support the consistent operation of critical vehicle systems, reducing the need for frequent maintenance and increasing component longevity.

Why Are Automotive Thrust Washers Important Across Different Vehicle Types and Applications?

Automotive thrust washers are integral to the function and longevity of various vehicle types, from everyday passenger cars to heavy-duty trucks and high-performance sports cars, as they help maintain the alignment and stability of rotating parts that experience high levels of stress. In passenger vehicles, thrust washers are essential for maintaining smooth engine operation, contributing to better fuel efficiency and reducing overall wear on key components, which supports vehicle reliability and reduces maintenance costs over time. For trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles operating under demanding conditions with heavy loads and prolonged usage, thrust washers prevent misalignment and reduce friction, which are critical factors for ensuring the durability and safety of these vehicles in intensive applications. In high-performance sports cars and racing vehicles, where engines and transmissions operate at extreme speeds and experience higher-than-average stresses, precision and wear resistance in thrust washers are crucial to prevent component failure, optimize engine output, and maintain stability under rapid acceleration and deceleration. Thrust washers are also used beyond engines and transmissions; they are found in suspension systems, steering mechanisms, and other automotive components where they prevent lateral movement and enhance control. Their ability to withstand different operational requirements makes thrust washers indispensable across a wide range of vehicle applications, supporting both performance demands and safety needs in diverse driving environments.

What Factors Are Driving the Growth of the Automotive Thrust Washer Market?

The automotive thrust washer market is experiencing robust growth driven by several key factors, including advancements in automotive technology, rising demand for durable components in high-performance applications, and increasing industry standards for efficiency and longevity. As modern engines and transmissions become more complex and are built with tighter tolerances, the demand for advanced thrust washers that can withstand high axial loads and maintain precise alignment has risen. The shift toward high-performance and electric vehicles has further amplified this need, as these vehicles often operate under higher speeds and pressures, requiring thrust washers that offer superior wear resistance, thermal stability, and reduced maintenance needs. Innovations in material science and manufacturing processes, such as the use of self-lubricating materials, composite alloys, and advanced coating techniques, have also played a role in propelling the market forward, as manufacturers can now produce thrust washers that meet these stringent requirements and appeal to automakers focused on high-quality components. Additionally, consumer expectations for vehicle longevity and reduced maintenance expenses are encouraging automakers to invest in high-performance, low-friction thrust washers that contribute to the overall durability and efficiency of automotive systems. This trend is evident across various vehicle segments, from fuel-efficient passenger cars to long-haul trucks, as companies seek to enhance vehicle reliability while reducing operational costs. The market for automotive thrust washers is further supported by regulatory standards that prioritize energy efficiency, performance, and component durability, pushing manufacturers to develop washers that improve engine and transmission efficiency without compromising quality. Together, these factors—technological innovation, demand for high-performance and sustainable components, evolving consumer expectations, and industry-wide regulatory support—are driving the growth of the automotive thrust washer market, positioning these components as essential for achieving the modern automotive industry's performance and reliability objectives.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Automotive Thrust Washers market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Distribution Channel (OEM Distribution Channel, Aftermarket Distribution Channel)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; USA; Canada; Japan; China; Europe; France; Germany; Italy; UK; Spain; Russia; Rest of Europe; Asia-Pacific; Australia; India; South Korea; Rest of Asia-Pacific; Latin America; Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; Rest of Latin America; Middle East; Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; UAE; Rest of Middle East; Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 36 Featured) -

  • BorgWarner, Inc.
  • Daido Metal Co., Ltd.
  • GGB Heilbronn GmbH
  • igus Inc.
  • JIAXING Tisen Sliding Bearing Co., Ltd.
  • JTEKT Corporation
  • Jtekt Europe Bearings B.V.
  • Miba AG
  • NSK Ltd.
  • NTN Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Global Economic Update
    • Automotive Thrust Washers - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Vehicle Production Drives Growth in Automotive Thrust Washers Market
    • Increasing Focus on Reducing Friction Fuels Demand for High-Performance Thrust Washers
    • Growing Use of Lightweight Materials in Vehicles Expands Demand for Precision Thrust Washers
    • Rising Emphasis on Fuel Efficiency Supports Development of Low-Friction Thrust Washers
    • Increasing Adoption of Electric Vehicles Drives Demand for Specialized Thrust Washer Designs
    • Here's How High-Temperature Resistance Improves Thrust Washer Performance in Engine Applications
    • Focus on Minimizing Wear and Tear Supports Demand for Corrosion-Resistant Thrust Washers
    • Advancements in Coating Technologies Extend the Life of Automotive Thrust Washers
    • Growing Popularity of Hybrid Vehicles Expands Applications for Customized Thrust Washers
    • Here's How Precision Manufacturing Improves Load-Bearing Capacity in Thrust Washers
    • Rising Demand from Aftermarket Sector Supports Growth in Replacement Thrust Washers
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Automotive Thrust Washers Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for OEM Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for OEM Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 15-Year Perspective for OEM Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Aftermarket Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Aftermarket Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 15-Year Perspective for Aftermarket Distribution Channel by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 11: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: USA Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: USA 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 14: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: Canada Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: Canada 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 17: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: Japan Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: Japan 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 20: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: China Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: China 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 23: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: Europe Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 26: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: Europe Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: Europe 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 29: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: France Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: France 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 32: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Germany Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: Germany 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 35: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: Italy Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Italy 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 38: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: UK Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: UK 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 41: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: Spain Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: Spain 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 44: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Russia Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Russia 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 47: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Rest of Europe 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 50: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 53: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 56: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Australia Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Australia 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 59: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: India Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: India 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 62: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: South Korea Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: South Korea 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 65: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: Rest of Asia-Pacific 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 68: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: Latin America Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 71: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: Latin America Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 74: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: Argentina Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: Argentina 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 77: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Brazil Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Brazil 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 80: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Mexico Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Mexico 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 83: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Rest of Latin America 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 86: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Middle East Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 89: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Middle East Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 92: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Iran Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Iran 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 95: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: Israel Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: Israel 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 98: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Saudi Arabia 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 101: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: UAE Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: UAE 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 104: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: Rest of Middle East 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Automotive Thrust Washers Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 107: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: Africa Historic Review for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2015 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: Africa 15-Year Perspective for Automotive Thrust Washers by Distribution Channel - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for OEM Distribution Channel and Aftermarket Distribution Channel for the Years 2015, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION