Product Code: PMRREP31268
Persistence Market Research has recently published an in-depth report on the global mechanical diaphragm pumps market, offering detailed insights into market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing a thorough understanding of the market structure and future outlook.
Key Insights: Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market
- Global Market Size (2024): USD 1.1 Billion
- Projected Market Value (2033): USD 1.5 Billion
- Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2024 to 2033): 4.50%
Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market - Report Scope:
The mechanical diaphragm pumps market involves the development, production, and distribution of pumps designed to handle slurries, corrosive fluids, and other challenging applications across various industries, including water and wastewater treatment, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverages.
Market Growth Drivers:
Rising Demand in Water and Wastewater Treatment
The urban population boom has led to a significant rise in private households and residential areas, escalating the need for continuous water supply. This has created a demand for effective treatment systems, which in turn is driving the need for mechanical diaphragm pumps.
Stringent Government Regulations
Strict regulations imposed by government authorities on industrial wastewater management are propelling the market. Compliance with these regulations is essential, pushing industries towards adopting efficient pumping solutions.
Government Investments
Significant investments by regional governments in water and wastewater treatment activities are expected to create substantial growth opportunities for mechanical diaphragm pumps. The recovering growth in the oil and gas industry also supports this trend, especially given the essential role of mechanical diaphragm pumps in handling slurries and corrosive fluids.
Regional Insights:
East Asia to Lead Market Growth
East Asia, South Asia, and Europe are expected to be key regions for the mechanical diaphragm pumps market. Europe, however, is projected to experience below-average growth as the market nears maturity, with growth driven mainly by replacement activities in various industries.
High Growth in East and South Asia
Industrialization and increasing construction activities in East Asia and South Asia make these regions highly attractive for mechanical diaphragm pump manufacturers. These areas are anticipated to see significant market growth due to their expanding industrial bases and infrastructure developments.
Technological Advancements:
Energy-efficient and Cost-effective Solutions
Mechanical diaphragm pumps are known for their energy efficiency. With rising concerns about energy conservation and reducing operational costs, end-use industries are increasingly adopting these pumps for pumping and dosing applications. They offer enhanced efficiency and lower energy consumption, making them a preferred choice.
Reduction in Energy Costs
Energy-efficient electric diaphragm pumps significantly reduce annual energy costs compared to alternatives like air-operated double-diaphragm (AODD) pumps. Their cost-effectiveness makes them a suitable choice for several end-use industries, contributing to their growing demand.
The global mechanical diaphragm pumps market is set for substantial growth, driven by the increasing need in water and wastewater treatment sectors, stringent government regulations, and rising investments in treatment activities. The adoption of energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions will further boost market growth. Regional dynamics, particularly in East and South Asia, will be crucial in shaping the future of the market.
Key Companies Profiled:
- Grundfos
- LEWA GmbH
- PSG (Dower Corporation)
- SPX Flow, Inc.
- IWAKI CO., LTD.
- Xylem Inc.
- Flowserve Corporation
- ABEL Pumps L. P.
- SEKO S.p.A
- The Weir Group PLC
Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Industry Research by Category
By Type:
By Diaphragm Material:
By Flow Rate:
- Up to 100 L/H
- 100-500 L/H
- 500-1000 L/H
- Above 1000 L/H
By End Use:
- Oil & Gas
- Mining
- Water & Wastewater
- Pharmaceuticals
- Chemicals & Petrochemicals
- Food & Beverages
- Construction
- Others
By Region:
- North America
- Latin America
- Europe
- South Asia & Pacific
- East Asia
- Middle East & Africa
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Market Outlook
- 1.2. Demand Side Trends
- 1.3. Supply Side Trends
- 1.4. Analysis and Recommendations
2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Taxonomy
- 2.2. Market Definition
3. Key Market Trends
- 3.1. Key Trends Impacting the Market
4. Key Success Factors
5. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Demand Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast, 2024-2031
- 5.1. Historical Market Volume (Units) Analysis, 2019-2023
- 5.2. Current and Future Market Volume (Units) Projections, 2024-2031
- 5.3. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
6. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market - Pricing Analysis
7. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Demand (in Value or Size in US$ Bn) Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast, 2024-2031
- 7.1. Historical Market Value (US$ Bn) Analysis, 2019-2023
- 7.2. Current and Future Market Value (US$ Bn) Projections, 2024-2031
- 7.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
- 7.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
8. Market Background
- 8.1. Macro-Economic Factors
- 8.2. Forecast Factors - Relevance & Impact
- 8.3. Parent Market Overview
- 8.4. Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps - In Use/Fleet
- 8.5. New sales Vs. Replacement Sales Comparison
- 8.6. Lifecycle analysis
- 8.7. Value Chain
- 8.8. Market Dynamics
- 8.8.1. Drivers
- 8.8.2. Restraints
- 8.8.3. Opportunity Analysis
9. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031, by Type
- 9.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis By Type, 2019-2023
- 9.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By Type, 2024-2031
- 9.3.1. Horizontal
- 9.3.2. Vertical
- 9.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
10. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031, by Diaphragm Material
- 10.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis By Diaphragm Material, 2019-2023
- 10.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By Diaphragm Material, 2024-2031
- 10.3.1. PTFE
- 10.3.2. EPDM
- 10.3.3. NBR
- 10.3.4. Others
- 10.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Diaphragm Material
11. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031, by Flow Rate
- 11.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis By Flow Rate, 2019-2023
- 11.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By Flow Rate, 2024-2031
- 11.3.1. Up to 100 L/H
- 11.3.2. 100-500 L/H
- 11.3.3. 500-1000 L/H
- 11.3.4. Above 1000 L/H
- 11.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Flow Rate
12. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031, by End Use
- 12.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 12.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis By End Use, 2019-2023
- 12.3. Current and Future Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By End Use, 2024-2031
- 12.3.1. Oil & Gas
- 12.3.2. Mining
- 12.3.3. Water & Wastewater
- 12.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 12.3.5. Chemicals & Petrochemicals
- 12.3.6. Food & Beverage
- 12.3.7. Construction
- 12.3.8. Other Industrial
- 12.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By End Use
13. Global Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031, by Region
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis By Region, 2019-2023
- 13.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2024-2031
- 13.3.1. North America
- 13.3.2. Latin America
- 13.3.3. Europe
- 13.3.4. South Asia
- 13.3.5. East Asia
- 13.3.6. Oceania
- 13.3.7. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
- 13.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
14. North America Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Pricing Analysis
- 14.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 14.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 14.4.1. By Country
- 14.4.1.1. U.S.
- 14.4.1.2. Canada
- 14.4.2. By Type
- 14.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 14.4.4. By End Use
- 14.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 14.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 14.5.1. By Country
- 14.5.2. By Type
- 14.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 14.5.4. By End Use
- 14.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 14.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
15. Latin America Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Pricing Analysis
- 15.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 15.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 15.4.1. By Country
- 15.4.1.1. Brazil
- 15.4.1.2. Mexico
- 15.4.1.3. Rest of Latin America
- 15.4.2. By Type
- 15.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 15.4.4. By End Use
- 15.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 15.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 15.5.1. By Country
- 15.5.2. By Type
- 15.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 15.5.4. By End Use
- 15.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 15.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
16. Europe Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Pricing Analysis
- 16.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 16.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 16.4.1. By Country
- 16.4.1.1. Germany
- 16.4.1.2. Italy
- 16.4.1.3. France
- 16.4.1.4. U.K.
- 16.4.1.5. Spain
- 16.4.1.6. BENELUX
- 16.4.1.7. Russia
- 16.4.1.8. Rest of Europe
- 16.4.2. By Type
- 16.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 16.4.4. By End Use
- 16.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 16.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 16.5.1. By Country
- 16.5.2. By Type
- 16.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 16.5.4. By End Use
- 16.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 16.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
17. South Asia Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Pricing Analysis
- 17.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 17.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 17.4.1. By Country
- 17.4.1.1. India
- 17.4.1.2. ASEAN
- 17.4.1.3. Rest of South Asia
- 17.4.2. By Type
- 17.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 17.4.4. By End Use
- 17.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 17.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 17.5.1. By Country
- 17.5.2. By Type
- 17.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 17.5.4. By End Use
- 17.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 17.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
18. East Asia Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Pricing Analysis
- 18.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 18.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 18.4.1. By Country
- 18.4.1.1. China
- 18.4.1.2. Japan
- 18.4.1.3. South Korea
- 18.4.2. By Type
- 18.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 18.4.4. By End Use
- 18.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 18.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 18.5.1. By Country
- 18.5.2. By Type
- 18.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 18.5.4. By End Use
- 18.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 18.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
19. Oceania Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Pricing Analysis
- 19.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 19.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 19.4.1. By Country
- 19.4.1.1. Australia
- 19.4.1.2. New Zealand
- 19.4.2. By Type
- 19.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 19.4.4. By End Use
- 19.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 19.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 19.5.1. By Country
- 19.5.2. By Type
- 19.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 19.5.4. By End Use
- 19.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 19.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
20. Middle East and Africa Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Pricing Analysis
- 20.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019-2023
- 20.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Volume Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024-2031
- 20.4.1. By Country
- 20.4.1.1. GCC Countries
- 20.4.1.2. Turkey
- 20.4.1.3. Northern Africa
- 20.4.1.4. South Africa
- 20.4.1.5. Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 20.4.2. By Type
- 20.4.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 20.4.4. By End Use
- 20.4.5. By Flow Rate
- 20.5. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 20.5.1. By Country
- 20.5.2. By Type
- 20.5.3. By Diaphragm Material
- 20.5.4. By End Use
- 20.5.5. By Flow Rate
- 20.6. Drivers and Restraints - Impact Analysis
21. Emerging Countries Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis 2019-2023 and Forecast 2024-2031
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.1.1. Market Value Proportion Analysis, By Key Countries
- 21.1.2. Global Vs. Country Growth Comparison
- 21.2. Mexico Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis
- 21.2.1. Introduction
- 21.2.2. Pricing Analysis
- 21.2.3. PEST Analysis
- 21.2.4. Market Value Proportion Analysis by Market Taxonomy
- 21.2.5. Market Volume (Mn Units) and Value (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast by Market Taxonomy
- 21.2.5.1. By Type
- 21.2.5.2. By Flow Rate
- 21.2.5.3. By End Use
- 21.2.5.4. By Diaphragm Material
- 21.3. South Africa Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis
- 21.3.1. Introduction
- 21.3.2. Pricing Analysis
- 21.3.3. PEST Analysis
- 21.3.4. Market Value Proportion Analysis by Market Taxonomy
- 21.3.5. Market Volume (Mn Units) and Value (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast by Market Taxonomy
- 21.3.5.1. By Type
- 21.3.5.2. By Flow Rate
- 21.3.5.3. By End Use
- 21.3.5.4. By Diaphragm Material
- 21.4. India Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps Market Analysis
- 21.4.1. Introduction
- 21.4.2. Pricing Analysis
- 21.4.3. PEST Analysis
- 21.4.4. Market Value Proportion Analysis by Market Taxonomy
- 21.4.5. Market Volume (Mn Units) and Value (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast by Market Taxonomy
- 21.4.5.1. By Type
- 21.4.5.2. By Flow Rate
- 21.4.5.3. By End Use
- 21.4.5.4. By Diaphragm Material
22. Market Structure Analysis
- 22.1. Market Analysis by Tier of Companies (Mechanical Diaphragm Pumps)
- 22.2. Top Regional and International Players in Europe
- 22.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players in Europe
- 22.4. Market Share Analysis of Top Players in European Countries (Italy, Spain, BENELUX, Poland and France)
- 22.5. Market Players Concentration
- 22.6. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
- 22.7. Market Presence Analysis
23. Competition Analysis
- 23.1. Competition Dashboard
- 23.2. Competition Deep Dive
- 23.2.1. Grundfos
- 23.2.1.1. Overview
- 23.2.1.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.1.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.1.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.1.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.1.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.2. LEWA GmbH
- 23.2.2.1. Overview
- 23.2.2.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.2.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.2.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.2.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.2.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.3. PSG (Dower Corporation)
- 23.2.3.1. Overview
- 23.2.3.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.3.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.3.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.3.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.3.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.4. SPX Flow, Inc.
- 23.2.4.1. Overview
- 23.2.4.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.4.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.4.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.4.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.4.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.5. IWAKI CO., LTD.
- 23.2.5.1. Overview
- 23.2.5.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.5.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.5.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.5.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.5.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.6. Xylem Inc.
- 23.2.6.1. Overview
- 23.2.6.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.6.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.6.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.6.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.6.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.7. Flowserve Corporation
- 23.2.7.1. Overview
- 23.2.7.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.7.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.7.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.7.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.7.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.8. ABEL Pumps L. P.
- 23.2.8.1. Overview
- 23.2.8.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.8.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.8.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.8.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.8.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.9. SEKO S.p.A
- 23.2.9.1. Overview
- 23.2.9.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.9.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.9.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.9.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.9.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.10. The Weir Group PLC
- 23.2.10.1. Overview
- 23.2.10.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.10.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.10.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.10.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.10.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.11. OBL S.r.l
- 23.2.11.1. Overview
- 23.2.11.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.11.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.11.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.11.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.11.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.12. Depamu Pump Industry Technology Co., Ltd.
- 23.2.12.1. Overview
- 23.2.12.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.12.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.12.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.12.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.12.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.12.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.12.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.13. sera GmbH
- 23.2.13.1. Overview
- 23.2.13.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.13.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.13.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.13.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.13.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.13.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.13.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.14. ProMinent GmbH
- 23.2.14.1. Overview
- 23.2.14.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.14.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.14.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.14.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.14.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.14.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.14.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.15. DOSEURO srl
- 23.2.15.1. Overview
- 23.2.15.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.15.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.15.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.15.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.15.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.15.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.15.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 23.2.16. Ingersoll-Rand Plc.
- 23.2.16.1. Overview
- 23.2.16.2. Product Portfolio
- 23.2.16.3. Profitability by Market Segments (Product/Channel/Region)
- 23.2.16.4. Sales Footprint
- 23.2.16.5. Strategy Overview
- 23.2.16.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 23.2.16.5.2. Product Strategy
- 23.2.16.5.3. Channel Strategy
24. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
25. Research Methodology