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3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクスの世界市場：2024年～2031年

Global 3D Printed Electronics Market - 2024-2031

出版日
ページ情報
英文 203 Pages
納期
即日から翌営業日
カスタマイズ可能
適宜更新あり
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=146.99円
3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクスの世界市場：2024年～2031年
出版日: 2024年11月08日
発行: DataM Intelligence
ページ情報: 英文 203 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
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概要

概要

3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクスの世界市場は、2023年に93億5,000万米ドルに達し、2031年には280億7,000万米ドルに達すると予測され、予測期間2024-2031年のCAGRは14.73%で成長します。

3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクス市場は、産業界が電子部品を製造するための効率的で個別化された選択肢を求めているため、急速に成長しています。付加製造技術を利用する3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクスは、複雑な回路や部品を基板上に直接作成することを可能にし、材料の無駄や製造時間を削減します。この方法は、家電、自動車、航空宇宙などの業界において、小型で適応性が高く軽量な電子機器に対するニーズの高まりに沿ったものです。

市場の成長を後押ししているのは、導電性と耐久性を高める先端材料と印刷技術の研究開発への投資の増加です。欧州連合（EU）が制定した電子機器製造や環境コンプライアンスなどの規制基準は、製品の品質と安全性を保証するガイドラインを設定することで市場の成長を後押ししており、さまざまな用途での3Dプリント電子機器の採用を促しています。

アジア太平洋は、中国、日本、韓国などの国々の技術進歩に牽引され、3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクスの市場が最も急成長しています。これらの国々の自動車およびエレクトロニクス製造セクターは、ラピッドプロトタイピングとマスカスタマイゼーションに3Dプリントを活用しています。さらに、アジア太平洋地域の技術投資は2025年までに年間1兆5,000億米ドルを超えると予想されており、その大部分はエレクトロニクスと製造部門に割り当てられています。このような経済環境は、3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクス技術の急速な導入を支え、この市場における同地域のリーダーシップを牽引しています。

ダイナミクス

多様な産業にわたる技術革新と需要

3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクス市場は、技術革新と自動車、航空宇宙、ヘルスケア、コンシューマーエレクトロニクスなどの分野での採用増加により、急速に拡大しています。洗練された3Dプリンティング手法により、パーソナライズされたデザインの複雑な電子部品の製造が可能になり、多用途性と製造所要時間の短縮が実現します。これは、迅速なプロトタイピングと少量生産を必要とする業界にとって不可欠です。

さらに、医療機器やウェアラブル技術では、より小型で効果的な部品のニーズに応えるため、3Dプリントされたセンサーや回路を使用する傾向が高まっています。研究開発（R&D）への投資が増加していることも、市場成長に影響を与える主な要因です。例えば、世界の研究開発費は2024年に約3.6%成長し、2兆6,000億米ドルを超えると予測されており、エレクトロニクスと製造技術革新にかなりの割合が割り当てられています。これは、3Dプリンティング材料と技術の進歩をサポートし、エレクトロニクスにおける消費者ニーズと規制要件の変化に産業が適応することを可能にします。

カスタマイズと持続可能性が市場成長を牽引

3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクス市場は、カスタマイズと持続可能な製造慣行に対する需要の高まりにより、大幅な成長を遂げています。特定の用途向けにカスタム電子部品を作成する能力は、効率的で軽量な設計が重要な自動車や航空宇宙分野で極めて重要です。また、この能力は、フレキシブル・エレクトロニクスやウェアラブル・エレクトロニクスなどの次世代デバイスの製造をサポートし、ユーザー・エクスペリエンスと機能性を向上させる。

同様に、持続可能な製造へのシフトも、電子廃棄物削減への世界の取り組みが強化される中、市場の成長を後押ししています。国連訓練調査研究所（UNITAR）によると、2022年には6,200万トン（Mt）の電子廃棄物が発生し、2010年から82%増加しました。3Dプリンテッドエレクトロニクス市場は、材料の廃棄を最小限に抑え、循環型経済モデルをサポートする積層造形技術を通じてこの問題に対処する立場にあり、環境に優しいイノベーションを目指す業界にとってますます魅力的なソリューションとなっています。

高い製造コストとメンテナンスコスト

3Dプリンティング機器のコストは大きく異なり、産業グレードのプリンターの価格は、技術や機能によって米国内で50,000米ドルから500,000米ドルに及ぶ。価格の不安定さは、サプライチェーンの中断や、導電性インクや基板などのハイテク材料の必要性によって悪化しています。導電性スクリーン印刷インキの価格は1リットル当たり米国500～1500米ドルであり、総製造費用に大きく影響します。

さらに、産業用印刷機では、市場で入手可能な他の選択肢よりも高価なサービス契約や特殊材料が必要になることが多いため、年間のメンテナンス費用が大幅に増加する可能性があります。高度な機器を効果的に使用するためには特別な指導が必要なため、3Dプリンティング技術の導入に関心のある企業にとっては、初期投資がかさむことになり、経済的な責任はさらに重くなります。

目次

第1章 調査手法と調査範囲

第2章 定義と概要

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 市場力学

  • 影響要因
    • 促進要因
      • 多様な産業における技術革新と需要
      • 市場成長を牽引するカスタマイズと持続可能性
    • 抑制要因
      • 高い生産コストとメンテナンスコスト
    • 機会
    • 影響分析

第5章 産業分析

  • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • サプライチェーン分析
  • 価格分析
  • 規制分析
  • ロシア・ウクライナ戦争影響分析
  • DMIの見解

第6章 技術別

  • インクジェット印刷
  • スクリーン印刷
  • グラビア印刷
  • フレキソ印刷
  • その他

第7章 タイプ別

  • アンテナ
  • センサー
  • プリント基板
  • ミッド
  • その他

第8章 用途別

  • ディスプレイ
  • 太陽光発電
  • RFID
  • その他

第9章 エンドユーザー別

  • 航空宇宙・防衛
  • コンシューマー・エレクトロニクス
  • 医療
  • 自動車
  • 電気通信
  • その他

第10章 持続可能性分析

  • 環境分析
  • 経済分析
  • ガバナンス分析

第11章 地域別

  • 北米
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州
      • ドイツ
      • 英国
      • フランス
      • イタリア
      • スペイン
      • その他欧州
    • 南米
      • ブラジル
      • アルゼンチン
      • その他南米
  • アジア太平洋
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 日本
    • オーストラリア
    • その他アジア太平洋地域
  • 中東・アフリカ

第12章 競合情勢

  • 競合シナリオ
  • 市況/シェア分析
  • M&A分析

第13章 企業プロファイル

  • LG Chem.
    • 会社概要
    • 製品ポートフォリオと説明
    • 財務概要
    • 主な発展
  • HP Development Company, L.P.
  • DuPont
  • Molex, LLC
  • Nissha Co. Ltd.
  • BASF
  • Nova Centrix
  • E Ink Holdings
  • The Cubbison Company
  • Pasternack Enterprises Inc.

第14章 付録

目次
Product Code: ICT661

Overview

Global 3D Printed Electronics Market reached US$ 9.35 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 28.07 billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 14.73% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

The market for 3D-printed electronics is quickly growing as industries look for efficient, personalized options for making electronic components. Utilizing additive manufacturing technology, 3D-printed electronics enable the creation of complex circuitry and components directly onto substrates, reducing material waste and production time. This method is in line with the increasing need for small, adaptable and lightweight electronic gadgets in industries like consumer electronics, automotive and aerospace.

The market's growth is fueled by increasing investments in research and development for advanced materials and printing techniques, which enhance conductivity and durability. Regulatory standards, such as those established by the European Union for electronic manufacturing and environmental compliance, are aiding market growth by setting guidelines that guarantee product quality and safety, encouraging the adoption of 3D-printed electronics in different uses.

Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing market for 3D-printed electronics, driven by technological advancements in countries such as China, Japan and South Korea. The automotive and electronics manufacturing sectors in these countries are leveraging 3D printing for rapid prototyping and mass customization. Furthermore, the technology investments in the Asia-Pacific region are expected to exceed US$ 1.5 trillion annually by 2025, with a significant portion allocated to the electronics and manufacturing sectors. This economic environment supports the rapid adoption of 3D-printed electronics technologies, driving the region's leadership in this market.

Dynamics

Technological Innovations and Demand Across Diverse Industries

The 3D-printed electronics market is expanding rapidly, driven by technological innovations and increasing adoption across sectors such as automotive, aerospace, healthcare and consumer electronics. Sophisticated 3D printing methods enable the production of intricate electronic parts with personalized designs, providing versatility and decreasing production turnaround times. This is essential for industries requiring rapid prototyping and low-volume production.

Moreover, there is a growing trend in the use of 3D-printed sensors and circuits in medical devices and wearable technology to meet the need for smaller and more effective components. The increasing investment in research and development (R&D) is a major factor affecting the market growth. For instance, global R&D spending is projected to grow by approximately 3.6% in 2024, reaching over US$ 2.6 trillion, with a substantial share allocated to electronics and manufacturing innovation. It supports progress in 3D printing materials and technologies, allowing industries to adapt to changing consumer needs and regulatory requirements in electronics.

Customization and Sustainability Driving Market Growth

The 3D-printed electronics market is witnessing substantial growth due to the increasing demand for customization and sustainable manufacturing practices. The capacity to create custom electronic components for specific uses is extremely important in the automotive and aerospace sectors, where efficient, lightweight designs are crucial. This capability also supports the production of next-generation devices, such as flexible and wearable electronics, enhancing user experience and functionality.

Similarly, the shift towards sustainable manufacturing has also fueled market growth, as global efforts to reduce electronic waste intensify. According to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), 62 million tonnes (Mt) of e-waste was produced in 2022, up 82% from 2010. The 3D-printed electronics market is positioned to address this issue through additive manufacturing techniques that minimize material waste and support circular economy models, making it an increasingly attractive solution for industries striving for eco-friendly innovation.

High Production and Maintenance Costs

The cost of 3D printing equipment varies significantly, with prices for industrial-grade printers ranging between US$ 50,000 and US$ 500,000, depending on the technology and capabilities. The instability in prices is aggravated by supply chain interruptions and the need for high-tech materials such as conductive inks and substrates. The price for a liter of conductive screen printing ink is between US$ 500 and US$ 1500 per liter, greatly affecting the total manufacturing expenses.

Furthermore, annual maintenance expenses can increase significantly, as industrial printers often necessitate service contracts and special materials which are more expensive than other options available in the market. The financial responsibility is increased by the need for specific instruction to effectively use advanced equipment, leading to a higher initial investment for companies interested in incorporating 3D printing technologies

Segment Analysis

The global 3D printed electronics market is segmented based on technology, type, application, end-user and region.

Necessity For Lightweight, Effective Parts From Aerospace Sector

The Aerospace & Defense sector is experiencing an increase in requests for 3D-printed electronics due to developments in additive manufacturing technology and the necessity for lightweight, effective parts. 3D-printed electronics enable the production of complex, customized parts with integrated circuits, reducing the weight of aircraft and defense equipment while enhancing performance. The industry experiences advantages in quicker prototyping and reduced production expenses when compared to conventional manufacturing techniques, leading to increased usage among aerospace and defense manufacturers.

Total global military expenditure reached US$ 2443 billion in 2023, an increase of 6.8% in real terms from 2022, reflecting a focus on modernization and technological innovation. Countries such as the US, with a defense budget of approximately US$ 841.4 billion in 2024 and China, spending around US$ 236 billion, are investing in advanced manufacturing solutions, including 3D-printed electronics, to optimize capabilities.

Geographical Penetration

North America's Favorable Environment for 3D Printing Technology

The North American region is expected to lead the 3D-printed electronics market, driven by the rapid adoption across sectors like aerospace, automotive, consumer electronics and healthcare in the United States and Canada. Tax benefits and funding for research and development provided by the government help to enhance the growth and acceptance of 3D printing technologies within the electronics manufacturing sector.

The automotive sector, particularly in US, has seen a surge in using 3D-printed components, with a significant increase in adoption from 2022 to 2023. Furthermore, the aerospace sector gains advantages from collaborations with groups such as NASA, incorporating 3D-printed electronics into advancements in satellites and spacecraft. In Canada, the healthcare sector increasingly utilizes 3D-printed medical devices, with projected market growth.

Moreover, US Department of Energy announced US$ 22 million to 12 state-run programs to accelerate smart manufacturing and technology development initiatives, fostering a supportive environment for 3D-printed electronics. The regional GDP growth of rate in 2023 further bolsters investment and innovation, positioning North America as a leading hub in the market.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include LG Chem, HP Development Company, L.P., DuPont, Molex, LLC, Nissha Co., Ltd., BASF, Nova Centrix, E Ink Holdings, The Cubbison Company and Pasternack Enterprises Inc.

Sustainability Analysis

The 3D-printed electronics market is increasingly integrating sustainability into its technological advancements, driven by demand from sectors such as automotive, aerospace and consumer electronics for eco-friendly manufacturing solutions. Companies are concentrating on advancing 3D printing technologies that cut down on waste and energy usage, by worldwide carbon reduction targets. For instance, Nano Dimension offers inkjet-based 3D printing systems designed to optimize material usage while minimizing the environmental impact of production.

According to the Global Electronics Sustainability Organization (GESO), there is a growing shift towards using biodegradable and recyclable materials in 3D-printed electronics as companies aim to comply with sustainability regulations. GESO emphasizes the importance of 3D-printed electronics in reducing material waste and energy usage, especially in the automotive and aerospace sectors, where there is a need for lightweight and effective parts. Governments are also incentivizing eco-friendly manufacturing with tax benefits and grants, supporting the adoption of sustainable 3D printing technologies.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact

The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has significantly influenced the 3D-printed electronics industry, particularly in Europe. With the changing geopolitical landscape, there is an increasing need for cutting-edge manufacturing technologies and 3D printing is becoming a crucial part of the supply chain. This increase is driven by the necessity for rapid prototyping and production of essential components, particularly for defense applications.

Furthermore, with the goal of reducing supply chain disruptions from the war, companies are increasingly interested in producing goods locally. This shift is expected to lead to a 20% increase in investment in 3D printing technologies within the region over the next five years, enabling manufacturers to produce components closer to their operational bases and reduce reliance on external suppliers.

By Technology

  • Inkjet Printing
  • Screen Printing
  • Gravure Printing
  • Flexographic Printing
  • Others

By Type

  • Antenna
  • Sensor
  • PCB
  • MID
  • Others

By Application

  • Displays
  • Photovoltaic
  • RFID
  • Others

By End-User

  • Aerospace & Defense
  • Consumer Electronics
  • Medical
  • Automotive
  • Telecom
  • Others

Region

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In October 2024, Brewer Science presented at the InterPACK 2024 conference, highlighting the importance of innovative materials for additive electronics. They emphasized the need for low-loss dielectric materials to enhance the performance of miniaturized electronic devices. This innovation aims to strengthen the domestic supply chain in US and improve manufacturing processes in electronics.
  • In April 2022, E-Ink launched the E-Ink Kaleido 3, which enhances eReaders and eNotes with improved display capabilities, featuring 16 levels of greyscale and a color palette of 4096 colors. This new version offers a 30% increase in color saturation over the E-Ink Kaleido Plus, reflecting the growing trend of integrating 3D printing technologies into consumer electronics for enhanced functionality and performance.
  • In January 2022, Nano Dimension announced its acquisition of UK-based company Inkjet Systems Ltd. for approximately US$ 18.1 million. This strategic move aims to enhance Nano Dimension's capabilities in the 3D printing hardware sector, particularly in advancing its inkjet technology for electronics.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global 3D printed electronics market segmentation based on technology, type, application, end-user and region.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel spreadsheet containing a comprehensive dataset of the 3D printed electronics market, covering all levels of segmentation.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global 3D printed electronics market report would provide approximately 70 tables, 70 figures and 203 pages.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Technology
  • 3.2. Snippet by Type
  • 3.3. Snippet by Application
  • 3.4. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.5. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Technological Innovations and Demand Across Diverse Industries
      • 4.1.1.2. Customization and Sustainability Driving Market Growth
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. High Production and Maintenance Costs
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. By Technology

  • 6.1. Introduction
    • 6.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 6.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Technology
  • 6.2. Inkjet Printing*
    • 6.2.1. Introduction
      • 6.2.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 6.2.2. Screen Printing
    • 6.2.3. Gravure Printing
    • 6.2.4. Flexographic Printing
    • 6.2.5. Others

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Antenna*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Sensor
  • 7.4. PCB
  • 7.5. MID
  • 7.6. Others

8. By Application

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 8.2. Displays*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Photovoltaic
  • 8.4. RFID
  • 8.5. Others

9. By End-User

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 9.2. Aerospace & Defense*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Consumer Electronics
  • 9.4. Medical
  • 9.5. Automotive
  • 9.6. Telecom
  • 9.7. Others

10. Sustainability Analysis

  • 10.1. Environmental Analysis
  • 10.2. Economic Analysis
  • 10.3. Governance Analysis

11. By Region

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 11.2. North America
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.2.7.1. US
      • 11.2.7.2. Canada
      • 11.2.7.3. Mexico
  • 11.3. Europe
    • 11.3.1. Introduction
    • 11.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.3.7.1. Germany
      • 11.3.7.2. UK
      • 11.3.7.3. France
      • 11.3.7.4. Italy
      • 11.3.7.5. Spain
      • 11.3.7.6. Rest of Europe
    • 11.3.8. South America
    • 11.3.9. Introduction
    • 11.3.10. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.3.11. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.3.12. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.3.13. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.3.14. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.3.15. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.3.15.1. Brazil
      • 11.3.15.2. Argentina
      • 11.3.15.3. Rest of South America
  • 11.4. Asia-Pacific
    • 11.4.1. Introduction
    • 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 11.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.4.7.1. China
      • 11.4.7.2. India
      • 11.4.7.3. Japan
      • 11.4.7.4. Australia
      • 11.4.7.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 11.5. Middle East and Africa
    • 11.5.1. Introduction
    • 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

12. Competitive Landscape

  • 12.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. LG Chem.*
    • 13.1.1. Company Overview
    • 13.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 13.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 13.1.4. Key Developments
  • 13.2. HP Development Company, L.P.
  • 13.3. DuPont
  • 13.4. Molex, LLC
  • 13.5. Nissha Co. Ltd.
  • 13.6. BASF
  • 13.7. Nova Centrix
  • 13.8. E Ink Holdings
  • 13.9. The Cubbison Company
  • 13.10. Pasternack Enterprises Inc.

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. About Us and Services
  • 14.2. Contact Us