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定量吸入器の世界市場 - 世界の業界分析、規模、シェア、成長、動向、予測(2032年)

Metered Dose Inhalers Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2032


出版日
ページ情報
英文 186 Pages
納期
2~5営業日
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.36円
定量吸入器の世界市場 - 世界の業界分析、規模、シェア、成長、動向、予測(2032年)
出版日: 2025年01月08日
発行: Fairfield Market Research
ページ情報: 英文 186 Pages
納期: 2~5営業日
GIIご利用のメリット
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 目次
概要

世界の定量吸入器の市場規模は、4.9%のCAGRで拡大し、顕著な成長を遂げようとしており、2025年の310億3,000万米ドルから2032年には433億5,000万米ドルに成長すると予測されています。MDIは、喘息や慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)のような症状に対する正確で制御された薬物投与を確実にする、呼吸器系のドラッグデリバリーにおいて極めて重要な役割を果たしています。

定量吸入器は、エアロゾル化された薬剤を効果的に送達するために設計されたコンパクトなハンドヘルド機器です。携帯性、使いやすさ、精度の高さから、呼吸器疾患の管理に不可欠なツールとなっています。世界中で呼吸器疾患の症例が増加していることと、吸入器技術の進歩がMDIの需要を大きく押し上げています。

吸入器の設計と製剤における革新が主要な成長要因となっています。製薬会社と研究機関の協力により、デジタル技術とセンサーを統合したインテリジェント吸入器への道が開かれ、患者のアドヒアランスを改善し、個別化治療を可能にしました。喘息、COPD、その他の呼吸器疾患の増加により、効果的な吸入療法への需要が高まっています。MDIにユーザーフレンドリーなデザインとデジタルソリューションが搭載されたことで、患者のエンゲージメントが高まり、処方された治療へのアドヒアランスが向上しています。

コネクテッドデバイスとデジタルヘルスプラットフォームの台頭は、世界の定量吸入器市場に大きなビジネスチャンスをもたらします。センサーを組み込んだスマート吸入器は、薬の使用に関するリアルタイムのデータを提供し、ヘルスケアプロバイダーが治療戦略を調整し、患者の転帰を向上させることを可能にします。これらのデバイスはまた、モバイルアプリを介して利用可能なフィードバック、リマインダー、教育ツールを通じて患者に力を与えます。

当レポートでは、世界の定量吸入器市場について調査し、市場の概要とともに、タイプ別、エンドユーザー別、地域別動向、および市場に参入する企業の競合動向などを提供しています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第2章 市場概要

  • 市場の定義とセグメンテーション
  • 市場力学
  • バリューチェーン分析
  • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • COVID-19の影響分析
  • ウクライナ・ロシア紛争の影響
  • 経済概要
  • PESTLE分析

第3章 価格分析、2019年~2023年

第4章 世界の定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

  • 世界の定量吸入器市場の見通し、タイプ別、金額(10億米ドル)、数量(100万台)、2019年~2032年
  • 世界の定量吸入器市場の見通し、エンドユーザー別、金額(10億米ドル)、数量(100万台)、2019年~2032年
  • 世界の定量吸入器市場の見通し、地域別、金額(10億米ドル)、数量(100万台)、2019年~2032年

第5章 北米の定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

第6章 欧州の定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

第7章 アジア太平洋の定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

第8章 ラテンアメリカの定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

第9章 中東・アフリカの定量吸入器市場の見通し、2019年~2032年

第10章 競合情勢

  • タイプとエンドユーザーのヒートマップ
  • 企業市場シェア分析、2024年
  • 競合ダッシュボード
  • 企業プロファイル
    • Cipla Inc.
    • Presspart Manufacturing Ltd.
    • Midascare Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
    • Beximco Pharma Ltd.
    • GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
    • 3M Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd.
    • Biocare Manufacturing Sdn Bhd.
    • Anomatic Innovation & Design Center & Manufacturing
    • Aristo Pharma Ltd.

第11章 付録

目次

The global metered dose inhalers market is on track for notable growth, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9%. It is anticipated to grow from USD 31.03 billion in 2025 to USD 43.35 billion by 2032. MDIs play a pivotal role in respiratory drug delivery, ensuring precise and controlled administration of medication for conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Metered dose inhalers are compact, handheld devices designed to effectively deliver aerosolized medication. Their portability, ease of use, and precision make them essential tools in managing respiratory disorders. Increasing cases of respiratory diseases worldwide, along with advancements in inhaler technology, have significantly driven the demand for MDIs.

Key Market Drivers

  • 1.Technological Advancements: Innovation in inhaler design and formulation has been a major growth factor. Collaborations between pharmaceutical firms and research institutions have paved the way for intelligent inhalers integrated with digital technology and sensors, improving patient adherence and enabling personalized treatments.
  • 2.Rising Respiratory Disease Burden: Growing incidences of asthma, COPD, and other respiratory disorders are driving the demand for effective inhalation therapies.
  • 3.Patient-Centric Features: The inclusion of user-friendly designs and digital solutions in MDIs has enhanced patient engagement and adherence to prescribed treatments.

Business Opportunities

The rise of connected devices and digital health platforms presents significant opportunities in the global metered dose inhalers market. Smart inhalers embedded with sensors provide real-time data on medication usage, enabling healthcare providers to tailor treatment strategies and enhance patient outcomes. These devices also empower patients through feedback, reminders, and educational tools available via mobile apps.

Market Restraints

  • 1.Environmental Concerns: Conventional MDIs depend on hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants, which have high global warming potential. Regulatory efforts are urging manufacturers to transition to more eco-friendly alternatives.
  • 2.Regulatory Challenges: Complex and evolving regulatory requirements for new inhaler technologies pose significant hurdles for manufacturers, necessitating rigorous validation and compliance efforts.

Regional Analysis

  • 1.Asia Pacific: The region is expected to lead the market, driven by a large population base with a high prevalence of respiratory conditions. Countries like China and India are seeing increased adoption of advanced respiratory therapies due to better healthcare infrastructure and economic growth.
  • 2.Latin America: The fastest-growing region, Latin America's market expansion is propelled by rising awareness of respiratory health, improved healthcare facilities, and access to advanced inhaler technologies.
  • 3.North America and Europe: These regions remain major markets due to high healthcare spending and advanced infrastructure, although the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a critical growth area for industry players.

Competitive Analysis

The metered dose inhalers market is highly competitive, with leading players focusing on innovation, partnerships, and global expansion to strengthen their market presence. Key companies include:

  • Cipla Inc.
  • Presspart Manufacturing Ltd.
  • Midascare Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
  • Beximco Pharma Ltd.
  • GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
  • 3M Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd.
  • Biocare Manufacturing Sdn Bhd.
  • Anomatic Innovation & Design Center & Manufacturing
  • Aristo Pharma Ltd.

Metered Dose Inhalers Market Segmentation

  • By Type:
  • Reliever Inhaler
  • Long-acting Bronchodilator Inhaler
  • By End Use:
  • Homecare
  • Hospitals
  • Clinics
  • By Region:
  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Metered Dose Inhalers Market Snapshot
  • 1.2. Future Projections
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value and Volume, 2024
  • 1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
  • 2.3. Value Chain Analysis
  • 2.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
    • 2.5.1. Supply
    • 2.5.2. Demand
  • 2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
  • 2.7. Economic Overview
    • 2.7.1. World Economic Projections
  • 2.8. PESTLE Analysis

3. Price Analysis, 2019 - 2023

  • 3.1. Global Average Price Analysis, by Type, US$ Per Unit, 2019 - 2023
  • 3.2. Prominent Factor Affecting Metered Dose Inhalers Prices
  • 3.3. Global Average Price Analysis, by Region, US$ Per Unit

4. Global Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 4.1. Global Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 4.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 4.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 4.2. Global Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 4.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 4.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 4.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 4.3. Global Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 4.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 4.3.1.1. North America
      • 4.3.1.2. Europe
      • 4.3.1.3. Asia Pacific
      • 4.3.1.4. Latin America
      • 4.3.1.5. Middle East & Africa

5. North America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 5.1. North America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 5.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 5.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 5.2. North America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 5.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 5.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 5.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 5.3. North America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 5.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 5.3.1.1. U.S. Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 5.3.1.2. U.S. Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 5.3.1.3. Canada Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 5.3.1.4. Canada Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 6.1. Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 6.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 6.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 6.2. Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 6.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 6.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 6.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 6.3. Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 6.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 6.3.1.1. Germany Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.2. Germany Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.3. U.K. Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.4. U.K. Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.5. France Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.6. France Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.7. Italy Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.8. Italy Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.9. Turkey Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.10. Turkey Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.11. Russia Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.12. Russia Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.13. Rest of Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 6.3.1.14. Rest of Europe Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 7.1. Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 7.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 7.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 7.2. Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 7.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 7.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 7.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 7.3. Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 7.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 7.3.1.1. China Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.2. China Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.3. Japan Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.4. Japan Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.5. South Korea Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.6. South Korea Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.7. South Korea Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.8. India Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.9. India Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.10. Southeast Asia Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.11. Southeast Asia Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.12. Rest of Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 7.3.1.13. Rest of Asia Pacific Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 8.1. Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 8.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 8.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 8.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 8.2. Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 8.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 8.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 8.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 8.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 8.3. Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 8.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 8.3.1.1. Brazil Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.2. Brazil Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.3. Mexico Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.4. Mexico Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.5. Argentina Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.6. Argentina Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.7. Rest of Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 8.3.1.8. Rest of Latin America Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, 2019 - 2032

  • 9.1. Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 9.1.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.1.1.1. Reliever Inhaler
      • 9.1.1.2. Long-acting bronchodilators Inhaler
  • 9.2. Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 9.2.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.2.1.1. Homecare
      • 9.2.1.2. Hospitals
      • 9.2.1.3. Clinics
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 9.3.1. Key Highlights
      • 9.3.1.1. GCC Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.2. GCC Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.3. South Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.4. South Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.5. Egypt Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.6. Egypt Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.7. Nigeria Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.8. Nigeria Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.9. Rest of Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
      • 9.3.1.10. Rest of Middle East & Africa Metered Dose Inhalers Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Million Units), 2019 - 2032
    • 9.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1. Type vs End User Heatmap
  • 10.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 10.3. Competitive Dashboard
  • 10.4. Company Profiles
    • 10.4.1. Cipla Inc.
      • 10.4.1.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.1.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.2. Presspart Manufacturing Ltd.
      • 10.4.2.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.2.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.3. Midascare Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd.
      • 10.4.3.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.3.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.4. Beximco Pharma Ltd.
      • 10.4.4.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.4.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.5. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
      • 10.4.5.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.5.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.6. 3M Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd.
      • 10.4.6.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.6.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.7. Biocare Manufacturing Sdn Bhd.
      • 10.4.7.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.7.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.8. Anomatic Innovation & Design Center & Manufacturing
      • 10.4.8.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.8.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
    • 10.4.9. Aristo Pharma Ltd.
      • 10.4.9.1. Company Overview
      • 10.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
      • 10.4.9.3. Financial Overview
      • 10.4.9.4. Business Strategies and Development

11. Appendix

  • 11.1. Research Methodology
  • 11.2. Report Assumptions
  • 11.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations