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持続可能な化学原料の世界市場（2025年～2035年）

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2025-2035

出版日: 2025年04月15日
発行: Future Markets, Inc.
ページ情報: 英文 1,007 Pages, 455 Tables, 149 Figures
納期: 即納可能

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概要

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化学産業は、環境課題と産業プロセスの脱炭素化を背景に、持続可能な原料への転換期を迎えています。次世代化学原料市場は著しい成長を示しており、生産能力は2025年～2035年にCAGRで16%の力強い拡大が見込まれます。この進化は、厳しい規制圧力、企業の持続可能性へのコミットメント、循環型経済ソリューションへの需要の高まりなど、複数の要因によって推進されています。企業は、リグノセルロース系バイオマス（木材や農業廃棄物）、非リグノセルロース系バイオマス（藻類や農業残渣）、都市廃棄物、二酸化炭素利用など、多様な再生可能な炭素源を模索しています。技術革新により、リグニン抽出、廃棄物からのBTX生産、CO2の貴重な化学中間体への転換など、画期的な方法が登場し、これらの選択肢はますます実行可能なものとなっています。

持続可能な化学原料への移行は、経済的にも技術的にも大規模な作業であり、2040年までの累積投資額は4,400億～1兆米ドルと推定され、2050年までに1兆5,000億～3兆3,000億米ドルに達する可能性があります。化石燃料に代わる代替燃料に比べて生産コストが高いことや、原油価格の影響を受けやすいことなど、経済的な課題は依然として残っていますが、潜在的な見返りは大きいです。持続可能な原料市場は、特殊化学品、ポリマー、プラスチック、食品添加物、化粧品、医薬品などのさまざまな部門の化学生産に革命をもたらすと期待されています。成功するかどうかは、効率的な変換技術の開発、持続可能な調達方法の確保、長期供給契約の締結、複雑な規制環境の克服にかかっています。ブランドや消費者が環境に配慮したソリューションをますます求めるようになる中、次世代原料は、産業の二酸化炭素排出を削減し、廃棄物を価値ある資源に転換し、環境にやさしい化学製品に対する世界的な需要の高まりに対応できる、より持続可能な産業エコシステムを支える重要な道筋を提供します。

当レポートでは、世界の持続可能な化学原料市場について詳細に分析し、従来の化石由来の原料から革新的で持続可能な代替原料へのシフトを促進している、技術情勢、経済情勢、規制情勢を検証しています。

グリーンケミストリーの12原則
合成における原子経済とステップ経済
溶媒削減とグリーン溶媒
グリーンケミストリー向け触媒
化学におけるグリーンメトリクスとライフサイクルアセスメント
特定原料のグリーンケミストリーアプローチ

第4章化学産業における循環型経済

循環型経済の原則
化学製品における循環型デザイン
ケミカルリサイクル技術
化学廃棄物のアップサイクル
化学部門における循環型ビジネスモデル
循環の実現における課題と機会
企業

第5章化学プロセスの電化

化学生産における再生可能電力の役割
電気化学合成
プラズマ化学
マイクロ波を利用した化学
化学製品生産におけるPower-to-X技術の統合

第6章化学におけるデジタル化とインダストリー4.0

化学研究におけるビッグデータと先進のアナリティクス
AIと機械学習の用途
化学プラント運用におけるデジタルツイン
サプライチェーンの透明性とトレーサビリティに用いるブロックチェーン
デジタル化された化学産業におけるサイバーセキュリティの課題

第7章先進の製造技術

連続フロー化学
モジュール型、分散型製造
化学品と材料の3Dプリンティング
先進のプロセス制御とリアルタイムモニタリング
柔軟で適応性の高い生産システム

第8章バイオリファイニングと産業バイオテクノロジー

バイオリファイナリーの概念と構成
リグノセルロースバイオマス処理
藻類バイオリファイナリー
上流処理
発酵
下流処理
処方
バイオプロセス開発
分析方法
生産規模
運用方式
宿主生物

第9章 CO2利用技術

概要
CO2非変換/変換技術
炭素利用ビジネスモデル
CO2利用経路
変換プロセス
CO2由来製品
石油増進回収におけるCO2利用
強化された鉱化作用

第10章持続可能な化学向け先進触媒

生体触媒技術の概要
生体触媒の種類
生産方式とプロセス
生体触媒における新技術とイノベーション
企業

第11章合成生物学、代謝工学

代謝工学
遺伝子とDNAの合成
遺伝子合成と組み立て
ゲノム工学
タンパク質/酵素工学
合成ゲノミクス
株の構築と最適化
スマートバイオプロセス
シャーシオーガニズム
生体模倣
持続可能な材料
ロボティクス、自動化
バイオインフォマティクスと計算ツール
異種生物学と拡張遺伝子アルファベット
バイオセンサーとバイオエレクトロニクス
原料

第12章グリーン溶媒と代替反応媒体

バイオベース溶剤
切り替え可能な溶媒
深共晶溶媒（DES）
工業用途における超臨界流体
無溶媒反応とメカノケミストリー
溶媒選択ツールとフレームワーク
企業

第13章廃棄物の価値化と資源回収

都市固形廃棄物から化学品へ
農業廃棄物と食品廃棄物の価値化
重要物質抽出技術
廃水処理と資源回収
鉱業廃棄物の価値化
企業

第14章エネルギー効率と再生可能エネルギーの統合

化学工場におけるエネルギー効率対策
熱回収とピンチの分析
化学生産における再生可能エネルギー源
プロセス産業向けエネルギー貯蔵技術
熱電併給（CHP）システム
産業共生とエネルギー統合

第15章安全性と持続可能性の評価

グリーンケミストリー指標と持続可能性指標
化学プロセスにおけるライフサイクルアセスメント（LCA）
設計上の安全性の原則
新しい化学技術におけるリスクの評価と管理
環境上の影響の評価
化学の新時代における社会的・倫理的懸念

第16章規制と政策

世界の化学品規制とその進化
持続可能な化学を推進する環境政策
グリーンケミストリーへのインセンティブと支援メカニズム
新技術の規制における課題
国際協力と調和の取り組み

第17章市場と製品

持続可能な材料とポリマー
持続可能な農業用化学品
持続可能な建材
持続可能な包装
グリーン化粧品、パーソナルケア
バイオベースの環境にやさしい塗料・コーティング
グリーンエレクトロニクス
持続可能なテキスタイル、繊維
代替燃料、潤滑油
グリーン医薬品、医療
3Dプリンティング用先進材料
化学設計におけるAI
量子化学の応用

第18章経済的側面とビジネスモデル

持続可能な化学技術のコスト競争力
グリーンケミストリーへの投資動向
循環型経済における新しいビジネスモデル
市場力学と消費者の嗜好
知的財産に関する懸念
ケーススタディ

第19章将来の見通しと新たな動向

バイオ、ナノ、ITの融合
化学研究開発における量子コンピューティング
宇宙での化学品の製造
人工光合成と太陽燃料
パーソナライズされたオンデマンド化学品製造
ネットゼロ排出の達成における化学の役割
循環型経済ソリューション
AIとデジタル化の影響
量子化学の見通し

第20章付録

第21章参考文献

図表

List of Tables

Table 1. Global drivers and trends in sustainable chemicals
Table 2. Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Sustainable Chemicals
Table 3. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in agriculture
Table 4. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
Table 5. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Sustainable Packaging
Table 6. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
Table 7. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
Table 8. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
Table 9. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Water Treatment and Purification
Table 10. Sustainable Chemicals and Materials in Carbon Capture and Utilization
Table 11. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
Table 12. Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy
Table 13. Comparison of traditional and sustainable chemical feedstocks
Table 14. Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
Table 15. Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
Table 16. Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
Table 17. Wood-based feedstocks
Table 18. Lignocellulosic Agricultural waste
Table 19. Energy crops
Table 20. Non-Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste
Table 20. Algae based feedstocks
Table 21. CO2 Capture Technologies
Table 22. Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO2
Table 23. Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
Table 24. Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
Table 25. Electrolysis Technologies
Table 26. Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry
Table 27. Types of biocatalysts
Table 28. Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
Table 29. Photocatalysis vs Electrocatalysis
Table 30. Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
Table 31. Applications of chemically recycled materials
Table 32. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 33. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 34. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 35. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 36. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 37. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned
Table 38. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 39. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies
Table 40. Summary of dissolution technologies
Table 41. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 42. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields
Table 43. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 44. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 45. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 46. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 47. Summary of aminolysis technologies
Table 48. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned)
Table 49. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 50. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling
Table 51. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 52. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 53. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling
Table 54. Key methods used in upcycling chemical waste
Table 55. Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
Table 56.Challenges and Opportunities
Table 57. Chemical recycling companies
Table 58. Methods of electrochemical synthesis
Table 59. P2X integration in chemical production
Table 60. AI and ML applications in the chemical industry
Table 61. Key components and applications of digital twins in chemical plant operations
Table 62. Key cybersecurity challenges in the digitalized chemical industry
Table 63. Types of advanced manufacturing technologies in the chemical industry
Table 64. Key Features of Microreactors and Process Intensification
Table 65. Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
Table 66. Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
Table 67. Advantages of Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
Table 68. Challenges in Implementing Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
Table 69. Comparison of Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
Table 70. Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
Table 71. Components of Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems
Table 72. Feedstock-based Classification
Table 73. Platform-based Classification
Table 74. Product-based Classification
Table 75. Process Integration Strategies in Biorefineries
Table 76. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 77. Algal Biorefinery Products
Table 78. Types of Cell Culture Systems
Table 79. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance
Table 80. Types of Fermentation Processes
Table 81. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance
Table 82. Advances in Fermentation Technology
Table 83. Types of Purification Methods in Downstream Processing
Table 84. Factors Affecting Purification Performance
Table 85. Advances in Purification Technology
Table 86. Common formulation methods used in biomanufacturing
Table 87. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance
Table 88. Advances in Formulation Technology
Table 89. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 90. Scale-up Strategies in Biomanufacturing
Table 91. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 92. Optimization Strategies in Biomanufacturing
Table 93. Types of Quality Control Tests in Biomanufacturing
Table 94.Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 95. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 96. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes
Table 97. Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing
Table 98. Comparison of Modes of Operation
Table 99. Host organisms commonly used in biomanufacturing
Table 100. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Table 101. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 102. Carbon utilization business models
Table 103. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 104. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 105. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 106. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 107. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 108. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 109. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 110. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 111. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
Table 112. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 113. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 114. Main routes to CO2 -fuels
Table 115. Power-to-Methane projects
Table 116. Microalgae products and prices
Table 117. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 118. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 119. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 120. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 121. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 122. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
Table 123. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
Table 124. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 125. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 126. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 127. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 128. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 129. Comparison of types of biocatalysts
Table 130. Types of Microorganism Biocatalysts
Table 131. Examples of fungal hosts
Table 132. Commonly used yeast hosts
Table 133. Common Algal Species Used in Biocatalysis and Their Applications
Table 134. Common Cyanobacterial Species Used in Biocatalysis and Their Applications
Table 135. Comparison of Algae and Cyanobacteria in Biocatalysis
Table 136. Types of Engineered Biocatalysts
Table 137. Types of Detergent Enzymes
Table 138.Types of Food Processing Enzymes
Table 139. Types of Textile Processing Enzymes
Table 140. Types of Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes
Table 141. Types of Leather Processing Enzymes
Table 142. Types of Biofuel Production Enzymes
Table 143. Types of Animal Feed Enzymes
Table 144. Types of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes
Table 145. Types of Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes
Table 146. Types of Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes
Table 147. Comparison of enzyme types
Table 148. Other Types of Biocatalysts
Table 149. Production methods for biocatalysts
Table 150. Fermentation processes
Table 151. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 152. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 153. Comparison of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems
Table 154. Key biomanufacturing processes utilized in synthetic biology
Table 155. Molecules produced through industrial biomanufacturing
Table 156. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing
Table 157. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes
Table 158. Synthetic biology fermentation processes
Table 159. Cell-free versus cell-based systems
Table 160. Key applications of genome engineering
Table 161. Comparison of Immobilization and Encapsulation Techniques
Table 162. Types of Nanoparticle Biocatalysts
Table 163. Types of Biocatalytic Cascades and Multi-Enzyme Systems
Table 164. Key aspects of microfluidics in biocatalysts
Table 165. Companies developing biocatalysts
Table 166. Key tools and techniques used in metabolic engineering for pathway optimization
Table 167. Key applications of metabolic engineering
Table 168. Main DNA synthesis technologies
Table 169. Main gene assembly methods
Table 170. Key applications of genome engineering
Table 171. Engineered proteins in industrial applications
Table 172.Key computational tools and their applications in synthetic biology
Table 173. Feedstocks for synthetic biology
Table 174. Products from C1 feedstocks in white biotechnology
Table 175. C2 Feedstock Products
Table 176. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 177. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 178. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL
Table 179. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass
Table 180. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 181. Synthetic Biology Market Players
Table 182. Types of bio-based solvents
Table 183. Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
Table 184. Companies developing bio-based solvents
Table 185. MSW-to-chemicals processes
Table 186. Agricultural and food waste valorization approaches
Table 187. Value Proposition for Critical Material Extraction Technologies
Table 188. Critical Material Extraction Methods Evaluated by Key Performance Metrics
Table 189. Critical Rare-Earth Element Recovery Technologies from Secondary Sources
Table 190. Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery Methods-Metal, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Environmental Impact, Economic Viability
Table 191. Critical Semiconductor Materials Recovery-Material, Primary Source, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Potential Applications
Table 192. Critical Semiconductor Material Recovery from Secondary Sources
Table 193. Critical Platinum Group Metal Recovery
Table 194. Bio-based flocculants and coagulants
Table 195. Bio-based polymer membranes
Table 196. Ceramic membranes from recycled materials
Table 197. Types of Advanced adsorbents
Table 198. Nutrient recovery technologies
Table 199. Resource recovery processes:
Table 200. Types of bioelectrochemical systems
Table 201. Types of green solvents used in extraction processes
Table 202. Types of biodegradable chelating agents
Table 203. Types of biocatalysts used in wastewater treatment
Table 204. Types of advanced adsorption materials
Table 205. Types of sustainable pH adjustment chemicals
Table 206. Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
Table 207. Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
Table 208. Electrochemical Recovery Methods
Table 209. Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
Table 210. Sustainable remediation technologies
Table 211. Waste-to-energy technologies
Table 212. Advanced separation techniques
Table 213. Companies in waste valorization and resource recovery
Table 214. Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
Table 215. Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
Table 216. Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
Table 217. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
Table 218. Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
Table 219. Key principles of Safety by Design
Table 220. Key steps in risk assessment for new chemical technologies
Table 221. Key components of EIA for chemical processes
Table 222. Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
Table 223. Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
Table 224. Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
Table 225. International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts
Table 226. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019-24 (USD/tonne)
Table 227. PLA properties
Table 228. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 229. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers
Table 230. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC)
Table 231. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging
Table 232. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging
Table 233. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 234. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 235. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 236. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 237. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 238. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies
Table 239. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 240. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 241. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies
Table 242. Bioplastics and biodegradable polymers market players
Table 243. Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
Table 244. Types of Controlled Release Fertilizers
Table 245. Common Natural Product Biostimulants and Their Modes of Action
Table 246. Commercially available microbial bioinsecticides
Table 247. Common Biochemicals Used in Agriculture
Table 248. Types of Biopesticides
Table 249. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals Market Players
Table 250. Established bio-based construction materials
Table 251. Types of self-healing concrete
Table 252. Types of biobased aerogels
Table 253. Sustainable Construction Materials Market Players
Table 254. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials
Table 255. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications
Table 256. Intelligent Biodegradable Films
Table 257. Edible films and coatings market summary
Table 258. Types of polyols
Table 259. Polyol producers
Table 260. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 261. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 262. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 263. Commercially available PHAs
Table 264. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Table 265. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
Table 266. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 267. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 268. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
Table 269. Sustainable packaging market players
Table 270. Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
Table 271. Biodegradable polymers
Table 272. CNC properties
Table 273.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 274. Technical lignin types and applications
Table 275. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 276. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
Table 277. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 278. Examples of Waterless Formulations
Table 279. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care Market Players
Table 280. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages
Table 281. Plant Waxes
Table 282. Types of alkyd resins and properties
Table 283. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
Table 284. Bio-based alkyd coating products
Table 285. Types of polyols
Table 286. Polyol producers
Table 287. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 288. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins
Table 289. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 290. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 291. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 292. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs
Table 293. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization
Table 294. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 295. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size
Table 296. Companies developing algal-based plastics
Table 297. Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings Market Players
Table 298. Examples of Biodegradable Electronic Materials and Applications
Table 299. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
Table 300. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
Table 301. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability
Table 302. Improving sustainability of PCB design
Table 303. PCB design options for sustainability
Table 304. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing
Table 305. Conductive ink producers
Table 306. Green and lead-free solder companies
Table 307. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs
Table 308. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 309. Application of lignin in composites
Table 310. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 311. Properties of flexible electronics-cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)
Table 312. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics
Table 313. Commercially available PHAs
Table 314. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs)
Table 315. Halogen-free FR4 companies
Table 316. Properties of biobased PCBs
Table 317. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
Table 318. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options
Table 319. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes
Table 320. Benefits of print-and-plate
Table 321. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication
Table 322. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
Table 323. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication
Table 324. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention
Table 325. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing
Table 326. Advantages of green electroless plating
Table 327. Comparison of component attachment materials
Table 328. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
Table 329. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs
Table 330. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication
Table 331. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly
Table 332. Low temperature solder alloys
Table 333. Thermally sensitive substrate materials
Table 334. Limitations of existing IC production
Table 335. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing
Table 336. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability
Table 337. Stage of commercialization for oxides
Table 338. Alternative doping techniques
Table 339. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers
Table 340. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste
Table 341. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
Table 342. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste
Table 343. Green Electronics Market Players
Table 344. Properties and applications of the main natural fibres
Table 345. Types of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 346. Properties of bio-based leathers
Table 347. Comparison with conventional leathers
Table 348. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products
Table 349. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 350. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials
Table 351. Current and emerging plant-based leather products
Table 352. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 353. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 354. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products
Table 355. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative
Table 356. Companies developing microbial leather products
Table 357. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 358. Types of protein-based leather alternatives
Table 359. Companies developing protein based leather
Table 360. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
Table 361. Sustainable Textiles and Fibers Market Players
Table 362. Biodiesel by generation
Table 363. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 364. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 365. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 366. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 367. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 368. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 369. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 370. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 371. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 372. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 373. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 374. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
Table 375. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
Table 376. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
Table 377. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Table 378. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 379. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 380. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
Table 381. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
Table 382. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 383. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 384. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 385. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Table 386. Biogas feedstocks
Table 387. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 388. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 389. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 390. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 391. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 392. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 393. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 394. Overview of e-fuels
Table 395. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 396. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 397. E-fuels companies
Table 398. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 399. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 400. Blue ammonia projects
Table 401. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 402. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 403. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 404. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 405. Main players in green ammonia
Table 406. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 407. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 408. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 409. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 410. Bio-oil producers
Table 411. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 412. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 413. Bio-based lubricants
Table 414. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants Market Players
Table 415. Types of Green Solvents in Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 416. Catalysis Methods in Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 417. Alternative Energy Sources in Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 418. Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
Table 419. Atom-Economical Reactions
Table 420. Bio-based Starting Materials
Table 421. Process Intensification Methods
Table 422. Green Analytical Techniques
Table 423. Sustainable Purification Methods
Table 424. Natural Polymers for Drug Delivery
Table 425. Protein-based Materials for Drug Delivery
Table 426. Polysaccharide-based Systems for Drug Delivery
Table 427. Lipid-based Carriers for Drug Delivery
Table 428. Plant-derived Materials for Drug Delivery
Table 429. Microbial-derived Polymers for Drug Delivery
Table 430. Green Synthesis Methods for Drug Delivery Systems
Table 431. Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers for Drug Delivery
Table 432. Bioconjugation Techniques for Drug Delivery Systems
Table 433. Sustainable Particle Formation Techniques for Drug Delivery
Table 434. Types of Sustainable Medical Devices
Table 435. Sustainable Healthcare and Biomedicine Market Players
Table 436. Types of Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
Table 437. Types of Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
Table 438. Types of Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
Table 439. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
Table 440. Companies in Quantum Chemistry Applications
Table 441. Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
Table 442. Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
Table 443. Business Models in the Circular Economy
Table 444. Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences in Sustainable Chemistry
Table 445. Intellectual Property Considerations
Table 446. Companies developing quantum algorithms for chemical simulations
Table 447. Applications in space-based chemical manufacturing
Table 448. Artificial photosynthesis approaches
Table 449. Applications and benefits of personalized and on-demand chemical manufacturing
Table 450. Technologies for achieving Net-Zero
Table 451. Examples of circular economy solutions in the chemical industry
Table 452. Applications of AI and digitalization in chemicals
Table 453. Quantum chemistry applications
Table 454. Glossary of terms
Table 455. List of Abbreviations

List of Figures

Figure 1. CO2 emissions reduction pathway for the chemical sector
Figure 2. Water extraction methods for natural products
Figure 3. Circular economy model for the chemical industry
Figure 4. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant
Figure 5. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 6. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 7. Used tires conversion process
Figure 8. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas
Figure 9. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 11. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA
Figure 12. Siemens gPROMS Digital Twin schematic
Figure 13. Applications for CO2
Figure 14. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 15. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 16. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 17. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 18. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Figure 19. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 20. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 21. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 22. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 23. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 24. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 25. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 26. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 27. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 28. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 29. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 30. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 31. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 32. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
Figure 33. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 34. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 35. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 36. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 37. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 38. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 39. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems
Figure 40. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology
Figure 41. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing
Figure 42. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering
Figure 43. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis
Figure 44. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 45. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 46. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 47. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 48. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 49. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 50. TRL of critical material extraction technologies
Figure 51. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 52. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 53. CNC slurry
Figure 54. CNF gel
Figure 55. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 56. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 57. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo
Figure 58. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 59. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 60. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right)
Figure 61. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
Figure 62. Self-healing bio concrete
Figure 63. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc
Figure 64. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 65. Water soluble packaging by Notpla
Figure 66. Examples of edible films in food packaging
Figure 67. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 68. Applications for CO2
Figure 69. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 70. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 71. Schematic of production of powder coatings
Figure 72. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 73. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 74. Vapor degreasing
Figure 75. Multi-layered PCB
Figure 76. 3D printed PCB
Figure 77. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products
Figure 78. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components
Figure 79. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 80. Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF
Figure 81. CNF composite
Figure 82. Oji CNF transparent sheets
Figure 83. Electronic components using cellulose nanofibers as insulating materials
Figure 84. Dell's Concept Luna laptop
Figure 85. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics
Figure 86. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension
Figure 87. Photonic sintering
Figure 88. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
Figure 89. Material jetting 3d printing
Figure 90. Material jetting 3d printing product
Figure 91. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli
Figure 92. Supercooled Soldering(TM) Technology
Figure 93. Reflow soldering schematic
Figure 94. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow
Figure 95. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films
Figure 96. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors
Figure 97. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 98. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
Figure 99. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 100. Hermes bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather
Figure 101. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose
Figure 102. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis
Figure 103. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 104. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 105. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
Figure 106. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 107. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 108. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 109. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
Figure 110. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Figure 111. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
Figure 112. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2035 (tonnes)
Figure 113. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 114. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 115. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 116. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 117. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 118. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 119. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Figure 120. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Figure 121. Biobutanol production route
Figure 122. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 123. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 124. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 125. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 126. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 127. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 128. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 129. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 130. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 131. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 132. Used tires conversion process
Figure 133. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm3/h of Syngas
Figure 134. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 135. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 136. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 137. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 138. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 139. E-liquids production routes
Figure 140. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 141. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 142. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 143. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 144. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 145. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 146. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 147. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 148. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 149. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques

The chemical industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards sustainable feedstocks, driven by environmental challenges and the drive to decarbonize industrial processes. The market for next-generation chemical feedstocks is experiencing significant growth, with production capacity projected to expand at a robust 16% Compound Annual Growth Rate from 2025 to 2035. This evolution is propelled by multiple factors, including stringent regulatory pressures, corporate sustainability commitments, and the growing demand for circular economy solutions. Companies are exploring diverse renewable carbon sources such as lignocellulosic biomass (wood and agricultural waste), non-lignocellulosic biomass (algae and agricultural residues), municipal waste, and carbon dioxide utilization. Technological innovations are making these alternatives increasingly viable, with breakthrough methods emerging for lignin extraction, BTX production from waste, and CO2 conversion into valuable chemical intermediates.

The transition to sustainable chemical feedstocks represents a massive economic and technological undertaking, requiring an estimated cumulative investment between US$440 billion and US$1 trillion through 2040, and potentially reaching US$1.5 trillion to US$3.3 trillion by 2050. While economic challenges persist-including higher production costs compared to fossil-based alternatives and market sensitivity to crude oil prices-the potential rewards are substantial. The sustainable feedstocks market promises to revolutionize chemical production across multiple sectors, including specialty chemicals, polymers, plastics, food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Success will depend on developing efficient conversion technologies, ensuring sustainable sourcing practices, creating long-term supply agreements, and navigating complex regulatory environments. As brands and consumers increasingly demand environmentally responsible solutions, next-generation feedstocks offer a critical pathway to reducing industrial carbon emissions, transforming waste into valuable resources, and supporting a more sustainable industrial ecosystem that can meet the growing global demand for eco-friendly chemical products.

"The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2025-2035" provides an in-depth analysis of the emerging sustainable chemical feedstocks market, covering the critical transformation of the global chemical industry towards more environmentally friendly and circular solutions. The report examines the technological, economic, and regulatory landscape driving the shift from traditional fossil-based feedstocks to innovative, sustainable alternatives.

Report contents include:

Comprehensive analysis of sustainable chemical feedstock technologies
Global market research covering G20 markets
Detailed examination of technological innovations, market dynamics, and future projections
Market Drivers and Trends
Feedstock Evolution
Detailed analysis of emerging sustainable feedstock sources:
- Biomass (lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic)
- Municipal and agricultural waste
- CO2 utilization
- Renewable hydrogen
- Waste valorization technologies
Technological Innovations:
- Green chemistry principles
- Circular economy approaches
- Advanced recycling technologies
- Electrification of chemical processes
- Digitalization and AI in chemical design
- Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering
End-use Market Analysis:
- Sustainable agriculture chemicals
- Green cosmetics and personal care
- Sustainable packaging
- Eco-friendly paints and coatings
- Alternative fuels and lubricants
- Pharmaceuticals and healthcare
- Advanced materials for 3D printing
Investment trends in green chemistry
Cost competitiveness analysis
New circular economy business models
Market dynamics and consumer preferences
Emerging Technologies and Future Outlook
- Convergence of bio, nano, and information technologies
- Quantum computing in chemical research
- Space-based chemical manufacturing
- Artificial photosynthesis
- Personalized on-demand chemical manufacturing
Quantitative Market Projections
- Forecast of chemical production capacity from next-generation feedstocks
- Estimated growth rates and market valuations
- Investment requirements for industrial transformation
- Projected CO2 emissions reductions
Company Profiles and Competitive Landscape-profiles of over 1,000 key players in the sustainable chemicals market, analyzing their strategies, products, and market positions. Companies profiled include Aanika Biosciences, ACCUREC-Recycling GmbH, Aduro Clean Technologies, Aemetis, Afyren, Agra Energy, Agilyx, Air Company, Aircela, Algenol, Allozymes, Alpha Biofuels, AM Green, Amyris, Anellotech, Andritz, APChemi, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Applied Research Associates (ARA), Aralez Bio, Arcadia eFuels, Ascend Elements, ASB Biodiesel, Atmonia, Avalon BioEnergy, Avantium, Avioxx, BANiQL, BASF, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid, BBGI, BDI-BioEnergy International, BEE Biofuel, Benefuel, Bio2Oil, BioBTX, Bio-Oils, Biofibre GmbH, Bioform Technologies, Biofine Technology, Biofy, BiogasClean, Biolive, BIOD Energy, Biojet, Biokemik, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc., Biome Bioplastics, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd., Biomatter, BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bioplastech Ltd, BioSmart Nano, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biovectra, Biovox GmbH, BlockTexx Pty Ltd., Bloom Biorenewables, Blue BioFuels, Blue Ocean Closures, BlueAlp Technology, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd., BOBST, Borealis AG, Braskem, Braven Environmental, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, bse Methanol, BTG Bioliquids, Bucha Bio, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd., Buyo, Byogy Renewables, C1 Green Chemicals, Caphenia, Carbiolice, Carbios, Carbonade, CarbonBridge, Carbon Collect, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Infinity, Carbon Neutral Fuels, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink, Carbyon, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd., CARAPAC Company, Cargill, Cascade Biocatalysts, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Cassandra Oil, Casterra Ag, Celanese Corporation, Celtic Renewables, Cellugy, CelluForce, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, CF Industries Holdings, Chaincraft, Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis, Chitose Bio Evolution, Chiyoda, Circla Nordic, Cirba Solutions, CJ Biomaterials, Inc., CleanJoule, Climeworks, Coastgrass ApS, CNF Biofuel, Concord Blue Engineering, Constructive Bio, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corumat, Inc., Corsair Group International, Coval Energy, Crimson Renewable Energy, Cruz Foam, Cryotech, CuanTec Ltd., Cyclic Materials, C-Zero, Daicel Polymer Ltd., Daio Paper Corporation, Danimer Scientific, D-CRBN, Debut Biotechnology, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Inc., Diamond Green Diesel, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, DKS Co. Ltd., Domsjo Fabriker, Dow, Inc., DuFor Resins B.V., DuPont, Earthodic Pty Ltd., EarthForm, EcoCeres, Eco Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ecoshell, Electro-Active Technologies, Eligo Bioscience, Enim, Enginzyme AB, Enzymit, Erebagen, EV Biotech, eversyn, Evolutor, FabricNano, FlexSea, Floreon, Gevo, Ginkgo Bioworks, Heraeus Remloy, HyProMag, Hyfe, Industrial Microbes, Invizyne Technologies, JPM Silicon GmbH, LanzaTech, Librec AG, Lygos, MagREEsource, Mammoth Biosciences, MetaCycler BioInnovations, Mi Terro, NeoMetals, New Energy Blue, Noveon Magnetics, Novozymes A/S, NTx, Origin Materials, Ourobio, OxFA, PeelPioneers, Phoenix Tailings, PlantSwitch, Posco, Pow.bio, Protein Evolution, PeelPioneers, Re:Chemistry, REEtec, Rivalia Chemical, Samsara Eco, SiTration, Solugen, Sonichem, Straw Innovations, Sumitomo and Summit Nanotech, Synthego, Taiwan Bio-Manufacturing Corp. (TBMC), Teijin Limited, Twist Bioscience, Uluu, Van Heron Labs, Verde Bioresins, Versalis, Xampla and more....

The report offers strategic guidance for:

Chemical industry executives
Investors and venture capitalists
Research and development professionals
Policymakers
Sustainability officers

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry
1.2. Defining the New Era of Chemicals
1.3. Global Drivers and Trends
- 1.3.1. Consumer and brand demand for sustainable products
- 1.3.2. Government Regulation
- 1.3.3. Carbon taxation
- 1.3.4. Costs
  - 1.3.4.1. Oil Prices
  - 1.3.4.2. Process Costs
  - 1.3.4.3. Capital Costs
1.4. The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry
- 1.4.1. Historical Context: From Coal to Oil to Renewables
- 1.4.2. Current State of the Global Chemical Industry
- 1.4.3. Environmental Challenges and Regulatory Pressures
- 1.4.4. Shifting Consumer Demands and Market Dynamics
- 1.4.5. The Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0
1.5. Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals
- 1.5.1. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 1.5.2. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
- 1.5.3. Sustainable Packaging
- 1.5.4. Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
- 1.5.5. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
- 1.5.6. Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
- 1.5.7. Water Treatment and Purification
- 1.5.8. Carbon Capture and Utilization Products
- 1.5.9. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
- 1.5.10. Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy

2. FEEDSTOCKS

2.1. Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era
2.2. Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options
2.3. Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock
- 2.3.1. Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
- 2.3.2. Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
- 2.3.3. Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
- 2.3.4. Lignocellulosic feedstocks
  - 2.3.4.1. Wood-based feedstocks
  - 2.3.4.2. Agricultural waste
  - 2.3.4.3. Energy crops
- 2.3.5. Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks
  - 2.3.5.1. Agricultural waste
  - 2.3.5.2. Algae based feedstocks
2.4. CO2 as a Carbon Source
- 2.4.1. CO2 Capture Technologies
- 2.4.2. Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO2
- 2.4.3. Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
2.5. Waste Valorization
- 2.5.1. Municipal Solid Waste as a Feedstock
- 2.5.2. Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
- 2.5.3. Plastic Waste Recycling and Upcycling
2.6. Renewable (Green) Hydrogen
- 2.6.1. Electrolysis Technologies
- 2.6.2. Integration of Renewable Energy in Hydrogen Production
- 2.6.3. Hydrogen's Role in Chemical Synthesis
2.7. Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry

3. GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

3.1. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3.2. Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis
3.3. Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents
- 3.3.1. Water as a Reaction Medium
- 3.3.2. Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
- 3.3.3. Supercritical Fluids in Chemical Processes
3.4. Catalysis for Green Chemistry
- 3.4.1. Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
- 3.4.2. Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
- 3.4.3. Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis
3.5. Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry
3.6. Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
- 3.6.1. Green Chemistry Principles Applied to Next-Generation Feedstocks

4. CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

4.1. Principles of Circular Economy
4.2. Design for Circularity in Chemical Products
4.3. Chemical Recycling Technologies
- 4.3.1. Applications
- 4.3.2. Pyrolysis
  - 4.3.2.1. Non-catalytic
  - 4.3.2.2. Catalytic
    - 4.3.2.2.1. Polystyrene pyrolysis
    - 4.3.2.2.2. Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
    - 4.3.2.2.3. Used tires pyrolysis
      - 4.3.2.2.3.1. Conversion to biofuel
    - 4.3.2.2.4. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  - 4.3.2.3. Companies and capacities
- 4.3.3. Gasification
  - 4.3.3.1. Technology overview
    - 4.3.3.1.1. Syngas conversion to methanol
    - 4.3.3.1.2. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    - 4.3.3.1.3. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  - 4.3.3.2. Companies and capacities (current and planned)
- 4.3.4. Dissolution
  - 4.3.4.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.4.2. Companies and capacities (current and planned)
- 4.3.5. Depolymerisation
  - 4.3.5.1. Hydrolysis
    - 4.3.5.1.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.5.2. Enzymolysis
    - 4.3.5.2.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.5.3. Methanolysis
    - 4.3.5.3.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.5.4. Glycolysis
    - 4.3.5.4.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.5.5. Aminolysis
    - 4.3.5.5.1. Technology overview
  - 4.3.5.6. Companies and capacities (current and planned)
- 4.3.6. Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
  - 4.3.6.1. Hydrothermal cracking
  - 4.3.6.2. Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
  - 4.3.6.3. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
  - 4.3.6.4. Plasma pyrolysis
  - 4.3.6.5. Plasma gasification
  - 4.3.6.6. Supercritical fluids
4.4. Upcycling of Chemical Waste
4.5. Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
4.6. Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity
4.7. Companies

5. ELECTRIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES

5.1. The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production
5.2. Electrochemical Synthesis
- 5.2.1. Electroorganic Synthesis
- 5.2.2. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
- 5.2.3. Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
5.3. Plasma Chemistry
5.4. Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
5.5. Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production

6. DIGITALIZATION AND INDUSTRY 4.0 IN CHEMISTRY

6.1. Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research
6.2. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
- 6.2.1. In Silico Design of Molecules and Materials
- 6.2.2. Process Optimization and Predictive Maintenance
- 6.2.3. Automated Synthesis and High-Throughput Experimentation
6.3. Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations
6.4. Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability
6.5. Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry

7. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

7.1. Continuous Flow Chemistry
- 7.1.1. Microreactors and Process Intensification
- 7.1.2. Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
- 7.1.3. Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
7.2. Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
7.3. 3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials
- 7.3.1. Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
- 7.3.2. Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
7.4. Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring
7.5. Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems

8. BIOREFINING AND INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

8.1. Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations
- 8.1.1. Biorefinery Classifications
- 8.1.2. Biorefinery Configurations
  - 8.1.2.1. Lignocellulosic Biorefinery:
  - 8.1.2.2. Whole-Crop Biorefinery
  - 8.1.2.3. Green Biorefinery
  - 8.1.2.4. Thermochemical Biorefinery
  - 8.1.2.5. Marine Biorefinery
  - 8.1.2.6. Integrated Forest Biorefinery
  - 8.1.2.7. Integration and Process Intensification
8.2. Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
8.3. Algal Biorefineries
8.4. Upstream Processing
- 8.4.1. Cell Culture
  - 8.4.1.1. Overview
  - 8.4.1.2. Types of Cell Culture Systems
  - 8.4.1.3. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance
  - 8.4.1.4. Advances in Cell Culture Technology
    - 8.4.1.4.1. Single-use systems
    - 8.4.1.4.2. Process analytical technology (PAT)
    - 8.4.1.4.3. Cell line development
8.5. Fermentation
- 8.5.1. Overview
  - 8.5.1.1. Types of Fermentation Processes
  - 8.5.1.2. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance
  - 8.5.1.3. Advances in Fermentation Technology
    - 8.5.1.3.1. High-cell-density fermentation
    - 8.5.1.3.2. Continuous processing
    - 8.5.1.3.3. Metabolic engineering
8.6. Downstream Processing
- 8.6.1. Purification
  - 8.6.1.1. Overview
  - 8.6.1.2. Types of Purification Methods
    - 8.6.1.2.1. Factors Affecting Purification Performance
  - 8.6.1.3. Advances in Purification Technology
    - 8.6.1.3.1. Affinity chromatography
    - 8.6.1.3.2. Membrane chromatography
    - 8.6.1.3.3. Continuous chromatography
8.7. Formulation
- 8.7.1. Overview
  - 8.7.1.1. Types of Formulation Methods
  - 8.7.1.2. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance
  - 8.7.1.3. Advances in Formulation Technology
    - 8.7.1.3.1. Controlled release
    - 8.7.1.3.2. Nanoparticle formulation
    - 8.7.1.3.3. 3D printing
8.8. Bioprocess Development
- 8.8.1. Scale-up
  - 8.8.1.1. Overview
  - 8.8.1.2. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance
  - 8.8.1.3. Scale-up Strategies
- 8.8.2. Optimization
  - 8.8.2.1. Overview
  - 8.8.2.2. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance
  - 8.8.2.3. Optimization Strategies
8.9. Analytical Methods
- 8.9.1. Quality Control
  - 8.9.1.1. Overview
  - 8.9.1.2. Types of Quality Control Tests
  - 8.9.1.3. Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance
- 8.9.2. Characterization
  - 8.9.2.1. Overview
  - 8.9.2.2. Types of Characterization Methods
  - 8.9.2.3. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance
8.10. Scale of Production
- 8.10.1. Laboratory Scale
  - 8.10.1.1. Overview
  - 8.10.1.2. Scale and Equipment
  - 8.10.1.3. Advantages
  - 8.10.1.4. Disadvantages
- 8.10.2. Pilot Scale
  - 8.10.2.1. Overview
  - 8.10.2.2. Scale and Equipment
  - 8.10.2.3. Advantages
  - 8.10.2.4. Disadvantages
- 8.10.3. Commercial Scale
  - 8.10.3.1. Overview
  - 8.10.3.2. Scale and Equipment
  - 8.10.3.3. Advantages
  - 8.10.3.4. Disadvantages
8.11. Mode of Operation
- 8.11.1. Batch Production
  - 8.11.1.1. Overview
  - 8.11.1.2. Advantages
  - 8.11.1.3. Disadvantages
  - 8.11.1.4. Applications
- 8.11.2. Fed-batch Production
  - 8.11.2.1. Overview
  - 8.11.2.2. Advantages
  - 8.11.2.3. Disadvantages
  - 8.11.2.4. Applications
- 8.11.3. Continuous Production
  - 8.11.3.1. Overview
  - 8.11.3.2. Advantages
  - 8.11.3.3. Disadvantages
  - 8.11.3.4. Applications
- 8.11.4. Cell factories for biomanufacturing
- 8.11.5. Perfusion Culture
  - 8.11.5.1. Overview
  - 8.11.5.2. Advantages
  - 8.11.5.3. Disadvantages
  - 8.11.5.4. Applications
- 8.11.6. Other Modes of Operation
  - 8.11.6.1. Immobilized Cell Culture
  - 8.11.6.2. Two-Stage Production
  - 8.11.6.3. Hybrid Systems
8.12. Host Organisms

9. CO2 UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES

9.1. Overview
9.2. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology
9.3. Carbon utilization business models
- 9.3.1. Benefits of carbon utilization
- 9.3.2. Market challenges
9.4. Co2 utilization pathways
9.5. Conversion processes
- 9.5.1. Thermochemical
  - 9.5.1.1. Process overview
  - 9.5.1.2. Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
- 9.5.2. Electrochemical conversion of CO2
  - 9.5.2.1. Process overview
- 9.5.3. Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
- 9.5.4. Catalytic conversion of CO2
- 9.5.5. Biological conversion of CO2
- 9.5.6. Copolymerization of CO2
- 9.5.7. Mineral carbonation
9.6. CO2-derived products
- 9.6.1. Fuels
  - 9.6.1.1. Overview
  - 9.6.1.2. Production routes
  - 9.6.1.3. CO2 -fuels in road vehicles
  - 9.6.1.4. CO2 -fuels in shipping
  - 9.6.1.5. CO2 -fuels in aviation
  - 9.6.1.6. Power-to-methane
    - 9.6.1.6.1. Biological fermentation
    - 9.6.1.6.2. Costs
  - 9.6.1.7. Algae based biofuels
  - 9.6.1.8. CO2-fuels from solar
  - 9.6.1.9. Companies
  - 9.6.1.10. Challenges
- 9.6.2. Chemicals and polymers
  - 9.6.2.1. Polycarbonate from CO2
  - 9.6.2.2. Carbon nanostructures
  - 9.6.2.3. Scalability
  - 9.6.2.4. Applications
    - 9.6.2.4.1. Urea production
    - 9.6.2.4.2. CO2-derived polymers
    - 9.6.2.4.3. Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
    - 9.6.2.4.4. Carbon nanotubes
  - 9.6.2.5. Companies
- 9.6.3. Construction materials
  - 9.6.3.1. Overview
  - 9.6.3.2. CCUS technologies
  - 9.6.3.3. Carbonated aggregates
  - 9.6.3.4. Additives during mixing
  - 9.6.3.5. Concrete curing
  - 9.6.3.6. Costs
  - 9.6.3.7. Market trends and business models
  - 9.6.3.8. Companies
  - 9.6.3.9. Challenges
- 9.6.4. CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
  - 9.6.4.1. Overview
  - 9.6.4.2. Applications
    - 9.6.4.2.1. Greenhouses
    - 9.6.4.2.2. Algae cultivation
      - 9.6.4.2.2.1. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
      - 9.6.4.2.2.2. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
    - 9.6.4.2.3. Microbial conversion
    - 9.6.4.2.4. Food and feed production
  - 9.6.4.3. Companies
9.7. CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
- 9.7.1. Overview
  - 9.7.1.1. Process
  - 9.7.1.2. CO2 sources
- 9.7.2. CO2-EOR facilities and projects
- 9.7.3. Challenges
9.8. Enhanced mineralization
- 9.8.1. Advantages
- 9.8.2. In situ and ex-situ mineralization
- 9.8.3. Enhanced mineralization pathways
- 9.8.4. Challenges

10. ADVANCED CATALYSTS FOR SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

10.1. Overview of biocatalyst technology
- 10.1.1. Biotransformations
- 10.1.2. Cascade biocatalysis
- 10.1.3. Co-factor recycling
- 10.1.4. Immobilization
10.2. Types of biocatalysts
- 10.2.1. Microorganisms
  - 10.2.1.1. Bacteria
  - 10.2.1.2. Fungi
  - 10.2.1.3. Yeast
  - 10.2.1.4. Archaea
  - 10.2.1.5. Algae
  - 10.2.1.6. Cyanobacteria
- 10.2.2. Engineered biocatalysts
  - 10.2.2.1. Directed Evolution
  - 10.2.2.2. Rational Design
  - 10.2.2.3. Semi-Rational Design
  - 10.2.2.4. Immobilization
  - 10.2.2.5. Fusion Proteins
- 10.2.3. Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.1. Detergent Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.2. Food Processing Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.3. Textile Processing Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.4. Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.5. Leather Processing Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.6. Biofuel Production Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.7. Animal Feed Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.8. Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.9. Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes
  - 10.2.3.10. Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes
- 10.2.4. Other types
  - 10.2.4.1. Ribozymes
  - 10.2.4.2. DNAzymes
  - 10.2.4.3. Abzymes
  - 10.2.4.4. Nanozymes
  - 10.2.4.5. Organocatalysts
10.3. Production methods and processes
- 10.3.1. Fermentation
- 10.3.2. Recombinant DNA technology
- 10.3.3. ell-Free Protein Synthesis
- 10.3.4. Extraction from Natural Sources
- 10.3.5. Solid-State Fermentation
10.4. Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis
- 10.4.1. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering
  - 10.4.1.1. Batch biomanufacturing
  - 10.4.1.2. Continuous biomanufacturing
  - 10.4.1.3. Fermentation Processes
  - 10.4.1.4. Cell-free synthesis
- 10.4.2. Generative biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  - 10.4.2.1. Molecular Dynamics Simulations
  - 10.4.2.2. Quantum Mechanical Calculations
  - 10.4.2.3. Systems Biology Modeling
  - 10.4.2.4. Metabolic Engineering Modeling
- 10.4.3. Genome engineering
- 10.4.4. Immobilization and encapsulation techniques
- 10.4.5. Biomimetics
- 10.4.6. Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts
- 10.4.7. Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems
- 10.4.8. Microfluidics
10.5. Companies

11. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING

11.1. Metabolic engineering
11.2. Gene and DNA synthesis
11.3. Gene Synthesis and Assembly
11.4. Genome engineering
- 11.4.1. CRISPR
  - 11.4.1.1. CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways
  - 11.4.1.2. TALENs
  - 11.4.1.3. ZFNs
11.5. Protein/Enzyme Engineering
11.6. Synthetic genomics
- 11.6.1. Principles of Synthetic Genomics
- 11.6.2. Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes
11.7. Strain construction and optimization
11.8. Smart bioprocessing
11.9. Chassis organisms
11.10. Biomimetics
11.11. Sustainable materials
11.12. Robotics and automation
- 11.12.1. Robotic cloud laboratories
- 11.12.2. Automating organism design
- 11.12.3. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
11.13. Bioinformatics and computational tools
- 11.13.1. Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology
- 11.13.2. Computational Tools for Design and Analysis
11.14. Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets
11.15. Biosensors and bioelectronics
11.16. Feedstocks
- 11.16.1. C1. feedstocks
  - 11.16.1.1. Advantages
  - 11.16.1.2. Pathways
  - 11.16.1.3. Challenges
  - 11.16.1.4. Non-methane C1 feedstocks
  - 11.16.1.5. Gas fermentation
- 11.16.2. C2 feedstocks
- 11.16.3. Biological conversion of CO2
- 11.16.4. Food processing wastes
  - 11.16.4.1. Syngas
  - 11.16.4.2. Glycerol
  - 11.16.4.3. Methane
  - 11.16.4.4. Municipal solid wastes
  - 11.16.4.5. Plastic wastes
  - 11.16.4.6. Plant oils
  - 11.16.4.7. Starch
  - 11.16.4.8. Sugars
  - 11.16.4.9. Used cooking oils
  - 11.16.4.10. Green hydrogen production
  - 11.16.4.11. Blue hydrogen production
- 11.16.5. Marine biotechnology
  - 11.16.5.1. Cyanobacteria
  - 11.16.5.2. Macroalgae
  - 11.16.5.3. Companies

12. GREEN SOLVENTS AND ALTERNATIVE REACTION MEDIA

12.1. Bio-based Solvents
12.2. Switchable Solvents
12.3. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
12.4. Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications
12.5. Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry
12.6. Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
12.7. Companies

13. WASTE VALORIZATION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

13.1. Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals
13.2. Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization
13.3. Critical Material Extraction Technology
- 13.3.1. Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
- 13.3.2. Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
- 13.3.3. Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
- 13.3.4. Critical semiconductor materials recovery
- 13.3.5. Critical semiconductor materials recovery
- 13.3.6. Critical platinum group metal recovery
- 13.3.7. Critical platinum Group metal recovery
13.4. Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
- 13.4.1. Bio-based Flocculants and Coagulants
- 13.4.2. Green Oxidants and Disinfectants
- 13.4.3. Sustainable Membrane Materials
  - 13.4.3.1. Bio-based polymer membranes
  - 13.4.3.2. Ceramic membranes from recycled materials
  - 13.4.3.3. Self-healing membranes
- 13.4.4. Advanced Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal
  - 13.4.4.1. Biochar
  - 13.4.4.2. Activated carbon from waste biomass
  - 13.4.4.3. Green zeolites and MOFs (Metal-Organic Frameworks)
- 13.4.5. Nutrient Recovery Technologies
- 13.4.6. Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater
- 13.4.7. Bioelectrochemical Systems
- 13.4.8. Green Solvents in Extraction Processes
- 13.4.9. Photocatalytic Materials
- 13.4.10. Biodegradable Chelating Agents
- 13.4.11. Biocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
- 13.4.12. Advanced Adsorption Materials
- 13.4.13. Sustainable pH Adjustment Chemicals
13.5. Mining Waste Valorization
- 13.5.1. Bioleaching and Biooxidation
- 13.5.2. Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
- 13.5.3. Phytomining and Phytoremediation
- 13.5.4. Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
- 13.5.5. Electrochemical Recovery Methods
- 13.5.6. Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
- 13.5.7. CO2 Mineralization
- 13.5.8. Sustainable Remediation Technologies
- 13.5.9. Waste-to-Energy Technologies
- 13.5.10. Advanced Separation Techniques
13.6. Companies

14. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION

14.1. Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
14.2. Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis
14.3. Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
14.4. Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
14.5. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
14.6. Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration

15. SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT

15.1. Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
15.2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes
15.3. Safety by Design Principles
15.4. Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies
15.5. Environmental Impact Assessment
15.6. Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals

16. REGULATIONS AND POLICY

16.1. Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution
16.2. Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
16.3. Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
16.4. Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
16.5. International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts

17. MARKETS AND PRODUCTS

17.1. Sustainable Materials and Polymers
- 17.1.1. Bioplastics and Biodegradable Polymers
  - 17.1.1.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    - 17.1.1.1.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.1.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.1.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.1.4. Advantages
    - 17.1.1.1.5. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    - 17.1.1.2.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.2.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.2.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.2.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    - 17.1.1.3.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.3.2. Production Process
    - 17.1.1.3.3. Properties
    - 17.1.1.3.4. Applications
    - 17.1.1.3.5. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    - 17.1.1.4.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.4.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.4.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.4.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.5. Bio-PA
    - 17.1.1.5.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.5.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.5.3. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    - 17.1.1.6.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.6.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.6.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.6.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    - 17.1.1.7.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.7.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.7.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.7.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.8. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    - 17.1.1.8.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.8.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.8.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.8.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.9. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    - 17.1.1.9.1. Properties
    - 17.1.1.9.2. Applications
    - 17.1.1.9.3. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.10. Starch-based blends
    - 17.1.1.10.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.10.2. Properties
    - 17.1.1.10.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.10.4. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.11. Cellulose
    - 17.1.1.11.1. Feedstocks
  - 17.1.1.12. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    - 17.1.1.12.1. Properties
  - 17.1.1.13. Nanocellulose
    - 17.1.1.13.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
      - 17.1.1.13.1.1. Applications
    - 17.1.1.13.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      - 17.1.1.13.2.1. Applications
        
        17.1.1.13.2.1.1. Reinforcement and barrier
        17.1.1.13.2.1.2. Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
        17.1.1.13.2.1.3. Paperboard coatings
    - 17.1.1.13.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
      - 17.1.1.13.3.1. Applications in packaging
      - 17.1.1.13.3.2. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.14. Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
    - 17.1.1.14.1. Feedstocks
    - 17.1.1.14.2. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.15. Alginate
    - 17.1.1.15.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.15.2. Production
    - 17.1.1.15.3. Applications
    - 17.1.1.15.4. Producers
  - 17.1.1.16. Mycelium
    - 17.1.1.16.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.16.2. Applications
    - 17.1.1.16.3. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.17. Chitosan
    - 17.1.1.17.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.17.2. Applications
    - 17.1.1.17.3. Commercial examples
  - 17.1.1.18. Bio-naphtha
    - 17.1.1.18.1. Overview
    - 17.1.1.18.2. Markets and applications
    - 17.1.1.18.3. Commercial examples
- 17.1.2. Recycled and Upcycled Plastics
- 17.1.3. High-Performance Bio-based Materials
- 17.1.4. Companies
17.2. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 17.2.1. Overview
- 17.2.2. Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
- 17.2.3. Precision Agriculture Chemicals
- 17.2.4. Controlled-Release Fertilizers
- 17.2.5. Biostimulants
- 17.2.6. Microbials
  - 17.2.6.1. Overview
  - 17.2.6.2. Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers
  - 17.2.6.3. Microbiome manipulation
  - 17.2.6.4. Prebiotics
- 17.2.7. Biochemicals
- 17.2.8. Semiochemicals
- 17.2.9. Macrobials
- 17.2.10. Biopesticides
  - 17.2.10.1. Natural herbicides and insecticides
- 17.2.11. Companies
17.3. Sustainable Construction Materials
- 17.3.1. Established bio-based construction materials
- 17.3.2. Hemp-based Materials
  - 17.3.2.1. Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
  - 17.3.2.2. Hemp Fiberboard
  - 17.3.2.3. Hemp Insulation
- 17.3.3. Mycelium-based Materials
  - 17.3.3.1. Insulation
  - 17.3.3.2. Structural Elements
  - 17.3.3.3. Acoustic Panels
  - 17.3.3.4. Decorative Elements
- 17.3.4. Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
  - 17.3.4.1. Geopolymer Concrete
  - 17.3.4.2. Recycled Aggregate Concrete
  - 17.3.4.3. Lime-Based Materials
  - 17.3.4.4. Self-healing concrete
    - 17.3.4.4.1. Bioconcrete
    - 17.3.4.4.2. Fiber concrete
  - 17.3.4.5. Microalgae biocement
  - 17.3.4.6. Carbon-negative concrete
  - 17.3.4.7. Biomineral binders
- 17.3.5. Natural Fiber Composites
  - 17.3.5.1. Types of Natural Fibers
  - 17.3.5.2. Properties
  - 17.3.5.3. Applications in Construction
- 17.3.6. Cellulose nanofibers
  - 17.3.6.1. Sandwich composites
  - 17.3.6.2. Cement additives
  - 17.3.6.3. Pump primers
  - 17.3.6.4. Insulation materials
- 17.3.7. Sustainable Insulation Materials
  - 17.3.7.1. Types of sustainable insulation materials
  - 17.3.7.2. Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
- 17.3.8. Companies
17.4. Sustainable Packaging
- 17.4.1. Paper and board packaging
- 17.4.2. Food packaging
  - 17.4.2.1. Bio-Based films and trays
  - 17.4.2.2. Bio-Based pouches and bags
  - 17.4.2.3. Bio-Based textiles and nets
  - 17.4.2.4. Bioadhesives
    - 17.4.2.4.1. Starch
    - 17.4.2.4.2. Cellulose
    - 17.4.2.4.3. Protein-Based
  - 17.4.2.5. Barrier coatings and films
    - 17.4.2.5.1. Polysaccharides
      - 17.4.2.5.1.1. Chitin
      - 17.4.2.5.1.2. Chitosan
      - 17.4.2.5.1.3. Starch
    - 17.4.2.5.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    - 17.4.2.5.3. Poly(butylene Succinate)
    - 17.4.2.5.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
  - 17.4.2.6. Active and Smart Food Packaging
    - 17.4.2.6.1. Active Materials and Packaging Systems
    - 17.4.2.6.2. Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
  - 17.4.2.7. Antimicrobial films and agents
    - 17.4.2.7.1. Natural
    - 17.4.2.7.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
    - 17.4.2.7.3. Biopolymers
  - 17.4.2.8. Bio-based Inks and Dyes
  - 17.4.2.9. Edible films and coatings
    - 17.4.2.9.1. Overview
    - 17.4.2.9.2. Commercial examples
  - 17.4.2.10. Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
    - 17.4.2.10.1. Polyurethane coatings
      - 17.4.2.10.1.1. Properties
      - 17.4.2.10.1.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      - 17.4.2.10.1.3. Products
    - 17.4.2.10.2. Acrylate resins
      - 17.4.2.10.2.1. Properties
      - 17.4.2.10.2.2. Bio-based acrylates
      - 17.4.2.10.2.3. Products
    - 17.4.2.10.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      - 17.4.2.10.3.1. Properties
      - 17.4.2.10.3.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
    - 17.4.2.10.4. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
    - 17.4.2.10.5. Cellulose coatings and films
      - 17.4.2.10.5.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      - 17.4.2.10.5.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        
        17.4.2.10.5.2.1. Properties
        17.4.2.10.5.2.2. Product developers
    - 17.4.2.10.6. Lignin coatings
    - 17.4.2.10.7. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
      - 17.4.2.10.7.1. Plant derived proteins
      - 17.4.2.10.7.2. Animal origin proteins
- 17.4.3. Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  - 17.4.3.1. Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  - 17.4.3.2. CO2-derived polymers and plastics
  - 17.4.3.3. CO2 utilization products
- 17.4.4. Companies
17.5. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
- 17.5.1. Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
- 17.5.2. Microplastic Alternatives
  - 17.5.2.1. Natural hard materials
  - 17.5.2.2. Polysaccharides
    - 17.5.2.2.1. Starch
    - 17.5.2.2.2. Cellulose
      - 17.5.2.2.2.1. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)
      - 17.5.2.2.2.2. Regenerated cellulose microspheres
      - 17.5.2.2.2.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
      - 17.5.2.2.2.4. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
    - 17.5.2.2.3. Chitin
  - 17.5.2.3. Proteins
    - 17.5.2.3.1. Collagen/Gelatin
    - 17.5.2.3.2. Casein
  - 17.5.2.4. Polyesters
    - 17.5.2.4.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
    - 17.5.2.4.2. Polylactic acid
  - 17.5.2.5. Other natural polymers
    - 17.5.2.5.1. Lignin
      - 17.5.2.5.1.1. Description
      - 17.5.2.5.1.2. Applications and commercial status
    - 17.5.2.5.2. Alginate
      - 17.5.2.5.2.1. Applications and commercial status
- 17.5.3. Waterless Formulations
- 17.5.4. Companies
17.6. Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings
- 17.6.1. UV-cure
- 17.6.2. Waterborne coatings
- 17.6.3. Treatments with less or no solvents
- 17.6.4. Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
- 17.6.5. Powder coatings
- 17.6.6. High solid (HS) coatings
- 17.6.7. Use of bio-based materials in coatings
  - 17.6.7.1. Biopolymers
  - 17.6.7.2. Coatings based on agricultural waste
  - 17.6.7.3. Vegetable oils and fatty acids
  - 17.6.7.4. Proteins
  - 17.6.7.5. Cellulose
  - 17.6.7.6. Plant-Based wax coatings
- 17.6.8. Barrier coatings
  - 17.6.8.1. Polysaccharides
    - 17.6.8.1.1. Chitin
    - 17.6.8.1.2. Chitosan
    - 17.6.8.1.3. Starch
  - 17.6.8.2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
  - 17.6.8.3. Poly(butylene Succinate
  - 17.6.8.4. Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
- 17.6.9. Alkyd coatings
  - 17.6.9.1. Alkyd resin properties
  - 17.6.9.2. Bio-based alkyd coatings
  - 17.6.9.3. Products
- 17.6.10. Polyurethane coatings
  - 17.6.10.1. Properties
  - 17.6.10.2. Bio-based polyurethane coatings
    - 17.6.10.2.1. Bio-based polyols
    - 17.6.10.2.2. Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
  - 17.6.10.3. Products
- 17.6.11. Epoxy coatings
  - 17.6.11.1. Properties
  - 17.6.11.2. Bio-based epoxy coatings
  - 17.6.11.3. Products
- 17.6.12. Acrylate resins
  - 17.6.12.1. Properties
  - 17.6.12.2. Bio-based acrylates
  - 17.6.12.3. Products
- 17.6.13. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 17.6.13.1. Bio-PLA coatings and films
- 17.6.14. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- 17.6.15. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
- 17.6.16. Cellulose nanofibers
- 17.6.17. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
- 17.6.18. Rosins
- 17.6.19. Bio-based carbon black
  - 17.6.19.1. Lignin-based
  - 17.6.19.2. Algae-based
- 17.6.20. Lignin
- 17.6.21. Antimicrobial films and agents
  - 17.6.21.1. Natural
  - 17.6.21.2. Inorganic nanoparticles
  - 17.6.21.3. Biopolymers
- 17.6.22. Nanocoatings
- 17.6.23. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
  - 17.6.23.1. Plant derived proteins
  - 17.6.23.2. Animal origin proteins
- 17.6.24. Algal coatings
- 17.6.25. Polypeptides
- 17.6.26. Companies
17.7. Green Electronics
- 17.7.1. Biodegradable Electronics
- 17.7.2. Recycled and Recoverable Electronic Materials
- 17.7.3. Conventional electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.4. Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.5. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.6. Green Electronics Manufacturing
- 17.7.7. Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
  - 17.7.7.1. Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
- 17.7.8. Design of PCBs for sustainability
  - 17.7.8.1. Rigid
  - 17.7.8.2. Flexible
  - 17.7.8.3. Additive manufacturing
  - 17.7.8.4. In-mold elctronics (IME)
- 17.7.9. Materials
  - 17.7.9.1. Metal cores
  - 17.7.9.2. Recycled laminates
  - 17.7.9.3. Conductive inks
  - 17.7.9.4. Green and lead-free solder
  - 17.7.9.5. Biodegradable substrates
    - 17.7.9.5.1. Bacterial Cellulose
    - 17.7.9.5.2. Mycelium
    - 17.7.9.5.3. Lignin
    - 17.7.9.5.4. Cellulose Nanofibers
    - 17.7.9.5.5. Soy Protein
    - 17.7.9.5.6. Algae
    - 17.7.9.5.7. PHAs
  - 17.7.9.6. Biobased inks
- 17.7.10. Substrates
  - 17.7.10.1. Halogen-free FR4
    - 17.7.10.1.1. FR4 limitations
    - 17.7.10.1.2. FR4 alternatives
    - 17.7.10.1.3. Bio-Polyimide
  - 17.7.10.2. Metal-core PCBs
  - 17.7.10.3. Biobased PCBs
    - 17.7.10.3.1. Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
    - 17.7.10.3.2. Recent commercial activity
  - 17.7.10.4. Paper-based PCBs
  - 17.7.10.5. PCBs without solder mask
  - 17.7.10.6. Thinner dielectrics
  - 17.7.10.7. Recycled plastic substrates
  - 17.7.10.8. Flexible substrates
- 17.7.11. Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
  - 17.7.11.1. Introduction
  - 17.7.11.2. Issues with sustainability
  - 17.7.11.3. Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
  - 17.7.11.4. Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
  - 17.7.11.5. Print-and-plate
  - 17.7.11.6. Approaches
    - 17.7.11.6.1. Direct Printed Electronics
    - 17.7.11.6.2. Photonic Sintering
    - 17.7.11.6.3. Biometallization
    - 17.7.11.6.4. Plating Resist Alternatives
    - 17.7.11.6.5. Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
    - 17.7.11.6.6. Electrohydrodynamic Printing
    - 17.7.11.6.7. Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs
    - 17.7.11.6.8. Green electroless plating
    - 17.7.11.6.9. Smart Masking
    - 17.7.11.6.10. Component Integration
    - 17.7.11.6.11. Bio-inspired material deposition
    - 17.7.11.6.12. Multi-material jetting
    - 17.7.11.6.13. Vacuumless deposition
    - 17.7.11.6.14. Upcycling waste streams
- 17.7.12. Sustainable attachment and integration of components
  - 17.7.12.1. Conventional component attachment materials
  - 17.7.12.2. Materials
    - 17.7.12.2.1. Conductive adhesives
    - 17.7.12.2.2. Biodegradable adhesives
    - 17.7.12.2.3. Magnets
    - 17.7.12.2.4. Bio-based solders
    - 17.7.12.2.5. Bio-derived solders
    - 17.7.12.2.6. Recycled plastics
    - 17.7.12.2.7. Nano adhesives
    - 17.7.12.2.8. Shape memory polymers
    - 17.7.12.2.9. Photo-reversible polymers
    - 17.7.12.2.10. Conductive biopolymers
  - 17.7.12.3. Processes
    - 17.7.12.3.1. Traditional thermal processing methods
    - 17.7.12.3.2. Low temperature solder
    - 17.7.12.3.3. Reflow soldering
    - 17.7.12.3.4. Induction soldering
    - 17.7.12.3.5. UV curing
    - 17.7.12.3.6. Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
    - 17.7.12.3.7. Photonic sintering/curing
    - 17.7.12.3.8. Hybrid integration
- 17.7.13. Sustainable integrated circuits
  - 17.7.13.1. IC manufacturing
  - 17.7.13.2. Sustainable IC manufacturing
  - 17.7.13.3. Wafer production
    - 17.7.13.3.1. Silicon
    - 17.7.13.3.2. Gallium nitride ICs
    - 17.7.13.3.3. Flexible ICs
    - 17.7.13.3.4. Fully printed organic ICs
  - 17.7.13.4. Oxidation methods
    - 17.7.13.4.1. Sustainable oxidation
    - 17.7.13.4.2. Metal oxides
    - 17.7.13.4.3. Recycling
    - 17.7.13.4.4. Thin gate oxide layers
  - 17.7.13.5. Patterning and doping
    - 17.7.13.5.1. Processes
      - 17.7.13.5.1.1. Wet etching
      - 17.7.13.5.1.2. Dry plasma etching
      - 17.7.13.5.1.3. Lift-off patterning
      - 17.7.13.5.1.4. Surface doping
  - 17.7.13.6. Metallization
    - 17.7.13.6.1. Evaporation
    - 17.7.13.6.2. Plating
    - 17.7.13.6.3. Printing
      - 17.7.13.6.3.1. Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
    - 17.7.13.6.4. Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
- 17.7.14. End of life
  - 17.7.14.1. Hazardous waste
  - 17.7.14.2. Emissions
  - 17.7.14.3. Water Usage
  - 17.7.14.4. Recycling
    - 17.7.14.4.1. Mechanical recycling
    - 17.7.14.4.2. Electro-Mechanical Separation
    - 17.7.14.4.3. Chemical Recycling
    - 17.7.14.4.4. Electrochemical Processes
    - 17.7.14.4.5. Thermal Recycling
- 17.7.15. Green Certification
- 17.7.16. Companies
17.8. Sustainable Textiles and Fibers
- 17.8.1. Types of bio-based fibres
  - 17.8.1.1. Natural fibres
  - 17.8.1.2. Main-made bio-based fibres
- 17.8.2. Bio-based synthetics
- 17.8.3. Recyclability of bio-based fibres
- 17.8.4. Lyocell
- 17.8.5. Bacterial cellulose
- 17.8.6. Algae textiles
- 17.8.7. Bio-based leather
  - 17.8.7.1. Properties of bio-based leathers
    - 17.8.7.1.1. Tear strength.
    - 17.8.7.1.2. Tensile strength
    - 17.8.7.1.3. Bally flexing
  - 17.8.7.2. Comparison with conventional leathers
  - 17.8.7.3. Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  - 17.8.7.4. Plant-based leather
    - 17.8.7.4.1. Overview
    - 17.8.7.4.2. Production processes
      - 17.8.7.4.2.1. Feedstocks
      - 17.8.7.4.2.1. Agriculture Residues
      - 17.8.7.4.2.2. Food Processing Waste
      - 17.8.7.4.2.3. Invasive Plants
      - 17.8.7.4.2.4. Culture-Grown Inputs
      - 17.8.7.4.2.5. Textile-Based
      - 17.8.7.4.2.6. Bio-Composite
    - 17.8.7.4.3. Products
    - 17.8.7.4.4. Market players
  - 17.8.7.5. Mycelium leather
    - 17.8.7.5.1. Overview
    - 17.8.7.5.2. Production process
      - 17.8.7.5.2.1. Growth conditions
      - 17.8.7.5.2.2. Tanning Mycelium Leather
      - 17.8.7.5.2.3. Dyeing Mycelium Leather
    - 17.8.7.5.3. Products
    - 17.8.7.5.4. Market players
  - 17.8.7.6. Microbial leather
    - 17.8.7.6.1. Overview
    - 17.8.7.6.2. Production process
    - 17.8.7.6.3. Fermentation conditions
    - 17.8.7.6.4. Harvesting
    - 17.8.7.6.5. Products
    - 17.8.7.6.6. Market players
  - 17.8.7.7. Lab grown leather
    - 17.8.7.7.1. Overview
    - 17.8.7.7.2. Production process
    - 17.8.7.7.3. Products
    - 17.8.7.7.4. Market players
  - 17.8.7.8. Protein-based leather
    - 17.8.7.8.1. Overview
    - 17.8.7.8.2. Production process
    - 17.8.7.8.3. Commercial activity
  - 17.8.7.9. Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
    - 17.8.7.9.1. Overview
      - 17.8.7.9.1.1. Coatings
      - 17.8.7.9.1.2. Dyes
    - 17.8.7.9.2. Commercial activity
- 17.8.8. Companies
17.9. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
- 17.9.1. Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels
- 17.9.2. Biodiesel
  - 17.9.2.1. Biodiesel by generation
  - 17.9.2.2. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
    - 17.9.2.2.1. Pyrolysis of biomass
    - 17.9.2.2.2. Vegetable oil transesterification
    - 17.9.2.2.3. Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
      - 17.9.2.2.3.1. Production process
    - 17.9.2.2.4. Biodiesel from tall oil
    - 17.9.2.2.5. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
    - 17.9.2.2.6. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
    - 17.9.2.2.7. CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
    - 17.9.2.2.8. Dymethyl ether (DME)
  - 17.9.2.3. Prices
  - 17.9.2.4. Global production and consumption
- 17.9.3. Renewable diesel
  - 17.9.3.1. Production
  - 17.9.3.2. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.3.3. Global consumption
  - 17.9.3.4. Prices
- 17.9.4. Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
  - 17.9.4.1. Description
  - 17.9.4.2. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.4.3. Global production and consumption
  - 17.9.4.4. Production pathways
  - 17.9.4.5. Prices
  - 17.9.4.6. Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
  - 17.9.4.7. Market challenges
  - 17.9.4.8. Global consumption
- 17.9.5. Bio-naphtha
  - 17.9.5.1. Overview
  - 17.9.5.2. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.5.3. Markets and applications
  - 17.9.5.4. Prices
  - 17.9.5.5. Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
  - 17.9.5.6. Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
- 17.9.6. Biomethanol
  - 17.9.6.1. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.6.2. Methanol-to gasoline technology
    - 17.9.6.2.1. Production processes
      - 17.9.6.2.1.1. Anaerobic digestion
      - 17.9.6.2.1.2. Biomass gasification
      - 17.9.6.2.1.3. Power to Methane
- 17.9.7. Ethanol
  - 17.9.7.1. Technology description
  - 17.9.7.2. 1G Bio-Ethanol
  - 17.9.7.3. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.7.4. Ethanol to jet fuel technology
  - 17.9.7.5. Methanol from pulp & paper production
  - 17.9.7.6. Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
  - 17.9.7.7. Gasification
    - 17.9.7.7.1. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    - 17.9.7.7.2. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  - 17.9.7.8. CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
  - 17.9.7.9. Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
    - 17.9.7.9.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
    - 17.9.7.9.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
    - 17.9.7.9.3. Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
    - 17.9.7.9.4. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
    - 17.9.7.9.5. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
  - 17.9.7.10. Global ethanol consumption
- 17.9.8. Biobutanol
  - 17.9.8.1. Production
  - 17.9.8.2. Prices
- 17.9.9. Biomass-based Gas
  - 17.9.9.1. Biomethane
  - 17.9.9.2. Production pathways
    - 17.9.9.2.1. Landfill gas recovery
    - 17.9.9.2.2. Anaerobic digestion
    - 17.9.9.2.3. Thermal gasification
  - 17.9.9.3. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.9.4. Global production
  - 17.9.9.5. Prices
    - 17.9.9.5.1. Raw Biogas
    - 17.9.9.5.2. Upgraded Biomethane
  - 17.9.9.6. Bio-LNG
    - 17.9.9.6.1. Markets
      - 17.9.9.6.1.1. Trucks
      - 17.9.9.6.1.2. Marine
    - 17.9.9.6.2. Production
    - 17.9.9.6.3. Plants
  - 17.9.9.7. bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
  - 17.9.9.8. Carbon capture from biogas
- 17.9.10. Biosyngas
  - 17.9.10.1. Production
  - 17.9.10.2. Prices
- 17.9.11. Biohydrogen
  - 17.9.11.1. Description
  - 17.9.11.2. SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.11.3. Production of biohydrogen from biomass
    - 17.9.11.3.1. Biological Conversion Routes
      - 17.9.11.3.1.1. Bio-photochemical Reaction
      - 17.9.11.3.1.2. Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
    - 17.9.11.3.2. Thermochemical conversion routes
      - 17.9.11.3.2.1. Biomass Gasification
      - 17.9.11.3.2.2. Biomass Pyrolysis
      - 17.9.11.3.2.3. Biomethane Reforming
  - 17.9.11.4. Applications
  - 17.9.11.5. Prices
- 17.9.12. Biochar in biogas production
- 17.9.13. Bio-DME
- 17.9.14. Chemical recycling for biofuels
  - 17.9.14.1. Plastic pyrolysis
  - 17.9.14.2. Used tires pyrolysis
    - 17.9.14.2.1. Conversion to biofuel
  - 17.9.14.3. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  - 17.9.14.4. Gasification
    - 17.9.14.4.1. Syngas conversion to methanol
    - 17.9.14.4.2. Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    - 17.9.14.4.3. Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  - 17.9.14.5. Hydrothermal cracking
- 17.9.15. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  - 17.9.15.1. Introduction
  - 17.9.15.2. Benefits of e-fuels
  - 17.9.15.3. Feedstocks
    - 17.9.15.3.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
  - 17.9.15.4. CO2 capture
  - 17.9.15.5. Production
    - 17.9.15.5.1. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
  - 17.9.15.6. Companies
- 17.9.16. Algae-derived biofuels
  - 17.9.16.1. Technology description
    - 17.9.16.1.1. Conversion pathways
  - 17.9.16.2. Production
  - 17.9.16.3. Market challenges
  - 17.9.16.4. Prices
  - 17.9.16.5. Producers
- 17.9.17. Green Ammonia
  - 17.9.17.1. Production
    - 17.9.17.1.1. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    - 17.9.17.1.2. Green ammonia projects
  - 17.9.17.2. Green ammonia synthesis methods
    - 17.9.17.2.1. Haber-Bosch process
    - 17.9.17.2.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
    - 17.9.17.2.3. Electrochemical production
    - 17.9.17.2.4. Chemical looping processes
  - 17.9.17.3. Blue ammonia
    - 17.9.17.3.1. Blue ammonia projects
    - 17.9.17.3.2. Markets and applications
    - 17.9.17.3.3. Chemical energy storage
    - 17.9.17.3.4. Ammonia fuel cells
    - 17.9.17.3.5. Marine fuel
    - 17.9.17.3.6. Prices
  - 17.9.17.4. Companies and projects
- 17.9.18. Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  - 17.9.18.1. Description
    - 17.9.18.1.1. Advantages of bio-oils
  - 17.9.18.2. Production
    - 17.9.18.2.1. Fast Pyrolysis
    - 17.9.18.2.2. Costs of production
    - 17.9.18.2.3. Upgrading
  - 17.9.18.3. Applications
  - 17.9.18.4. Bio-oil producers
  - 17.9.18.5. Prices
- 17.9.19. Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
  - 17.9.19.1. Overview
  - 17.9.19.2. Production
    - 17.9.19.2.1. Production process
    - 17.9.19.2.2. Mechanical biological treatment
  - 17.9.19.3. Markets
- 17.9.20. Bio-based Lubricants
- 17.9.21. Companies
17.10. Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
- 17.10.1. Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
  - 17.10.1.1. Green Solvents
    - 17.10.1.1.1. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2)
    - 17.10.1.1.2. Ionic Liquids
    - 17.10.1.1.3. Bio-based Solvents
    - 17.10.1.1.4. Water-based Reactions
  - 17.10.1.2. Catalysis
    - 17.10.1.2.1. Biocatalysis (Enzymes and Whole-cell Catalysts)
    - 17.10.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts
    - 17.10.1.2.3. Organocatalysts
    - 17.10.1.2.4. Photocatalysis
  - 17.10.1.3. Continuous Flow Chemistry
    - 17.10.1.3.1. Microreactors
    - 17.10.1.3.2. Flow Photochemistry
    - 17.10.1.3.3. Electrochemical Flow Cells
  - 17.10.1.4. Alternative Energy Sources
    - 17.10.1.4.1. Microwave-assisted Synthesis
    - 17.10.1.4.2. Ultrasound-assisted Reactions
    - 17.10.1.4.3. Mechanochemistry (Ball Milling)
  - 17.10.1.5. Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
    - 17.10.1.5.1. Electrochemical oxidation/reduction
    - 17.10.1.5.2. Photochemical reactions
    - 17.10.1.5.3. Hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant
  - 17.10.1.6. Atom-Economical Reactions
  - 17.10.1.7. Bio-based Starting Materials
  - 17.10.1.8. Process Intensification
  - 17.10.1.9. Green Analytical Techniques
  - 17.10.1.10. Sustainable Purification Methods
- 17.10.2. Bio-based Drug Delivery Systems
  - 17.10.2.1. Natural polymers
    - 17.10.2.1.1. Chitosan and its derivatives
    - 17.10.2.1.2. Alginate
    - 17.10.2.1.3. Hyaluronic acid
    - 17.10.2.1.4. Cellulose and its derivatives
  - 17.10.2.2. Protein-based Materials
    - 17.10.2.2.1. Albumin nanoparticles
    - 17.10.2.2.2. Collagen matrices
    - 17.10.2.2.3. Silk fibroin scaffolds
    - 17.10.2.2.4. Gelatin hydrogels
  - 17.10.2.3. Polysaccharide-based Systems
    - 17.10.2.3.1. Cyclodextrins
    - 17.10.2.3.2. Pectin
    - 17.10.2.3.3. Dextran
    - 17.10.2.3.4. Pullulan
  - 17.10.2.4. Lipid-based Carriers
    - 17.10.2.4.1. Liposomes from natural phospholipids
    - 17.10.2.4.2. Solid lipid nanoparticles
    - 17.10.2.4.3. Nanostructured lipid carriers
  - 17.10.2.5. Plant-derived Materials
    - 17.10.2.5.1. Guar gum
    - 17.10.2.5.2. Carrageenan
    - 17.10.2.5.3. Zein (corn protein)
    - 17.10.2.5.4. Starch-based materials
  - 17.10.2.6. Microbial-derived Polymers
    - 17.10.2.6.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
    - 17.10.2.6.2. Bacterial cellulose
    - 17.10.2.6.3. Xanthan gum
  - 17.10.2.7. Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers
    - 17.10.2.7.1. pH-sensitive alginate derivatives
    - 17.10.2.7.2. Thermoresponsive chitosan systems
    - 17.10.2.7.3. Enzyme-responsive materials
  - 17.10.2.8. Bioconjugation Techniques
    - 17.10.2.8.1. Click chemistry for polymer modification
    - 17.10.2.8.2. Enzyme-catalyzed conjugation
    - 17.10.2.8.3. Photo-initiated crosslinking
  - 17.10.2.9. Sustainable Particle Formation
    - 17.10.2.9.1. Spray-drying with green solvents
    - 17.10.2.9.2. Electrospinning of biopolymers
    - 17.10.2.9.3. Supercritical fluid-assisted particle formation
- 17.10.3. Sustainable Medical Devices
- 17.10.4. Personalized Chemistry in Medicine
  - 17.10.4.1. Tailored Drug Delivery Systems
  - 17.10.4.2. Personalized Diagnostic Materials
  - 17.10.4.3. Custom-synthesized Therapeutics
  - 17.10.4.4. Biocompatible Materials for Implants
  - 17.10.4.5. 3D-printed Pharmaceuticals
  - 17.10.4.6. Personalized Nutrient Formulations
- 17.10.5. Companies
17.11. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
- 17.11.1. Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
- 17.11.2. Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
- 17.11.3. Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
- 17.11.4. Companies
17.12. Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design
- 17.12.1. Machine Learning for Molecular Design
- 17.12.2. AI-driven Retrosynthesis Planning
- 17.12.3. Predictive Modelling of Chemical Properties
- 17.12.4. AI in Process Optimization
- 17.12.5. Automated Lab Systems and Robotics
- 17.12.6. AI for Materials Discovery and Development
17.13. Quantum Chemistry Applications
- 17.13.1. Quantum Computing for Molecular Simulations
- 17.13.2. Quantum Sensors in Chemical Analysis
- 17.13.3. Quantum-inspired Algorithms for Property Prediction
- 17.13.4. Quantum Approaches to Catalyst Design
- 17.13.5. Quantum Chemistry in Drug Discovery
- 17.13.6. Quantum Effects in Nanomaterials
- 17.13.7. Companies

18. ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND BUSINESS MODELS

18.1. Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
18.2. Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
18.3. New Business Models in the Circular Economy
18.4. Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences
18.5. Intellectual Property Considerations
18.6. Case Studies
- 18.6.1. Bio-based Production of Bulk Chemicals
- 18.6.2. CO2 to Polymers: Innovating in Materials
- 18.6.3. Waste Plastic to Fuels and Chemicals
- 18.6.4. Green Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
- 18.6.5. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 18.6.6. Circular Economy in Action: Closing the Loop in Packaging
- 18.6.7. Revolutionizing Textiles: From Petrochemicals to Bio-based Fibers

19. FUTURE OUTLOOK AND EMERGING TRENDS

19.1. Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies
19.2. Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development
19.3. Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals
19.4. Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels
19.5. Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing
19.6. The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions
19.7. Circular Economy Solutions
19.8. Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact
19.9. Quantum Chemistry Prospects

20. APPENDICES

20.1. Glossary of Terms
20.2. List of Abbreviations
20.3. Research Methodology

21. REFERENCES

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サステナブル化学品

持続可能な化学原料の世界市場（2025年～2035年）

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2025-2035

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第2章 原料

第3章 グリーンケミストリーの原理と応用

第4章 化学産業における循環型経済

第5章 化学プロセスの電化

第6章 化学におけるデジタル化とインダストリー4.0

第7章 先進の製造技術

第8章 バイオリファイニングと産業バイオテクノロジー