浮遊試薬市場-世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、機会、予測、タイプ別、用途別、地域別、競合別、2019～2029年

浮遊試薬の世界市場は、2023年に52億8,000万米ドルと評価され、2029年のCAGRは5.18%で、予測期間には堅調な成長が予測されています。

浮遊試薬は、鉱物の浮遊プロセスであれ廃水処理であれ、分離・濾過作業において重要な役割を果たしています。液体中の物質の浮遊特性を変えることで、これらの試薬は分離を容易にし、他の分離方法よりも好ましい選択となります。浮遊試薬を使用することで、浮遊プロセスの柔軟性、有効性、利便性が向上し、様々な業界のユーザーに利益をもたらします。

浮遊試薬にはいくつかの種類があり、それぞれが特定の用途向けに設計されています。凝集剤、泡立て剤、捕集剤、分散剤、調整剤、溶媒抽出剤、改質剤、その他の化学剤が含まれます。例えば、凝集剤は液体や水中に微粒子の凝集体を作るために使用されます。凝集剤やその他の物質は、鉱業、鉱物処理、水処理、廃水処理、浸出、研磨ブラスト、火薬、掘削などの産業作業で幅広く使用されています。

浮遊試薬の世界市場は、特に新興諸国における工業化と都市化が主要要因となっています。産業の急速な成長は世界の様々な地域で見られ、技術と接続性の進歩によって促進されています。ビジネス目的で工場を設立することがより身近になり、産業の成長につながった。この成長は地域住民に雇用機会を生み出し、国民経済全体に貢献します。

産業発展のメリットを認識する地方自治体は、住民に持続可能な収入源を提供するため、産業化を積極的に推進しています。産業が盛んになるにつれ、農村地域から都市への移住が始まり、その結果、人々の流入に対応するための都市化が必要となります。水処理プラントの需要は高まり、浮遊試薬市場をさらに牽引します。

産業と都市セグメントの継続的な拡大と進歩が浮遊試薬市場の成長を後押しし続け、世界中の様々な産業に革新と市場開拓の多くの機会を提供しています。

主要市場の促進要因

インフラ整備と都市化の進展

廃水処理における浮遊試薬の需要拡大

主要市場課題

石油価格の上昇

主要市場動向

持続可能で環境に優しい試薬の需要拡大

セグメント別洞察

タイプ別洞察

用途別洞察

地域別洞察

目次

第1章 概要

第2章 調査手法

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 浮遊試薬の世界市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別（フロザー、コレクター、凝集剤、分散剤、その他）
  • 用途別（廃水処理、火薬掘削、鉱物処理、その他）
  • 地域別
  • 企業別（2023年）
• 市場マップ
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 地域別

第5章 アジア太平洋の浮遊試薬市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 国別
• アジア太平洋：国別分析
  • 中国
  • インド
  • オーストラリア
  • 日本
  • 韓国

第6章 欧州の浮遊試薬市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 国別
• 欧州：国別分析
  • フランス
  • ドイツ
  • スペイン
  • イタリア
  • 英国

第7章 北米の浮遊試薬市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 国別
• 北米：国別分析
  • 米国
  • メキシコ
  • カナダ

第8章 南米の浮遊試薬市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 国別
• 南米：国別分析
  • ブラジル
  • アルゼンチン
  • コロンビア

第9章 中東・アフリカの浮遊試薬市場展望

• 市場規模予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア予測
  • タイプ別
  • 用途別
  • 国別
• 中東・アフリカ：国別分析
  • 南アフリカ
  • サウジアラビア
  • アラブ首長国連邦

第10章 市場力学

• 促進要因
• 課題

第11章 市場動向と新興国市場開拓

• 製品発表
• 合併・買収

第12章 浮遊試薬の世界市場のSWOT分析

第13章 ポーターのファイブフォース分析

• 業界内の競合
• 新規参入の可能性
• サプライヤーの力
• 顧客の力
• 代替品の脅威

第14章 競合情勢

• Huntsman International LLC
• Akzo Nobel NV
• Solvay SA
• BASF SE
• Evonik Industries AG
• SNF Group SACA
• Orica Limited
• Hychem Inc
• Ecolab Inc.
• Solenis LLC

第15章 戦略的提言

第16章 戦略的提言当社について免責事項

Global Flotation Reagents Market was valued at USD 5.28 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 5.18% through 2029. Flotation reagents play a crucial role in separation and filtration operations, whether it's in mineral floatation processes or wastewater treatment. By altering the floating properties of substances in liquid, these reagents facilitate easy separation, making them a preferred choice over other separation methods. The use of flotation reagents enhances the flexibility, effectiveness, and convenience of the flotation process, benefiting the users in various industries.

There are several types of flotation reagents available, each designed for specific applications. These include flocculants, frothers, collectors, dispersants, regulators, solvent extractors, modifiers, and other chemical agents. Each chemical agent serves a unique purpose, such as the use of flocculants to create agglomerates of fine particles in liquid or water. Flocculants and other substances find extensive usage in industrial operations like mining, mineral processing, water, and wastewater treatment, leaching and abrasive blasting, explosives, and drilling, among others.

The Global Flotation Reagents Market is fueled primarily by industrialization and urbanization, particularly in developing countries. The rapid growth of industries is witnessed across various regions worldwide, facilitated by advancements in technology and connectivity. Establishing factories for business purposes has become more accessible, leading to increased industrial growth. This growth generates employment opportunities for the local population, contributing to the overall national economy.

Recognizing the benefits of industrial development, local governments actively promote industrialization to provide a sustainable income source for their population. As industries thrive, rural communities begin to migrate to cities, resulting in the necessity for urbanization to accommodate the influx of people. The demand for water treatment plants rises, further driving the market for flotation reagents.

The continuous expansion and advancements in the industrial and urban sectors continue to fuel the growth of the flotation reagents market, offering numerous opportunities for innovation and development in various industries worldwide.

Key Market Drivers

Growing in Infrastructure Development and Urbanization

Infrastructure development is a critical driver for the flotation reagents market. As economies develop, the need for more infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings increase. These projects often require large amounts of metals and minerals, which are extracted using mining flotation processes. Flotation reagents play a crucial role in these processes, helping to separate valuable minerals from the ore. As such, the demand for flotation reagents is directly linked to the level of infrastructure development.

It is worth noting that infrastructure development encompasses not only physical structures but also key sectors such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications. The construction and expansion of power plants, railways, airports, and communication networks all contribute to the demand for metals and minerals, thereby driving the growth of the flotation reagents market.

Urbanization is another major factor contributing to the growth of the flotation reagents market. Rapid urbanization, particularly in emerging economies, has led to an increased demand for housing and other urban infrastructure. This has resulted in a heightened need for metals and minerals, thus boosting the demand for flotation reagents.

Rising disposable incomes in urban areas have also contributed to the market's expansion. As people's income levels increase, so does their consumption of goods made from metals and minerals, further driving the demand for flotation reagents. The growing middle class in emerging economies has particularly fueled this trend, as individuals aspire to improve their quality of life through the acquisition of durable goods that rely on metals and minerals.

The ongoing trends in infrastructure development and urbanization, especially in emerging economies, will continue to fuel this growth. Advancements in mining technology and the increasing efficiency of flotation processes are expected to further boost the market. For instance, the development of new reagent formulations and improved flotation equipment have led to higher recovery rates and reduced environmental impacts.

Growing Demand of Flotation Reagents in Wastewater Treatment

Flotation reagents play a crucial role in wastewater treatment processes. They are chemical substances that aid in the separation of suspended solids and oil droplets from water through a process known as flotation. During this process, the reagents facilitate the attachment of contaminants to air bubbles, allowing them to rise to the surface of the water for easier removal. This effective method is especially beneficial in treating industrial wastewater, which often contains heavy metals and other harmful substances.

The global increase in industrialization has resulted in a significant rise in wastewater production. As industries expand and develop, so does the volume of wastewater they generate, necessitating proper treatment before safe discharge into the environment. There is a growing demand for effective wastewater treatment solutions, particularly those involving flotation reagents.

Governments worldwide have responded to this environmental challenge by reinforcing regulations regarding wastewater discharge. These regulations aim to safeguard the environment and public health from the adverse effects of untreated wastewater. Many industries are turning to flotation reagents as a means to comply with these stringent regulations, further propelling the growth of the market.

The future of the flotation reagents market appears promising, with the ongoing demand for efficient wastewater treatment fueling its growth. As industrialization continues to progress and environmental regulations become even stricter, the need for effective wastewater treatment solutions will only intensify.

Continuous advancements in flotation reagent technology and the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly reagents are expected to provide significant impetus to the market. These innovations will not only enhance the effectiveness of wastewater treatment but also contribute to sustainable practices.

Key Market Challenges

Increase in Oil Prices

One of the major challenges for the flotation reagents market is the rising cost of oil. Petroleum-based products, such as surfactants and collectors, are commonly used in the production of flotation reagents. Any increase in oil prices significantly impacts the production costs of these reagents, which can subsequently lead to higher market prices.

In a competitive market, manufacturers may find it difficult to pass on these increased costs to consumers, leading to reduced profit margins. This can create financial constraints for the manufacturers, hindering their ability to invest in research and development for more efficient and cost-effective reagents. High prices could also result in decreased demand for flotation reagents, especially from price-sensitive customers in emerging economies, who may opt for alternative technologies or process modifications to reduce their overall costs.

In addition to the financial and regulatory challenges, manufacturers also face the need to constantly innovate and improve their products to meet the evolving needs of the mining industry. As new technologies and processes emerge, manufacturers must invest in research and development to stay ahead of the competition and provide more efficient and sustainable solutions. This requires significant investments in resources, expertise, and time, which can further impact the overall costs and profitability of the flotation reagents market.

Key Market Trends

Growing Demand of Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Reagents

In recent years, sustainability has become a paramount concern for industries worldwide. This heightened awareness stems from the growing recognition of the environmental impacts associated with industrial processes, as well as the mounting pressures exerted by governments, consumers, and investors to embrace more eco-friendly practices.

The flotation reagents market is no exception to this global shift towards sustainability. As concerns surrounding the rise in CO2 emissions continue to escalate, there is an escalating demand for clean, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy generation. This demand has sparked a profound transformation within the flotation reagents industry.

Earlier flotation reagents which were widely used in sectors such as mining, pulp paper, and wastewater treatment - have been manufactured using chemicals that pose potential risks to the environment. In response to the growing call for sustainability, manufacturers are now redirecting their focus towards the development of eco-friendly reagents.

These innovative reagents are specifically designed to minimize their environmental impact. This is often achieved by replacing harmful chemicals with more environmentally friendly alternatives or by optimizing their efficiency to reduce waste. This trend has gained significant traction within the mining sector, where there is a mounting emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly mining practices.

As the industry continues to navigate this transformative landscape, it is crucial for stakeholders to remain adaptive and responsive to the evolving demands of sustainability. By doing so, they can actively contribute to a more environmentally conscious future while also capitalizing on the opportunities that arise within the flotation reagents market.

Segmental Insights

Type Insights

Based on the category of type, the flocculants emerged as the fastest growing segment in the global market for flotation reagents in 2023. The growth of this segment can be attributed to the wide applicability of flocculants in various applications. Flocculants, such as flotation chemicals, are known for their excellent mechanical and physical properties, making them ideal for water and wastewater treatment as well as mineral processing. With their ability to effectively remove impurities and enhance the efficiency of these processes, flocculants play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and sustainability of these applications.

Application Insights

The water wastewater treatment segment is projected to experience rapid growth during the forecast period.Agricultural practices, such as irrigation and the application of pesticides, are significant contributors to water pollution due to the runoff and leaching of agricultural chemicals into nearby water bodies. This contamination poses environmental risks and jeopardizes the quality of water resources essential for various purposes, including drinking water, irrigation, and aquatic habitats. In response to these challenges, flotation reagents have emerged as essential components of water treatment processes aimed at mitigating the adverse impacts of agricultural activities on water quality. By effectively removing contaminants originating from agricultural runoff and leachate, flotation reagents play a pivotal role in safeguarding the purity and usability of water resources. This not only ensures compliance with regulatory standards but also promotes sustainable agricultural practices and environmental stewardship in the broader business context.

Regional Insights

Asia Pacific emerged as the dominant player in the Global Flotation Reagents Market in 2023, holding the largest market share in terms of value. Factors such as the increasing rate of water pollution, shortage of clean drinking water, and government initiatives to minimize pollution rates are driving the revenue growth of the market in this region. According to the International Trade Administration, in China alone, there are currently 10,113 water treatment facilities as of January 2020. These facilities handle 95% of municipal wastewater and 30% of wastewater from rural areas. In 2020, an additional 39,000 wastewater treatment facilities were planned to be built.

China has ambitious plans between 2021 and 2025. These plans include the construction or upgrade of 80,000 km of sewage collection pipeline networks and the expansion of sewage treatment capacity by 20 million cubic meters per day. As indicated by the China National Bureau of Statistics, China has already invested USD 81.6 billion from 2015 to 2020 in its municipal wastewater system. This investment encompasses new treatment facilities, sewage pipeline building and maintenance, rainwater-sewage alteration systems, sludge mitigation, reclaimed water, and first rainfall treatment.

These comprehensive initiatives by government authorities, as well as the proactive steps taken by major companies and the emergence of various startups, are significant factors that are driving the revenue growth of the market in this region.

Key Market Players

Huntsman International LLC

Akzo Nobel NV

Solvay SA

BASF SE

Evonik Industries AG

SNF Group SACA

Orica Limited

Hychem Inc

Ecolab Inc.

Solenis LLC

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Flotation Reagents Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Flotation Reagents Market,By Type:

• Frothers
• Collectors
• Flocculants
• Dispersants
• Others

Flotation Reagents Market,By Application:

• Water Wastewater Treatment
• Explosives Drilling
• Mineral Processing
• Others

Flotation Reagents Market, By Region:

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Flotation Reagents Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Flotation Reagents Market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1.Product Overview

• 1.1.Market Definition
• 1.2.Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1.Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2.Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3.Key Market Segmentations

2.Research Methodology

• 2.1.Objective of the Study
• 2.2.Baseline Methodology
• 2.3.Key Industry Partners
• 2.4.Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5.Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6.Data Triangulation Validation
• 2.7.Assumptions and Limitations

3.Executive Summary

• 3.1.Overview of the Market
• 3.2.Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3.Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4.Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5.Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4.Global Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 4.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 4.1.1.By Value
• 4.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 4.2.1. By Type (Frothers, Collectors, Flocculants, Dispersants, Others)
  • 4.2.2. By Application (Water Wastewater Treatment, Explosives Drilling, Mineral Processing, Others)
  • 4.2.3. By Region
  • 4.2.4.By Company (2023)
• 4.3.Market Map
  • 4.3.1.By Type
  • 4.3.2.By Application
  • 4.3.3.By Region

5.Asia Pacific Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 5.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 5.1.1.By Value
• 5.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Type
  • 5.2.2. By Application
  • 5.2.3.By Country
• 5.3.Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 5.3.1.China Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 5.3.1.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 5.3.1.1.1.By Value
    • 5.3.1.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 5.3.1.2.1.By Type
      • 5.3.1.2.2.By Application
  • 5.3.2.India Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 5.3.2.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 5.3.2.1.1.By Value
    • 5.3.2.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 5.3.2.2.1.By Type
      • 5.3.2.2.2.By Application
  • 5.3.3.Australia Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 5.3.3.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 5.3.3.1.1.By Value
    • 5.3.3.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 5.3.3.2.1.By Type
      • 5.3.3.2.2.By Application
  • 5.3.4.Japan Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 5.3.4.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 5.3.4.1.1.By Value
    • 5.3.4.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 5.3.4.2.1.By Type
      • 5.3.4.2.2.By Application
  • 5.3.5.South Korea Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 5.3.5.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 5.3.5.1.1.By Value
    • 5.3.5.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 5.3.5.2.1.By Type
      • 5.3.5.2.2.By Application

6.Europe Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 6.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 6.1.1.By Value
• 6.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Type
  • 6.2.2. By Application
  • 6.2.3. By Country
• 6.3.Europe: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1.France Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1.By Value
    • 6.3.1.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1.By Type
      • 6.3.1.2.2.By Application
  • 6.3.2.Germany Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1.By Value
    • 6.3.2.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1.By Type
      • 6.3.2.2.2.By Application
  • 6.3.3.Spain Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1.By Value
    • 6.3.3.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1.By Type
      • 6.3.3.2.2.By Application
  • 6.3.4.Italy Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 6.3.4.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 6.3.4.1.1.By Value
    • 6.3.4.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 6.3.4.2.1.By Type
      • 6.3.4.2.2.By Application
  • 6.3.5.United Kingdom Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 6.3.5.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 6.3.5.1.1.By Value
    • 6.3.5.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 6.3.5.2.1.By Type
      • 6.3.5.2.2.By Application

7.North America Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 7.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 7.1.1.By Value
• 7.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Type
  • 7.2.2. By Application
  • 7.2.3.By Country
• 7.3.North America: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1.United States Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1.By Value
    • 7.3.1.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1.By Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2.By Application
  • 7.3.2.Mexico Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1.By Value
    • 7.3.2.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1.By Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2.By Application
  • 7.3.3.Canada Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1.By Value
    • 7.3.3.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1.By Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2.By Application

8.South America Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 8.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 8.1.1.By Value
• 8.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Type
  • 8.2.2. By Application
  • 8.2.3.By Country
• 8.3.South America: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1.Brazil Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1.By Value
    • 8.3.1.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1.By Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2.By Application
  • 8.3.2.Argentina Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1.By Value
    • 8.3.2.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1.By Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2.By Application
  • 8.3.3.Colombia Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1.By Value
    • 8.3.3.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1.By Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2.By Application

9.Middle East and Africa Flotation Reagents Market Outlook

• 9.1.Market Size Forecast
  • 9.1.1.By Value
• 9.2.Market Share Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Type
  • 9.2.2. By Application
  • 9.2.3.By Country
• 9.3.MEA: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1.South Africa Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1.By Value
    • 9.3.1.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1.By Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2.By Application
  • 9.3.2.Saudi Arabia Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1.By Value
    • 9.3.2.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1.By Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2.By Application
  • 9.3.3.UAE Flotation Reagents Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1.Market Size Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1.By Value
    • 9.3.3.2.Market Share Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1.By Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2.By Application

10.Market Dynamics

• 10.1.Drivers
• 10.2.Challenges

11.Market Trends Developments

• 11.1.Recent Developments
• 11.2.Product Launches
• 11.3.Mergers Acquisitions

12.Global Flotation Reagents Market: SWOT Analysis

13.Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 13.1.Competition in the Industry
• 13.2.Potential of New Entrants
• 13.3.Power of Suppliers
• 13.4.Power of Customers
• 13.5.Threat of Substitute Product

14.Competitive Landscape

• 14.1. Huntsman International LLC
  • 14.1.1.Business Overview
  • 14.1.2.Company Snapshot
  • 14.1.3.Products Services
  • 14.1.4.Financials (As Reported)
  • 14.1.5.Recent Developments
• 14.2. Akzo Nobel NV
• 14.3. Solvay SA
• 14.4. BASF SE
• 14.5. Evonik Industries AG
• 14.6. SNF Group SACA
• 14.7. Orica Limited
• 14.8. Hychem Inc
• 14.9. Ecolab Inc.
• 14.10. Solenis LLC

15.Strategic Recommendations

16. About Us Disclaimer