表紙:切花の世界市場 - 世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、機会、予測、2018年~2028年
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切花の世界市場 - 世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、機会、予測、2018年~2028年

Cut Flowers Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028F Segmented By Type, By Application, By Distribution Channel By Region and Competition

出版日: | 発行: TechSci Research | ページ情報: 英文 111 Pages | 納期: 2~3営業日

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切花の世界市場 - 世界の産業規模、シェア、動向、機会、予測、2018年~2028年
出版日: 2023年08月01日
発行: TechSci Research
ページ情報: 英文 111 Pages
納期: 2~3営業日
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 目次
概要

世界の切花市場は、予測期間の2024年から2028年に驚異的なCAGRで成長すると予測されています。

切花市場は、儀式や儀礼の装飾における生花の人気と需要の増加により拡大しています。さらに、オフィスやホテルでの美観を目的とした切花の輸出入が増加していることも、切花市場の需要を押し上げています。

切花は結婚式や儀式、誕生日や記念日などの特別な日の贈り物として使われるため、需要が高いです。101カ国の対外貿易統計によると、「花束用または観賞用に適した適切な種類の切花および花芽、生花、乾燥花、染色花、漂白花、含浸花、またはその他の調製品」の世界輸出額は2021年に108億米ドルを超えました。切花の人気が高まっているのは、その深い意味や象徴性が人々の間で支持されているためであり、予測期間における市場の成長を支えています。例えば、菊の花は幸福と楽観主義を象徴するため、祝い事、パーティーの装飾、花輪の形成などに高い人気があります。これは予測期間における市場の成長に貢献すると予想されます。

市場概要
予測期間 2024年~2028年
2022年の市場規模 337億8,000万米ドル
2028年の市場規模 470億8,000万米ドル
CAGR 5.79%
急成長セグメント オンライン小売
最大市場 北米

多様な花と周辺花の需要増加

バラは最も人気のある花のひとつで、切花市場では世界中で大きな需要があります。愛や愛情という感情を連想させるこの花は、魅力的な外観と芳しい香りを備えています。赤、白、黄色、オレンジ、ピンクなど様々な色のバラがあり、審美的に美しいため、ガーランド、ブートニア、コサージュなどの装飾品や飾りとして使用されます。さらに、市場では菊の花の需要が増えています。この花はその美しさ、多様な形、鮮やかな色で人気があります。多年草であるため一年を通して栽培が可能であり、世界的に様々な品種が商品化されています。菊は様々な花の形や色があり、一年中どの季節でも入手可能な花の一つであるため、切花市場の成長に寄与しており、予測期間中もその入手のしやすさから市場の成長を後押しすると予想されています。さらに、菊は茎が短い品種であるため、一度に複数の花を咲かせることができ、開花時期により高い収穫量を示すことができます。従って、一株当たりの収穫量が多いため、商業生産には経済的に有利であり、美観や装飾用として需要が高く、切花市場を収益的に拡大しています。

生花需要の増加

装飾目的で生花を贈る傾向が強まっていることは、切花市場に大きな需要を生み出す共通の要因です。花瓶のアレンジメント、会場の装飾、非公式・正式なイベントでの歓迎ブーケ、葬儀や結婚式での装飾、クリスマス、イースター、新年などの祝祭日の装飾といった活動は、切花市場で切花の需要を高めている主な理由です。医学雑誌『Complementary Therapies in Medicine』に掲載された研究によると、新鮮な切花の花束をそばに置いておくと、ストレスが軽減されるという結果も出ています。さらに、2021年の貿易輸出データによると、オランダ、コロンビア、エクアドル、ケニアといった国々で切花の輸出が最も伸びていることが確認されています。新鮮な切花の需要が商業化することで、感謝の気持ちを伝えたり、美しさを表現したり、感情を反映したりなど、さまざまな行動を表現するための需要が高まっています。

花製品の販売に関するeコマースの成長

花製品の販売に関するeコマースは著しい成長を遂げています。オンライン販売者の急増は、フラワー製品、特に装飾や特別な日、儀式に使用される切花の需要の高まりに起因しています。最近では、造花よりも生花の切花が好まれる傾向が顕著で、儀式や祝い事での利用が増加しています。オンライン注文による輸送や配送サービスの利便性は、花の鮮度とタイムリーな供給を保証し、切花市場の拡大を促進しています。さらに、オンライン配送が可能になったことで、個人は新鮮な切花を玄関先に直接送ることで、顧客や恋人、患者などを驚かせることができます。時間の節約や幅広い種類の切花から柔軟に選べるという利点もあり、オンライン購入オプションは市場の成長を支え続けています。

利用可能なカスタマイズ

TechSciリサーチは、所定の市場データを用いて、企業固有のニーズに応じたカスタマイズを提供します。レポートでは以下のカスタマイズが可能です。

企業情報

  • 追加市場参入企業(最大5社)の詳細分析とプロファイリング

目次

第1章 概要

第2章 調査手法

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 顧客の声

第5章 世界の切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェアと予測
    • タイプ別(菊、カーネーション、ガーベラ、リリウム)
    • 用途別(家庭用、商業用)
    • 流通チャネル別(スーパーマーケット&ハイパーマーケット、専門店/花屋、オンラインショップ)
    • 企業別(2022年)
    • 地域別
  • 市場マップ

第6章 アジア太平洋の切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェア・予測
    • タイプ別
    • 用途別
    • 流通チャネル別
    • 国別
  • アジア太平洋:国別分析
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 韓国
    • 日本
    • オーストラリア

第7章 欧州の切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェアと予測
    • タイプ別
    • 用途別
    • 流通チャネル別
    • 国別
  • 欧州:国別分析
    • フランス
    • ドイツ
    • 英国
    • イタリア
    • スペイン

第8章 北米の切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェア・予測
    • タイプ別
    • 用途別
    • 流通チャネル別
    • 国別
  • 北米国別分析
    • 米国
    • メキシコ
    • カナダ

第9章 南米の切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェア&予測
    • タイプ別
    • 用途別
    • 流通チャネル別
    • 国別
  • 南米:国別分析
    • ブラジル
    • アルゼンチン
    • コロンビア

第10章 中東・アフリカの切花市場の展望

  • 市場規模・予測
    • 金額別
  • 市場シェアと予測
    • タイプ別
    • 用途別
    • 流通チャネル別
    • 国別
  • 中東・アフリカ:国別分析
    • 南アフリカ
    • サウジアラビア
    • アラブ首長国連邦
    • クウェート

第11章 市場力学

  • 促進要因
  • 課題

第12章 市場動向と発展

  • 最近の動向
  • 合併と買収
  • 製品開発

第13章 競合情勢

  • 企業プロファイル
    • 事業概要
    • 企業スナップショット
    • 製品・サービス
    • 財務
    • 近年の発展
    • SWOT分析
  • Dummen Orange
  • Danziger Group
  • Dos Gringos LLC
  • Esmeralda Farms
  • Flamingo
  • Florance Flora
  • Karen Roses Company
  • Marginpar BV
  • Multiflora
    • Rosebud Limited.

第14章 戦略的提言

目次
Product Code: 15132

The global cut flowers market is expected to grow with an impressive CAGR in the forecast period, 2024-2028. The market for cut flowers is growing due to the increasing popularity and demand for fresh flowers in decorations for ceremonies and rituals. Additionally, the rising import and export of cut flowers for aesthetic purposes in offices and hotels are boosting the demand for the cut flower market.

Cut flowers are in high demand due to their usage in weddings, ceremonies, and as gifts for special occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries, and other events. According to the External Trade Statistics of 101 countries, the global exports of "Cut flowers and flower buds of an appropriate kind suitable for bouquets or for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, dyed, bleached, impregnated, or otherwise prepared" were more than USD10.8 billion in 2021. The growing popularity of cut flowers, based on their deep meaning and symbolism among people, supports the market's growth in the forecast period. For instance, the chrysanthemum flower symbolizes happiness and optimism, making it highly sought after for celebrations, party decorations, and garland formations. This is expected to contribute to the market's growth in the forecast period.

The rising popularity of cut flowers in decorations is evident. There is a growing demand for cut flowers in parties, ceremonies, wedding decorations, birthday celebrations, anniversary celebrations, and other events. Interior designers and wedding planners have increased the demand for fresh cut flowers to enhance their decorations. Flowers such as roses, chrysanthemums, lilies, and carnations are particularly in high demand during festivals. In India, for example, roses and lilies are used as spiritual symbols and offerings in pious rituals and weddings. The aesthetic demand for cut flowers has also increased worldwide, as they are commonly used in wreaths, vase displays, and garlands. Additionally, there is a significant market demand for cut flowers to beautify informal spaces, such as homes, balconies, and rooms, where fresh cut flowers are used for vase decorations and garlands. This further supports the market's growth in the forecast period.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2024-2028
Market Size 2022USD 33.78 Billion
Market Size 2028USD 47.08 Billion
CAGR (2023-2028)5.79%
Fastest Growing SegmentOnline Retail
Largest MarketNorth America

Increased Demand for Diverse and Perineal Flowers

Roses are among the most popular flowers, having a huge demand across the world in the cut flower market. Associated with emotions of love and affection, the flowers possess an alluring look and an aromatic fragrance. Roses available in various colors such as red, white, yellow, orange, and pink, being aesthetically beautiful, are used as/in the decorative items and ornamental decorations such as Garlands, Boutonniere, Corsages, etc. Additionally, there is an increased demand for chrysanthemum flowers in the market. This flower is popular due to its beauty, diverse shape, and vibrant colors. It is a perennial flower which can be cultivated throughout the year resulting in commercialization of various cultivars globally. Chrysanthemum exists in multiple flower shapes and colors and is one of those flowers which is available every season of the year thereby contributing to the cut flower market growth and is anticipated to bolster the market growth based on its easy availability in the forecast period as well. Additionally, chrysanthemum are cultivars with shorter stems so the growing plant can bear multiple flowers at a time and thus exhibit higher yields in its flowering time. Therefore, due to the higher yield per plant, these are economically advantageous for commercial production and therefore are high in demand for aesthetics and decorations, expanding the cut flower market, profitably.

Increasing Demand for Fresh Flowers

The growing trend of presenting fresh flowers for decorative purposes is a common driver that creates a huge demand for the cut flower market. Activities such as vase arrangements, decorating a venue, welcoming bouquets at informal and formal events, decorations at funerals and weddings, and decorations during holidays such as Christmas, Easter, and New Year are key reasons for the higher demand for cut flowers in the market. A study published by the medical journal "Complementary Therapies in Medicine" found that keeping a bouquet of fresh cut flowers nearby can also reduce stress in people. Additionally, the growing export of cut flowers is observed to be the highest in countries such as the Netherlands, Colombia, Ecuador, and Kenya, based on the 2021 trade export data. The commercializing demand for fresh cut flowers has led to their demand in expressing several behaviors such as expressing thanks, projecting their beauty, and reflecting emotions, among others.

Growing E-Commerce Regarding Selling Floral Products

The e-commerce landscape for selling floral products is witnessing significant growth. The surge in online sellers can be attributed to the rising demand for floral products, particularly cut flowers used for decoration, special occasions, and rituals. In recent times, there has been a noticeable preference for fresh cut flowers over artificial ones, leading to increased usage in rituals and celebrations. The convenience of online orders for transporting flowers to shipping and distribution services ensures their freshness and timely availability, thereby fostering the expansion of the cut flower market. Furthermore, the increased availability of online delivery allows individuals to surprise their clients, loved ones, patients, and others by sending fresh cut flowers directly to their doorstep. With the added benefit of saving time and the flexibility to choose from a wide range of fresh cut flowers, online purchasing options continue to support the growth of the market.

Market Segmentation

Global Cut Flowers market is segmented based on the type, application, distribution channel, region and competitive landscape. Based on type, the market is further segmented into Chrysanthemum, Carnation, Gerbera and Lilium. Based on application, the market is further bifurcated into Home and Commercial segment. Depending on the distribution channel, the market is segmented into Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Specialty Stores/ Florists and Online Retail.

Market Players

Dummen Orange, Danziger Group, Dos Gringos LLC, Esmeralda Farms, Flamingo Flowers BV, Florance Flora, Karen Roses Company, Marginpar BV, Multiflora, Rosebud Limited, etc., are some of the major players operating in the global cut flowers market.

Report Scope:

In this report, Global Cut Flowers Market has been segmented into following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Cut Flowers Market, By Type:

  • Chrysanthemum
  • Carnation
  • Gerbera
  • Lilium

Cut Flowers Market, By Application:

  • Home
  • Commercial

Cut Flowers Market, By Distribution Channel:

  • Supermarkets & Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Stores/ Florists
  • Online Retail

Cut Flowers Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • South Korea
    • Australia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Kuwait
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the global cut flowers market.

Available Customizations

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Chrysanthemum, Carnation, Gerbera, Lilium)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Home & Commercial)
    • 5.2.3. By Distribution Channel (Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Specialty Stores/ Florists, Online Retail)
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2022)
    • 5.2.5. By Region
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. Asia-Pacific Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. China Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.2. India Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.3. South Korea Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.4. Japan Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.4.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.5. Australia Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 6.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.5.2.3. By Distribution Channel

7. Europe Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. France Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.2. Germany Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.4. Italy Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 7.3.5. Spain Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Distribution Channel

8. North America Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. United States Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.2. Mexico Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 8.3.3. Canada Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel

9. South America Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Brazil Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.3.2. Argentina Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 9.3.3. Colombia Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel

10. Middle East and Africa Cut Flowers Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Application
    • 10.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. South Africa Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.3.3. UAE Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Distribution Channel
    • 10.3.4. Kuwait Cut Flowers Market Outlook
      • 10.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.4.2.3. By Distribution Channel

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Recent Developments
  • 12.2. Mergers & Acquisitions
  • 12.3. Product Developments

13. Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1. Company Profiles
    • 13.1.1. Business Overview
    • 13.1.2. Company Snapshot
    • 13.1.3. Products & Services
    • 13.1.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
    • 13.1.5. Recent Developments
    • 13.1.6. SWOT Analysis
  • 13.2. Dummen Orange
  • 13.3. Danziger Group
  • 13.4. Dos Gringos LLC
  • 13.5. Esmeralda Farms
  • 13.6. Flamingo
  • 13.7. Florance Flora
  • 13.8. Karen Roses Company
  • 13.9. Marginpar BV
  • 13.10. Multiflora
    • 13.10.1. Rosebud Limited.

14. Strategic Recommendations