二酸化炭素除去（CDR）の世界市場（2025年～2045年）

世界の二酸化炭素除去（CDR）市場は、企業のネットゼロ目標へのコミットメントの高まりと、マイナス排出技術の必要性の認識の高まりにより、急速に成長しています。現在の市場規模は推定約20億米ドルであり、2030年までに500億米ドルに拡大すると予測され、2035年までに2,500億米ドルを超える可能性があります。

この市場にはさまざまな技術が含まれ、直接空気回収（DAC）、炭素回収・貯留を伴うバイオエネルギー（BECCS）、風化促進は代表的な人工的アプローチです。植林、土壌炭素隔離、海洋を利用した方法などの自然ソリューションは、これらの技術的アプローチを補完するものです。直接空気回収は、現在のところ規模は小さい一方、大きな投資と企業の関心を集めており、そのコストは技術や規模にもよりますが、CO2除去1トン当たり200～900ドルです。

技術開発は多方面にわたって急速に進んでいます。直接空気回収を行う企業は、設計の改善と運用経験を通じて、運用規模を拡大し、コストを削減しています。風化促進プロジェクトは研究から商業実証へと移行しており、BECCS施設は規模と効率を拡大しています。バイオオイル隔離や無機化技術を含む新しいアプローチが研究段階から登場しています。市場成長を支えているのは、特に技術系企業や金融機関による、高品質な炭素除去クレジットに対する企業需要の高まりです。先進的な市場コミットメントと長期購入契約は、プロジェクト開発者にとって極めて重要な収益の確実性をもたらしています。米国の45Q税額控除や欧州連合（EU）のイノベーション基金などの制度を通じた政府の支援は、プロジェクトの経済性を向上させています。

ボランタリーカーボン市場は、炭素除去クレジットを従来の回避クレジットと差別化するために進化しており、除去クレジットは高価格で取引されています。市場インフラの開発には、新しい取引プラットフォーム、検証手法の改善、特殊な金融商品などが含まれます。既存の炭素市場との統合や標準化されたプロトコルの開発は、市場の成熟を支えています。

気候変動目標を達成するための二酸化炭素除去の必要性に対する認識の高まりにより、今後の市場見通しは強力なものとなっています。技術の進歩とスケーリング効果により、大幅なコスト削減が予測され、2035年までに一部のアプローチでは1トン当たり100～200ドルに達する可能性があります。市場成長は、現在の高いコスト、インフラの要件、規制の不確実性などの課題に直面しています。

将来の発展を形作る主要動向には、複数のCDRアプローチの統合、地域の除去ハブの開発、永続性と検証への注目の高まりなどがあります。市場は、除去手法の多様性を維持しつつ、技術プロバイダー間の統合が進む可能性が高いです。成功のためには、それを支えるインフラ、特にCO2輸送・貯留ネットワークの開発が並行して行われる必要があります。

政策支援は世界的に強化されると予測され、カーボンプライシングの仕組みや規制枠組みはCDRの展開を支援するよう進化します。標準やプロトコルに関する国際協力は、環境の完全性を確保しつつ、発展を加速させる可能性があります。この部門は、ベンチャーキャピタルと戦略的な業界参入企業の双方からの投資が増加しており、継続的な技術革新と規模の拡大を支えています。

市場見通しは大きな成長可能性を示しており、2050年までにギガトン規模の除去能力が必要になると推定されています。この規模を達成するには、技術開発、インフラ投資、支援的な政策枠組みへの持続的な取り組みが必要です。持続可能な市場成長のためには、より広範な気候緩和活動との統合と、環境に対する影響への慎重な配慮が不可欠です。

当レポートでは、世界の二酸化炭素除去（CDR）市場について調査分析し、2045年までの技術、市場動向、成長機会に関する詳細な考察を提供しています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

• 二酸化炭素排出の主な発生源
• コモディティとしてのCO2
• 炭素市場の歴史と進化
• 気候目標の達成
• CDR技術の軽減コスト
• 市場マップ
• ボランタリーカーボン市場におけるCDR
• CDR投資
• 二酸化炭素除去（CDR）と炭素回収・利用・貯留（CCUS）
• 市場規模

第2章 イントロダクション

• 陸上での従来のCDR
• 主なCDR手法
• 新しいCDR手法
• 市場促進要因
• バリューチェーン
• 二酸化炭素除去技術の展開

第3章 カーボンクレジット

• 概要
• カーボンプライシング
• 炭素除去 vs. 炭素回避オフセット
• カーボンクレジット認証
• カーボンレジストリ
• カーボンクレジットの品質
• ボランタリーカーボンクレジット
• コンプライアンスカーボンクレジット
• 耐久性二酸化炭素除去（CDR）クレジット
• 企業のコミットメント
• 政府の支援と規制の強化
• カーボンオフセットプロジェクトの検証とモニタリングの進歩
• カーボンクレジット取引におけるブロックチェーン技術の可能性
• カーボンクレジットの売買
• 認証
• 課題とリスク
• 市場規模

第4章 炭素除去・貯留を伴うバイオマス（BICRS）

• 原料
• BiCRS変換経路
• 炭素回収・貯留を伴うバイオエネルギー（BECCS）
• バイオ炭ー
• BECCSとバイオ炭を超えたアプローチ

第5章 直接空気回収・貯留（DACCS）

• 概要
• 展開
• 点源炭素回収と直接空気回収
• DACとその他のエネルギー源
• 展開と規模拡大
• コスト
• 技術
• DACのプラントとプロジェクト - 現行と計画中
• DACの市場
• コスト分析
• 課題
• SWOT分析
• 企業と生産

第6章 鉱化ベースのCDR

• 概要
• CO2由来コンクリートへの貯留
• 酸化物ルーピング
• 風化促進
• コスト分析
• SWOT分析

第7章 植林/再植林

• 概要
• 二酸化炭素除去手法
• 技術
• 動向と機会
• 課題とリスク
• SWOT分析

第8章 土壌炭素固定（SCS）

• 概要
• 実践
• 測定と検証
• 企業
• 動向と機会
• カーボンクレジット
• 課題とリスク
• SWOT分析

第9章 海洋ベースの二酸化炭素除去

• 概要
• 海水からのCO2回収
• 海洋肥沃化
• 海洋アルカリ化
• モニタリング、報告、検証（MRV）
• 海洋ベースのCDRカーボンクレジット
• 動向と機会
• 海洋ベースのカーボンクレジット
• コスト分析
• 課題とリスク
• SWOT分析
• 企業

第10章 企業プロファイル（企業143社のプロファイル）

第11章 略語

第12章 調査手法

第13章 参考文献

List of Tables

• Table 1. History and Evolution of Carbon Credit Markets
• Table 2. Long-term marginal abatement costs of selected removal methods
• Table 3. Companies in Voluntary Carbon Markets
• Table 4. CDR investments and VC funding by company
• Table 5. CDR versus CCUS
• Table 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
• Table 7. Carbon Dioxide Removal Revenues by Technology (Billion US$)
• Table 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Table 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Table 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Table 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Table 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Table 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Table 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Table 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Table 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Table 17. Global purchases of CO2 removal (tonnes) 2019-2024
• Table 18. Main CDR methods
• Table 19. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
• Table 20. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
• Table 21. Novel CDR Methods
• Table 22. Market drivers for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
• Table 23. CDR Value Chain
• Table 24. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
• Table 25. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
• Table 26. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
• Table 27. Carbon Crediting Programs
• Table 28. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
• Table 29. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
• Table 30. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
• Table 31. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
• Table 32. Prices of CDR Credits
• Table 33. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
• Table 34. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
• Table 35. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
• Table 36. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
• Table 37. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
• Table 38. Challenges and Risks
• Table 39.Carbon Market 2024 and Forecast to 2035
• Table 40. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
• Table 41. BiCRS feedstocks
• Table 42. BiCRS conversion pathways
• Table 43. BiCRS Technological Challenges
• Table 44. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
• Table 45. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
• Table 46. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
• Table 47. BECCS Challenges
• Table 48. Summary of key properties of biochar
• Table 49. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
• Table 50. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
• Table 51. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 52. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
• Table 53. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
• Table 54. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
• Table 55. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
• Table 56. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
• Table 57. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 58. DAC vs Point-Source Carbon Capture
• Table 59. Capture Cost of DAC
• Table 60. Component Specific Capture Cost Contributions for DACCS
• Table 61. CO2 Capture/Separation Mechanisms in DAC
• Table 62. Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC
• Table 63.Solid Sorbent vs Liquid Solvent-based DAC
• Table 64. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
• Table 65. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
• Table 66. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
• Table 67. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 68. DAC projects in development
• Table 69. Markets for DAC
• Table 70. Costs summary for DAC
• Table 71. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 72. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 73. TRLs of Direct Air Capture Companies
• Table 74. DACCS Carbon Credit Sales by Company
• Table 75. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 76. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
• Table 77. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
• Table 78. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
• Table 79. Enhanced Weathering Applications
• Table 80. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
• Table 81. Enhanced Weathering Companies
• Table 82. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
• Table 83. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
• Table 84. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
• Table 85. Nature-based CDR approaches
• Table 86. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
• Table 87. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
• Table 88. Companies in Robotics in A/R
• Table 89. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
• Table 90.Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
• Table 91. Soil Carbon Sequestration Methods
• Table 92. Soil Sampling and Analysis Methods
• Table 93. Remote Sensing and Modeling Techniques
• Table 94. Companies Using Microbial Inoculation for Soil Carbon Sequestration
• Table 95. Marketplaces for SCS-based CDR Credits
• Table 96. Challenges and Risks in Soil Carbon Sequestration
• Table 97. Ocean-based CDR methods
• Table 98. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
• Table 99. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
• Table 100. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
• Table 101. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
• Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
• Figure 3. Pathways for CO2 use
• Figure 4. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
• Figure 5. Carbon Dioxide Removal Market Map
• Figure 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
• Figure 7. Carbon dioxide removal revenues by technology (billion US$), 2020-2045
• Figure 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Figure 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Figure 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Figure 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Figure 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Figure 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Figure 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Figure 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
• Figure 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
• Figure 17. BiCRS Value Chain
• Figure 18. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
• Figure 19. Schematic of biochar production
• Figure 20. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
• Figure 21. Compressed biochar
• Figure 22. Biochar production diagram
• Figure 23. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
• Figure 24. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
• Figure 25. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
• Figure 26. DAC technologies
• Figure 27. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 28. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
• Figure 29. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
• Figure 30. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
• Figure 31. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
• Figure 32. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
• Figure 33. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
• Figure 35. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
• Figure 36. SWOT analysis: DACCS
• Figure 37. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
• Figure 38. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
• Figure 41. Soil Carbon Sequestration Value Chain
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis: SCS
• Figure 43. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
• Figure 44. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
• Figure 45. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
• Figure 46. Carbon Blade system
• Figure 47. CarbonCure Technology
• Figure 48. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 49. Orca facility
• Figure 50. Carbon Capture balloon
• Figure 51. Holy Grail DAC system
• Figure 52. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 53. Mosaic Materials MOFs
• Figure 54. Neustark modular plant
• Figure 55. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 56. RepAir technology
• Figure 57. Soletair Power unit
• Figure 58. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
• Figure 59. Takavator

The global carbon dioxide removal (CDR) market is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing corporate commitments to net-zero targets and growing recognition of the need for negative emissions technologies. Current market size is estimated at approximately $2 billion, with projections suggesting expansion to $50 billion by 2030 and potentially exceeding $250 billion by 2035.

The market encompasses various technologies, with direct air capture (DAC), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and enhanced weathering representing the leading engineered approaches. Natural solutions including afforestation, soil carbon sequestration, and ocean-based methods complement these technological approaches. Direct air capture, while currently small in scale, is attracting significant investment and corporate interest, with costs ranging from $200-900 per ton CO2 removed depending on technology and scale.

Technology development is advancing rapidly across multiple fronts. Direct air capture companies are scaling operations and reducing costs through improved designs and operational experience. Enhanced weathering projects are moving from research to commercial demonstration, while BECCS facilities are expanding in scale and efficiency. Novel approaches including bio-oil sequestration and mineralization technologies are emerging from research phases. Market growth is supported by increasing corporate demand for high-quality carbon removal credits, particularly from technology companies and financial institutions. Advanced market commitments and long-term purchase agreements are providing crucial revenue certainty for project developers. Government support through programs like the US 45Q tax credit and European Union innovation funding is improving project economics.

The voluntary carbon market is evolving to differentiate carbon removal credits from traditional avoidance credits, with removal credits commanding premium prices. Market infrastructure development includes new trading platforms, improved verification methodologies, and specialized financial products. Integration with existing carbon markets and development of standardized protocols are supporting market maturity.

Future market prospects are strong, driven by increasing recognition of the need for carbon dioxide removal to meet climate goals. Technological advancement and scaling effects are expected to reduce costs significantly, potentially reaching $100-200 per ton for some approaches by 2035. Market growth faces challenges including high current costs, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory uncertainty.

Key trends shaping future development include integration of multiple CDR approaches, development of regional removal hubs, and increasing focus on permanence and verification. The market is likely to see consolidation among technology providers while maintaining diversity in removal approaches. Success requires parallel development of supporting infrastructure, particularly CO2 transport and storage networks.

Policy support is expected to strengthen globally, with carbon pricing mechanisms and regulatory frameworks evolving to support CDR deployment. International cooperation on standards and protocols could accelerate market development while ensuring environmental integrity. The sector is attracting increasing investment from both venture capital and strategic industrial players, supporting continued innovation and scaling.

The market outlook suggests significant growth potential, with estimates indicating the need for gigatonne-scale removal capacity by 2050. Achievement of this scale requires sustained commitment to technology development, infrastructure investment, and supportive policy frameworks. Integration with broader climate mitigation efforts and careful consideration of environmental impacts will be crucial for sustainable market growth.

"The Global Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Market 2025-2045" provides detailed insights into technologies, market trends, and growth opportunities through 2045. The report examines the transformation from conventional carbon reduction approaches to active carbon removal solutions, offering crucial market forecasts and competitive intelligence across all major CDR technologies and approaches. The study provides extensive coverage of key technologies including Direct Air Capture (DAC), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Enhanced Weathering, Ocean-based CDR, and nature-based solutions. It analyzes major application areas, market drivers, and deployment challenges while offering detailed market forecasts from 2025-2045 segmented by technology and geography.

Key features include:

• Comprehensive analysis of carbon credit markets and pricing mechanisms
• Detailed technology assessments and commercialization roadmaps
• In-depth coverage of over 140 companies shaping the industry. Companies profiled include 3R-BioPhosphate, 44.01, 8Rivers, AirCapture, Air Liquide, Air Quality Solutions, AspiraDAC, Avnos, Banyu Carbon, BC Biocarbon, Biochar Now, Bio-Logica Carbon, Biomacon, Biosorra, Blusink, Brineworks, Calcin8 Technologies, Cambridge Carbon Capture, Capchar, Captura Corporation, Captur Tower, Capture6, Carba, Carbon Blade, Carbon Blue, Carbon CANTONNE, Carbon Capture Inc., Carbon Clean, Carbon Collect, CarbonCure Technologies, CarbonFree, CarbonQuest, CarbonStar Systems, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Reform, CarbonZero, Carbyon, Charm Industrial, Chiyoda Corporation, Clairity Technology, Climeworks, CO280, CO2CirculAir, Cool Planet Energy, CREW Carbon, C-Quester, Cquestr8, Decarbontek, Deep Sky, Drax, Ebb Carbon, EcoCera, EcoLocked, Eion Carbon, E-Quester, Equatic, Equinor, Freres Biochar, Funga, GigaBlue, Graphyte, Grassroots Biochar, GreenCap Solutions, Green Sequest, Greenlyte Carbon Technologies, Gulf Coast Sequestration, Heimdal CCU, Heirloom Carbon Technologies, High Hopes Labs, Holy Grail, Hydrocell, Hyvegeo, Infinitree, InnoSepra, Inplanet, InterEarth, ION Clean Energy, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Levidian Nanosystems, Limenet, Lithos Carbon, Mantel Capture, Mercurius Biorefining, Minera Systems, Mission Zero Technologies, MOFWORX, Mosaic Materials, Myno Carbon, NEG8 Carbon, NeoCarbon, NetZero, Neustark, Nevel, Novocarbo, novoMOF, Noya, Nuada Carbon Capture, Occidental Petroleum, OCOchem, Octavia Carbon, Onnu, Parallel Carbon and more.
• Analysis of policy frameworks and regulatory environments
• Environmental impact and sustainability considerations
• Strategic insights into market opportunities and challenges
• Regional market analysis covering major global regions
• Detailed cost analysis and economic viability assessments

The report provides particular focus on emerging technologies and innovative approaches, including mineralization-based CDR, soil carbon sequestration, and hybrid solutions. It examines the crucial role of carbon markets, pricing mechanisms, and verification systems in driving industry growth.

Extended coverage includes:

• Technology readiness levels across all CDR approaches
• Supply chain analysis and value chain optimization
• Investment trends and funding analysis
• Corporate commitments and market drivers
• Infrastructure requirements and deployment challenges
• Environmental impact assessments
• Policy and regulatory frameworks

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• 1.2. CO2 as a commodity
• 1.3. History and evolution of carbon markets
• 1.4. Meeting climate targets
• 1.5. Mitigation costs of CDR technologies
• 1.6. Market map
• 1.7. CDR in voluntary carbon markets
• 1.8. CDR investments
• 1.9. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
• 1.10. Market size
  • 1.10.1. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology
  • 1.10.2. DACCS Carbon Removal
  • 1.10.3. BECCS Carbon Removal
  • 1.10.4. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal
  • 1.10.5. Mineralization Carbon Removal
  • 1.10.6. Ocean-based Carbon Removal

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. Conventional CDR on land
  • 2.1.1. Wetland and peatland restoration
  • 2.1.2. Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
• 2.2. Main CDR methods
• 2.3. Novel CDR methods
• 2.4. Market drivers
• 2.5. Value chain
• 2.6. Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies

3. CARBON CREDITS

• 3.1. Description
• 3.2. Carbon pricing
• 3.3. Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
• 3.4. Carbon credit certification
• 3.5. Carbon registries
• 3.6. Carbon credit quality
• 3.7. Voluntary Carbon Credits
  • 3.7.1. Definition
  • 3.7.2. Purchasing
  • 3.7.3. Market players
  • 3.7.4. Pricing
• 3.8. Compliance Carbon Credits
  • 3.8.1. Definition
  • 3.8.2. Market players
  • 3.8.3. Pricing
• 3.9. Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
• 3.10. Corporate commitments
• 3.11. Increasing government support and regulations
• 3.12. Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
• 3.13. Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
• 3.14. Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
  • 3.14.1. Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
  • 3.14.2. Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
  • 3.14.3. Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
• 3.15. Certification
• 3.16. Challenges and risks
• 3.17. Market size

4. BIOMASS WITH CARBON REMOVAL AND STORAGE (BICRS)

• 4.1. Feedstocks
• 4.2. BiCRS Conversion Pathways
• 4.3. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
  • 4.3.1. Biomass conversion
  • 4.3.2. CO2 capture technologies
  • 4.3.3. BECCS facilities
  • 4.3.4. Cost analysis
  • 4.3.5. BECCS carbon credits
  • 4.3.6. Challenges
• 4.4. BIOCHAR
  • 4.4.1. What is biochar?
  • 4.4.2. Properties of biochar
  • 4.4.3. Feedstocks
  • 4.4.4. Production processes
    • 4.4.4.1. Sustainable production
    • 4.4.4.2. Pyrolysis
    • 4.4.4.3. Gasification
    • 4.4.4.4. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
    • 4.4.4.5. Torrefaction
    • 4.4.4.6. Equipment manufacturers
  • 4.4.5. Biochar pricing
  • 4.4.6. Biochar carbon credits
    • 4.4.6.1. Overview
    • 4.4.6.2. Removal and reduction credits
    • 4.4.6.3. The advantage of biochar
    • 4.4.6.4. Prices
    • 4.4.6.5. Buyers of biochar credits
    • 4.4.6.6. Competitive materials and technologies
• 4.5. Approaches beyond BECCS and biochar
  • 4.5.1. Bio-oil based CDR
  • 4.5.2. Integration of biomass-derived carbon into steel and concrete
  • 4.5.3. Bio-based construction materials for CDR

5. DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACCS)

• 5.1. Description
• 5.2. Deployment
• 5.3. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
• 5.4. DAC and other Energy Sources
• 5.5. Deployment and Scale-Up
• 5.6. Costs
• 5.7. Technologies
  • 5.7.1. Solid sorbents
  • 5.7.2. Liquid sorbents
  • 5.7.3. Liquid solvents
  • 5.7.4. Airflow equipment integration
  • 5.7.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
  • 5.7.6. Direct conversion
  • 5.7.7. Co-product generation
  • 5.7.8. Low Temperature DAC
  • 5.7.9. Regeneration methods
  • 5.7.10. Commercialization and plants
  • 5.7.11. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
• 5.8. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
• 5.9. Markets for DAC
• 5.10. Cost analysis
• 5.11. Challenges
• 5.12. SWOT analysis
• 5.13. Players and production

6. MINERALIZATION-BASED CDR

• 6.1. Overview
• 6.2. Storage in CO2-Derived Concrete
• 6.3. Oxide Looping
• 6.4. Enhanced Weathering
  • 6.4.1. Overview
  • 6.4.2. Benefits
  • 6.4.3. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
  • 6.4.4. Applications
  • 6.4.5. Commercial activity and companies
  • 6.4.6. Challenges and Risks
• 6.5. Cost analysis
• 6.6. SWOT analysis

7. AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION

• 7.1. Overview
• 7.2. Carbon dioxide removal methods
  • 7.2.1. Nature-based CDR
  • 7.2.2. Land-based CDR
• 7.3. Technologies
  • 7.3.1. Remote Sensing
  • 7.3.2. Drone technology and robotics
  • 7.3.3. Automated forest fire detection systems
  • 7.3.4. AI/ML
  • 7.3.5. Genetics
• 7.4. Trends and Opportunities
• 7.5. Challenges and Risks
• 7.6. SWOT analysis

8. SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION (SCS)

• 8.1. Overview
• 8.2. Practices
• 8.3. Measuring and Verifying
• 8.4. Companies
• 8.5. Trends and Opportunities
• 8.6. Carbon credits
• 8.7. Challenges and Risks
• 8.8. SWOT analysis

9. OCEAN-BASED CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

• 9.1. Overview
• 9.2. CO2 capture from seawater
• 9.3. Ocean fertilisation
  • 9.3.1. Biotic Methods
  • 9.3.2. Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
  • 9.3.3. Algal Cultivation
  • 9.3.4. Artificial Upwelling
• 9.4. Ocean alkalinisation
  • 9.4.1. Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
  • 9.4.2. Direct Ocean Capture
  • 9.4.3. Artificial Downwelling
• 9.5. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
• 9.6. Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
• 9.7. Trends and Opportunities
• 9.8. Ocean-based carbon credits
• 9.9. Cost analysis
• 9.10. Challenges and Risks
• 9.11. SWOT analysis
• 9.12. Companies

10. COMPANY PROFILES (143 company profiles)

11. ABBREVIATIONS

12. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

13. REFERENCES