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前臨床イメージングの世界市場規模:モダリティ別、用途別、エンドユーザー別、地理的範囲と予測

Global Preclinical Imaging Market Size By Modality, By Application, By End-User By Geographic Scope And Forecast


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英文 202 Pages
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2~3営業日
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本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.63円
前臨床イメージングの世界市場規模:モダリティ別、用途別、エンドユーザー別、地理的範囲と予測
出版日: 2025年05月02日
発行: Verified Market Research
ページ情報: 英文 202 Pages
納期: 2~3営業日
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概要

前臨床イメージングの市場規模と予測

前臨床イメージング市場規模は、2024年に9億5,755万米ドルと評価され、2026~2032年にかけてCAGR 5.12%で成長し、2032年には14億2,772万米ドルに達すると予測されています。

  • 前臨床イメージングとは、ヒト臨床検査前に動物モデルで生物学的プロセスを調べるために使用される先進的イメージング技術の集合体です。MRI、PET、CT、バイオルミネッセンスイメージングを含むこれらの技術により、研究者は新規薬剤の効果を研究し、疾患開発を追跡し、生体内での治療反応を評価することができます。前臨床イメージングは、科学者が新しい治療の有効性と安全性に関する主要データを収集し、薬剤動態を調べ、検査デザインを改善することを可能にするため、創薬と開発において重要です。
  • 前臨床イメージングには、画像処理と解釈を改善するための人工知能と機械学習が組み込まれ、大幅なブレークスルーの準備が整っています。イメージング技術が進歩すれば、感度と解像度が向上し、分子レベルでの生物学的プロセスをより正確に評価できるようになると期待されます。
  • オーダーメイド医療が重視されるようになれば、医薬品に対する個々の反応を予測できるオーダーメイドのイメージング技術の開発が促進され、最終的にはトランスレーショナル研究の成果を高め、ヒト臨床検査への道のりを早めることになると考えられます。

世界の前臨床イメージング市場力学

世界の前臨床イメージング市場を形成している主要市場力学は以下の通りです。

主要市場促進要因

  • 医薬品研究開発への投資の増加:NIHによると、製薬会社は2023年に研究開発に950億米ドルを投資し、2020年から32%増加します。またFDAは、2021~2023年の間に前臨床イメージングを必要とする治験薬申請が45%増加すると予測しています。この急増は、PhRMAの調査結果が示すように、治療効果と安全性に関するより正確で詳細なデータへの需要によってもたらされており、現在、医薬品開発プログラムの78%が先進的前臨床イメージングを使用しており、2020年の52%から増加しています。この成長は、医薬品開発の迅速化、検査デザインの改良、成功率の向上においてイメージングが重要な役割を担っていることを示しています。
  • 慢性疾患の蔓延:慢性疾患の増加により、より優れた前臨床研究ツールの必要性が高まっています。WHOによれば、がん患者は2040年までに60%増加すると予想されており、CDCによれば、アメリカ人の10人中6人はすでに少なくとも1つの慢性疾患を抱えています。このような増加の背景には、早期発見、正確な疾患モデリング、治療法開発の改善があります。米国国立がんラボは、前臨床イメージングへの資金提供を89%増加させ、2023年には総額28億米ドルに達すると発表しており、このような健康上の懸念の増大に対処する上で、イメージングが極めて重要であることを強調しています。
  • イメージングモダリティの技術的進歩:画像診断モダリティの技術的進歩は、前臨床画像診断の能力を大幅に向上させ、その結果、研究における利用が増加しています。Medical Imaging and Technology Allianceは、European Society of Molecular Imagingによると、2021~2023年の間にイメージングシステムの精度は156%向上し、マルチモーダルアプローチは234%増加し、より包括的なデータ収集が可能になったと推定しています。Journal of Nuclear Medicine誌によると、AIを活用した画像診断により、2023年には調査期間が42%短縮され、精度が68%向上するといいます。

主要課題

  • イメージングシステムの高コスト:MRI、PET、CTなどの先進的前臨床イメージング技術は、購入と維持に費用がかかります。これらのシステムは数百万米ドルもするため、小規模の研究機関では利用できず、幅広い利用が制限されています。高額なコストは研究費全体を増加させ、製薬会社の研究開発予算に打撃を与えます。この課題は、特に新興市場において、購入しやすい価格がハードルとなり、市場拡大を阻害します。
  • データ管理とストレージの問題:前臨床イメージングでは大量のデータが生成されるため、適切に保存、処理、分析しなければならないです。多くの研究機関では、膨大なデータセットを管理するために必要なインフラやスキルが不足しており、その結果、データ処理や分析が非効率的になっています。データ管理の不備は、研究の質を低下させ、プロジェクトを遅延させ、運営経費を増加させ、特に画像技術が進歩するにつれて、市場拡大の大きな障害となります。
  • 長い開発と商品化サイクル:新しい前臨床イメージング技術を開発し、市場に投入するには、大規模な研究開発、薬事承認プロセスが必要です。発明と商業化の速度が遅いため、新しいイメージング技術の採用が遅れ、市場の成長が制限される可能性があります。また、このような長引くサイクルは、特に中小企業にとっては、投資回収の実現に何年もかかる可能性があり、市場力学に影響を与えるため、投資意欲を減退させています。

主要動向

  • マルチモーダルイメージング技術の使用の増加:MRI、PET、CTなど複数の画像モダリティを組み合わせたマルチモーダルイメージング技術の利用が増加しており、前臨床研究における生物学的プロセスの完全な調査が可能になっています。この動向は、病気の発生や治療効果についてより完全で包括的な理解を提供することにより、データの質を向上させています。1回の実験でより確実で多様なデータを収集できるため、研究効率を高めるこれらの統合技術に対する需要が高まっている
  • 非侵襲的イメージング法へのシフト:非侵襲的イメージング技術は、動物モデルに害を与えることなく疾患の進行を追跡できることから、人気を集めています。光イメージングやMRIのような手法では、長期間にわたって繰り返し観察できるため、研究者は貴重な縦断的データを得ることができます。このような非侵襲的技術へのシフトは、倫理的問題を軽減すると同時に実験データの質を向上させる、洗練された前臨床イメージング技術への需要を高めています。
  • 分子イメージングの成長:細胞や分子のプロセスを見ることができる分子イメージングは、前臨床研究において重要性を増しています。これにより研究者は分子レベルで疾患経路を調査できるようになり、その結果、早期発見やより正確な治療目標が可能となります。個別化医療が加速する中、分子イメージングは標的医薬品の創製に重要な役割を果たし、前臨床研究での利用が増加し、市場成長を後押ししています。

目次

第1章 世界の前臨床イメージング市場の導入

  • 市場概要
  • 調査範囲
  • 前提条件

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第3章 VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCHの調査手法

  • データマイニング
  • バリデーション
  • 一次資料
  • データソース一覧

第4章 世界の前臨床イメージング市場展望

  • 概要
  • 市場力学
    • 促進要因
    • 抑制要因
    • 機会

第5章 前臨床イメージングの世界市場:モダリティ別

  • 概要
  • 磁気共鳴イメージング
  • コンピュータ断層撮影
  • ポジトロンCT
  • 単一光子放出コンピュータ断層撮影法
  • 光学イメージング
  • 超音波イメージング

第6章 前臨床イメージングの世界市場:用途別

  • 概要
  • 腫瘍学
  • 神経学
  • 心臓病学
  • 炎症
  • 感染症学
  • 代謝性疾患

第7章 世界の前臨床イメージング市場:エンドユーザー別

  • 概要
  • 製薬・バイオテクノロジー企業
  • 契約研究機関
  • 研究機関と学術センター
  • 病院クリニック

第8章 前臨床イメージングの世界市場:地域別

  • 概要
  • 北米
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州
    • ドイツ
    • 英国
    • フランス
    • その他の欧州
  • アジア太平洋
    • 中国
    • 日本
    • インド
    • その他のアジア太平洋
  • その他
    • ラテンアメリカ
    • 中東・アフリカ

第9章 世界の前臨床イメージング市場の競合情勢

  • 概要
  • 各社の市場ランキング
  • 主要開発戦略

第10章 企業プロファイル

  • Bruker Corporation
  • Siemens A.G.
  • General Electric
  • TriFoil Imaging
  • PerkinElmer, Inc.
  • VisualSonics Inc.(Fujifilm)
  • Mediso Ltd.
  • Agilent Technologies
  • MILabs B.V.
  • MR Solutions

第11章 主要開発

  • 製品上市/開発
  • 合併と買収
  • 事業拡大
  • パートナーシップと提携

第12章 付録

  • 関連調査
目次
Product Code: 36104

Preclinical Imaging Market Size And Forecast

Preclinical Imaging Market size was valued at USD 957.55 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 1427.72 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.12% from 2026 to 2032.

  • Preclinical imaging is a collection of advanced imaging techniques used to examine biological processes in animal models before human clinical trials. These techniques, which include MRI, PET, CT, and bioluminescence imaging, enable researchers to study the effects of novel medications, follow disease development, and assess therapy responses in vivo. Preclinical imaging is important in drug discovery and development because it allows scientists to collect key data on the efficacy and safety of new treatments, as well as examine pharmacokinetics and improve study designs.
  • Preclinical imaging is poised for substantial breakthroughs with the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve picture processing and interpretation. As imaging technologies advance, we should expect increased sensitivity and resolution, allowing for more exact assessments of biological processes at the molecular level.
  • The increased emphasis on customized medicine is likely to stimulate the development of tailored imaging techniques capable of predicting individual responses to medicines, ultimately enhancing translational research outcomes and expediting the journey to human clinical trials.

Global Preclinical Imaging Market Dynamics

The key market dynamics that are shaping the global preclinical imaging market include:

Key Market Drivers:

  • Rising Investment in Pharmaceutical R&D: Rising investment in pharmaceutical R&D is fueling robust growth in the preclinical imaging market, with pharmaceutical companies investing USD 95 Billion in R&D in 2023, up 32% from 2020, according to the NIH. The FDA also forecasts a 45% increase in investigational new medication applications that need preclinical imaging between 2021 and 2023. This spike is being driven by the demand for more precise, in-depth data on therapeutic efficacy and safety, as indicated by PhRMA's findings that 78% of drug development programs currently use advanced preclinical imaging, up from 52% in 2020. This growth underlines imaging's critical role in expediting drug development, refining study designs, and increasing success rates.
  • Growing Prevalence of Chronic Diseases: The increasing frequency of chronic diseases is driving the need for better preclinical research tools. Cancer cases are expected to climb by 60% by 2040, according to the WHO, and 6 out of 10 Americans already have at least one chronic ailment, according to the CDC, resulting in a 67% increase in preclinical research since 2021. This increase is motivated by the need for early identification, precise disease modeling, and improved treatment development. The National Cancer Institute's 89% increase in funding for preclinical imaging, totaling $2.8 billion in 2023, emphasizes the critical significance of imaging in addressing these growing health concerns.
  • Technological Advancements in Imaging Modalities: Technological advancements in imaging modalities are greatly improving the capabilities of preclinical imaging, resulting in its increased use in research. The Medical Imaging and Technology Alliance estimated that imaging system precision improved by 156% between 2021 and 2023, while multimodal approaches increased by 234%, allowing for more comprehensive data collection, according to the European Society of Molecular Imaging. According to the Journal of Nuclear Medicine, AI-enhanced imaging will decrease research durations by 42% and improve accuracy by 68% in 2023.

Key Challenges:

  • High Cost of Imaging Systems: Advanced preclinical imaging technologies, including as MRI, PET, and CT, are expensive to purchase and maintain. These systems can cost millions of dollars, making them unavailable to smaller research institutes and limiting their broad use. The high costs increase overall research expenses, hurting pharmaceutical companies' R&D budgets. This challenge stifles market expansion since affordability becomes a hurdle, particularly in emerging markets.
  • Data Management and Storage Issues: Preclinical imaging produces a large amount of data, which must be appropriately saved, handled, and analyzed. Many institutions lack the necessary infrastructure and skills to manage massive datasets, resulting in inefficiencies in data processing and analysis. Poor data management can jeopardize research quality, delay projects, and raise operational expenses, posing a substantial impediment to market expansion, especially as imaging technologies advance.
  • Long Development and Commercialization Cycles: Creating new preclinical imaging technologies and bringing them to market requires extensive research, development, and regulatory approval processes. The slow rate of invention and commercialization might cause delays in the adoption of new imaging technologies, limiting market growth. This protracted cycle also discourages investment, particularly from smaller enterprises, because the return on investment might take years to realize, influencing market dynamics.

Key Trends:

  • Increasing Use of Multimodal Imaging Techniques: The increasing use of multimodal imaging techniques, which combine several imaging modalities such as MRI, PET, and CT, allows for complete investigation of biological processes in preclinical studies. This trend improves data quality by providing a more complete and comprehensive understanding of illness development and treatment efficacy. The capacity to collect more robust and diversified data in a single experiment is boosting demand for these integrated technologies, which increase research efficiency.
  • Shift to Non-invasive Imaging Methods: Non-invasive imaging techniques are gaining popularity due to their ability to track disease progression without causing harm to the animal model. Methods such as optical imaging and MRI allow for repeated observations throughout time, giving researchers valuable longitudinal data. This shift toward non-invasive techniques is increasing demand for sophisticated preclinical imaging technologies, which lessen ethical issues while also improving experimental data quality.
  • Growth in Molecular Imaging: Molecular imaging, which allows for the viewing of cellular and molecular processes, is becoming more important in preclinical research. It enables researchers to investigate disease pathways at the molecular level, resulting in earlier identification and more precise treatment targeting. As personalized medicine gains pace, molecular imaging plays an important role in creating targeted medicines, increasing usage in preclinical investigations, and propelling market growth.

Global Preclinical Imaging Market Regional Analysis

Here is a more detailed regional analysis of the global preclinical imaging market:

North America:

  • North America's dominance in the preclinical imaging market is primarily due to its strong pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. The United States accounts for about half of the global market, owing to considerable investments in research and infrastructure. As of 2023, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported a 156% growth in preclinical imaging spending, totaling USD 12.7 Billion. This expansion is being driven by an increasing need for improved imaging technologies in drug discovery and development, notably with the rise of customized medicine.
  • Pharmaceutical companies have increasingly utilized preclinical imaging, with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reporting an 89% increase in companies adopting these technologies between 2021 and 2023. Canada's biotechnology sector also contributes, with preclinical imaging expenditures increasing by 178%, reinforcing North America's leading spot.
  • Investment in research and development (R&D) is critical to boosting North America's preclinical imaging market. The National Science Foundation reports that between 2020 and 2023, private-sector R&D spending on imaging increased by 234%, reaching USD 18.5 Billion. This is supplemented by a predicted 67% increase in federal funding for preclinical research by 2026. Technological developments have also been important drivers, with institutions purchasing 45% more preclinical imaging equipment in 2023 compared to 2021. Such infrastructure expansion has resulted in speedier drug development schedules, with the FDA reporting a 145% increase in medication applications that include preclinical imaging data. This incorporation of imaging technology into drug discovery speeds up the research process and increases success rates, consolidating North America's market leadership.

Asia Pacific:

  • The Asia Pacific region is experiencing tremendous expansion in the preclinical imaging market, making it the fastest-growing market globally. Between 2021 and 2023, the market grew by 189% to USD 5.8 Billion, owing to increased investments in healthcare infrastructure and technology improvements. China, Japan, and India have greatly increased funding for preclinical research. China's investment alone increased by 234% to ¥45.6 billion (USD 7.1 Billion) during this period. Government initiatives, such as public-private partnerships and collaborations between academic institutions and pharmaceutical businesses, have also increased, adding to market growth. The expansion of preclinical imaging facilities in South Korea and Australia demonstrates the region's growing commitment to complex research capabilities, establishing Asia Pacific as a focus for medical imaging innovation.
  • Population growth and increased healthcare spending are also propelling Asia Pacific's preclinical imaging market. As the middle class grows and discretionary income improves, healthcare spending in the region climbed by 89% between 2021 and 2023. The World Bank anticipates that by 2025, 45% of the region's population will have access to advanced healthcare services, greatly increasing demand for breakthrough medical technology such as preclinical imaging. Rising research efforts and government-sponsored collaborations are creating a favorable atmosphere for preclinical imaging improvements, hastening expansion in the region.

Global Preclinical Imaging Market: Segmentation Analysis

The Global Preclinical Imaging Market is Segmented on the basis of Modality, Application, End-User, And Geography.

Preclinical Imaging Market, By Modality

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Computed Tomography
  • Optical Imaging
  • Ultrasound Imaging

Based on Modality, the market is bifurcated into Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Optical Imaging, and Ultrasound Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) leads the preclinical imaging market due to its high resolution and non-invasive nature, making it perfect for precise anatomical and functional analyses. The broad use of MRI in neurological and cancer research has cemented its position as the leading technology. Optical Imaging is the fastest expanding segment, thanks to its capacity to deliver real-time molecular imaging with little invasiveness. Its rapid expansion is being driven by increased demand in oncology and cardiovascular research, where early-stage drug discovery necessitates sensitive, real-time imaging of biologic processes.

Preclinical Imaging Market, By Application

  • Research and Development
  • Drug Discovery

Based on Application, the market is segmented into Research and Development and Drug Discovery. Drug discovery is the dominant segment in the preclinical imaging market due to its critical role in determining medication efficacy and safety prior to clinical testing. Drug discovery is the most important application because to rising demand for precision medicine and increased pharmaceutical R&D investments. The fastest-growing category is research and development (R&D), which is driven by increased investment in breakthrough technologies and the need for enhanced imaging techniques to hasten the discovery of new medicines, notably in oncology and neurological disorders.

Preclinical Imaging Market, By End-User

  • Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
  • Research Institutes

Based on End-User, the market is segmented into Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies and Research Institutes. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Companies dominate the preclinical imaging market because they make substantial use of imaging technologies in drug development and testing. Their enormous investments in R&D, along with the quest for speedier drug discovery methods, position them as the market leader. Research institutes are the fastest-growing segment, owing to increased government financing and academic-industry cooperation. These institutes are quickly using advanced imaging technologies to support cutting-edge research, including disease models and therapeutic development.

Preclinical Imaging Market, By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Rest of the World
  • On the basis of Geography, the Global Preclinical Imaging Market is classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World. North America dominates the preclinical imaging market thanks to its strong pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, superior infrastructure, and large R&D investments. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the quickest growth, owing to rising healthcare spending, increased research activity, and increased awareness of preclinical imaging techniques.

Key Players

The "Global Preclinical Imaging Market" study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market. The major players in the market are Bruker Corporation, Siemens A.G., General Electric, TriFoil Imaging, PerkinElmer, Inc., VisualSonics, Inc., Mediso Ltd., Agilent Technologies, MILabs B.V., MR Solutions, and Molecube. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with product benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

  • Preclinical Imaging Market Recent Developments
  • In April 2024, Spectral Instruments Imaging announced the release of Aura 4.5, the most recent version of its in vivo imaging software.
  • In April 2023, Southern Scientific announced that it will become the new UK distributor for Spectral Instruments Imaging, a leading provider of preclinical in vivo imaging equipment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET

  • 1.1 Overview of the Market
  • 1.2 Scope of Report
  • 1.3 Assumptions

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH

  • 3.1 Data Mining
  • 3.2 Validation
  • 3.3 Primary Interviews
  • 3.4 List of Data Sources

4 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET OUTLOOK

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Market Dynamics
    • 4.2.1 Drivers
    • 4.2.2 Restraints
    • 4.2.3 Opportunities

5 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET, BY MODALITY

  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 5.3 Computed Tomography
  • 5.4 Positron Emission Tomography
  • 5.5 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  • 5.6 Optical Imaging
  • 5.7 Ultrasound Imaging

6 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION

  • 6.1 Overview
  • 6.2 Oncology
  • 6.3 Neurology
  • 6.4 Cardiology
  • 6.5 Inflammation
  • 6.6 Infectious Diseases
  • 6.7 Metabolic Diseases

7 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET, BY END-USERS

  • 7.1 Overview
  • 7.2 Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies
  • 7.3 Contract Research Organizations
  • 7.4 Research Institutions & Academic Centers
  • 7.5 Hospitals & Clinics

8 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 8.1 Overview
  • 8.2 North America
    • 8.2.1 U.S.
    • 8.2.2 Canada
    • 8.2.3 Mexico
  • 8.3 Europe
    • 8.3.1 Germany
    • 8.3.2 U.K.
    • 8.3.3 France
    • 8.3.4 Rest of Europe
  • 8.4 Asia Pacific
    • 8.4.1 China
    • 8.4.2 Japan
    • 8.4.3 India
    • 8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 8.5 Rest of the World
    • 8.5.1 Latin America
    • 8.5.2 Middle East & Africa

9 GLOBAL PRECLINICAL IMAGING MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

  • 9.1 Overview
  • 9.2 Company Market ranking
  • 9.3 Key Development Strategies

10 COMPANY PROFILES

  • 10.1 Bruker Corporation
    • 10.1.1 Overview
    • 10.1.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.1.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.1.4 Key Developments
  • 10.2 Siemens A.G.
    • 10.2.1 Overview
    • 10.2.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.2.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.2.4 Key Developments
  • 10.3 General Electric
    • 10.3.1 Overview
    • 10.3.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.3.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.3.4 Key Developments
  • 10.4 TriFoil Imaging
    • 10.4.1 Overview
    • 10.4.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.4.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.4.4 Key Developments
  • 10.5 PerkinElmer, Inc.
    • 10.5.1 Overview
    • 10.5.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.5.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.5.4 Key Developments
  • 10.6 VisualSonics Inc. (Fujifilm)
    • 10.6.1 Overview
    • 10.6.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.6.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.6.4 Key Developments
  • 10.7 Mediso Ltd.
    • 10.7.1 Overview
    • 10.7.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.7.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.7.4 Key Developments
  • 10.8 Agilent Technologies
    • 10.8.1 Overview
    • 10.8.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.8.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.8.4 Key Developments
  • 10.9 MILabs B.V.
    • 10.9.1 Overview
    • 10.9.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.9.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.9.4 Key Developments
  • 10.10 MR Solutions
    • 10.10.1 Overview
    • 10.10.2 Financial Performance
    • 10.10.3 Product Outlook
    • 10.10.4 Key Developments

11 KEY DEVELOPMENTS

  • 11.1 Product Launches/Developments
  • 11.2 Mergers and Acquisitions
  • 11.3 Business Expansions
  • 11.4 Partnerships and Collaborations

12 APPENDIX

  • 12.1 Related Research