白色セメントの世界市場-2023年～2030年

概要

世界の白色セメント市場は、2022年に61億米ドルに達し、2023～2030年の予測期間中にCAGR 6.2％で成長し、2030年には98億米ドルに達すると予測されています。

白色セメント市場は、美的嗜好と環境への配慮を含む様々な要因の融合により、近年一貫した拡大を見せています。白色セメントは、その際立った明るさと多用途性が特徴で、建設分野で幅広く使用されています。その魅力は、視覚的に魅惑的な表面を作り出す能力にあり、屋内外の用途で好まれる選択肢となっています。

さらに、環境に優しい建設資材に対する需要の高まりが、白色セメント市場をさらに後押ししています。従来の灰色セメントに比べ、耐久性、耐候性に優れ、二酸化炭素排出量を削減できるため、持続可能性を優先する建設現場にとって魅力的な選択肢となっています。

ポルトランドセメント規格の白色セメントは、市場シェアの36％以上を占めています。同様に、アジア太平洋が白色セメント市場を独占しており、1/3以上の最大シェアを占めています。中国がアジア太平洋を支配しているのは、自国経済の成長を促進するために、様々な企業に対して莫大な投資が行われているためです。

ダイナミクス

持続可能な建設への注目

持続可能な建設慣行は、白色セメント市場の拡大に大きな影響を及ぼしています。これは、環境への関心が高まり、エネルギー効率が高く環境に優しい建築物の必要性が高まっているためです。特に白色セメントは、いくつかの理由から持続可能な建設において脚光を浴びています。

白色セメントの顕著な反射特性は、都市部におけるヒートアイランド現象の緩和に極めて重要な役割を果たしています。持続可能な建設プロジェクトでは、太陽光をより多く反射することでエネルギー効率を向上させ、冷房コストを削減するために、白色セメントのような材料を採用するケースが増えています。

地球はインフラを切実に必要としており、道路と電力を合わせると、インフラ不足の75％を占めています。世界経済フォーラムは、2040年までに世界で79兆米ドルがインフラに投資されると予測しており、その大部分は道路建設に充てられます。白色セメントは、夜間の視認性を向上させ、受動的な交通安全を提供するため、高速道路だけでなく、交通障壁にも利用されています。白色セメント市場は、道路への投資の増加によって支えられると思われます。

白色セメントはリサイクル可能であり、特定の用途では従来のセメントの代替品として頻繁に使用され、建設努力による環境への影響を軽減することができます。持続可能な建設は、建物に関連する二酸化炭素排出量を最小限に抑えることを目的としています。一般的に、白色セメントの生産は灰色セメントの生産に比べてCO2排出量が少なく、より環境に優しい選択となります。

住宅需要、不動産ブーム、大規模インフラプロジェクト

新興国は、急速な都市化と人口増加の渦中にあります。拡大する都市景観は、現代的でデザイン性の高いインフラを必要とします。白色セメントは、装飾コンクリート、クラッディング、プレハブ部品など、様々なインフラストラクチャーに応用され、都市環境の需要に応える、視覚的に魅惑的で耐久性のある構造物を構想しています。

白色セメントメーカーは絶えず進化し、製品ポートフォリオの拡大に取り組んでいます。2022年6月、JKCement WallMaYYは、インドトップの壁用パテブランドとしての地位を維持するため、デジタル・ファースト・マーケティングを開始しました。同社は、メッセージを広めるために360度戦略を選択し、ソーシャルメディア上の面白くて目的にかなったフィルムのコレクションから始めました。

この広告キャンペーンでは、トップの座を維持することは喜ばしいことだが、同時に顧客の生活を向上させる義務も伴うという考えを強調しています。そのため、JKCement WallMaYYは、優れた製品を使用することで顧客の生活を向上させ、顧客との関係を確立することを目指しています。JKCementWallMaYYは、「美しい壁をつくる」という約束に裏打ちされたJKCementWallMaYYの優位性を独創的に示し、どの壁用パテが自分の家に最適か戸惑うことのないようにしています。

多くの新興国は、経済成長を観光に依存しています。観光客を魅了し、忘れられない体験を提供するために、これらの国は観光関連のインフラに投資しています。ホテル、リゾート、博物館、文化センターなどの建設には、美観と弾力性が最も重要な意味を持つ白色セメントが頻繁に使用されています。

白色セメントに対する認識と馴染みの薄さ

白色セメント市場の障害となっているのは、消費者、建築家、建設専門家といった利害関係者の間で、白色セメントに対する認識や馴染みが十分でないことです。白色セメントは、より一般的な灰色セメントとは対照的に、その特性、利点、潜在的な用途について比較的理解されていないです。このような認識不足のために、白色セメントの美観や実用的な利点を享受することができず、白色セメントが建設プロジェクトで十分に利用されなかったり、利用されなかったりすることが多いです。

さらに、白色セメントは灰色セメントに比べてコストが高い、耐久性が低いといった誤解が、潜在的な使用者の意欲を削いでいます。建築家や設計者は、価格や性能に関する先入観から、プロジェクトに白色セメントを指定することをためらうかもしれないです。

生産コストの上昇と原材料の不足

白色セメント市場の大きな課題は、製造コストの高騰と、白色セメント製造に必要な必須原材料の入手が限られていることです。石灰石や粘土のような一般的な原料に主に依存する灰色セメントとは異なり、白色セメントの生産は、白色石灰石、カオリン、白色シリカのような純粋な投入物を必要とします。これらの原料は、灰色セメント製造に使われるものよりも豊富でなく、高コストであることが多いです。

白色セメントの製造工程は特に厳しく、最終製品の白色度や品質を損なう不純物を排除するため、綿密な品質管理が要求されます。この厳格な製造工程が、白色セメントの製造コスト上昇の一因となっています。さらに、高品質の白色石灰岩の埋蔵地が特定の地域に限られていることが、製造上の課題をさらに悪化させる可能性があります。

目次

第1章 調査手法と調査範囲

第2章 定義と概要

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 市場力学

• 影響要因
  • 促進要因
    • 持続可能な建設への注目
    • 住宅需要、不動産ブーム、巨大インフラプロジェクト
  • 抑制要因
    • 白色セメントに対する認識と馴染みの不足
    • 生産コストの上昇と原材料の不足
  • 機会
  • 影響分析

第5章 産業分析

• ポーターのファイブフォース分析
• サプライチェーン分析
• 価格分析
• 規制分析
• ロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響分析
• DMI意見

第6章 COVID-19分析

第7章 規格別

• ポートランド
• 石造
• その他

第8章 用途別

• 住宅用
• 商業
• インフラ
• 産業用

第9章 地域別

• 北米
  • 米国
  • カナダ
  • メキシコ
• 欧州
  • ドイツ
  • 英国
  • フランス
  • イタリア
  • ロシア
  • その他欧州
• 南米
  • ブラジル
  • アルゼンチン
  • その他南米
• アジア太平洋
  • 中国
  • インド
  • 日本
  • オーストラリア
  • その他アジア太平洋地域
• 中東・アフリカ

第10章 競合情勢

• 競合シナリオ
• 市況/シェア分析
• M&A分析

第11章 企業プロファイル

• Dangote Cement Saveh White Cement Co.
  • 会社概要
  • 製品ポートフォリオと説明
  • 財務概要
  • 最近の動向
• Cementir Holding
• JK Cement Ltd.
• Cimsa Cimento Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.
• CEMEX S.A.B. de C.V.
• Federal White Cement Ltd.
• Cementos Portland Valderrivas
• Royal White Cement Inc.
• Aditya Birla Ultratech Cement Ltd.
• Ras Al Khaimah Cement Company

第12章 付録

Overview

Global White Cement Market reached US$ 6.1 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 9.8 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The white cement market has seen a consistent expansion in recent times, attributed to a blend of factors that encompass aesthetic preferences and environmental consciousness. Distinguished by its remarkable brightness and versatility, white cement has garnered extensive usage within the construction sector. Its appeal lies in its capacity to create visually captivating surfaces, making it a favored choice for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Moreover, the mounting demand for eco-friendly construction materials has further propelled the white cement market. Its durability, resistance to weathering and reduced carbon footprint when compared to traditional gray cement positions it as an appealing option for construction practices that prioritize sustainability.

The Portland cement standard of white cement accounts for over 36% of the market share. Similarly, Asia-Pacific dominates the white cement market, capturing the largest market share of over 1/3rd. Owing to a substantial part of the enormous investments made throughout a range of enterprises that promote the growth of its economy, China dominates the Asia-Pacific.

Dynamics

Focus on Sustainable Construction

Sustainable construction practices are exerting a significant influence on the expansion of the white cement market. It is due to the increasing concern for the environment and the necessity for buildings that are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly. White cement, in particular, is gaining prominence in sustainable construction for several reasons.

White cement's remarkable reflectivity properties play a pivotal role in mitigating the heat island effect in urban areas. Sustainable construction projects are increasingly adopting materials like white cement to improve energy efficiency by reflecting more sunlight and subsequently reducing cooling costs.

The globe has a dire requirement for infrastructure, roads and electricity together account for 75 percent of that infrastructure deficit. By 2040, the World Economic Forum projects that US$79 trillion will be invested globally in infrastructure, a large portion of which will go toward building roads. White cement is being utilized in traffic barriers as well as highways because it improves visibility at night and offers passive traffic safety. The market for white cement will be supported by the rising investment in roadways.

White cement can be recycled and it can frequently serve as a substitute for conventional cement in certain applications, reducing the environmental impact of construction endeavors. Sustainable construction endeavors aim to minimize the carbon footprint associated with buildings. Typically, white cement production emits fewer CO2 emissions compared to the production of gray cement, making it a more eco-friendly selection.

Housing Demand, Real Estate Boom and Mega Infrastructure Projects

Emerging economies find themselves in the throes of rapid urbanization and population expansion. The expanding urban landscapes necessitate contemporary, well-designed infrastructure. White cement finds application across various infrastructure facets, encompassing decorative concrete, cladding and prefabricated components, to conceive visually captivating and enduring structures that cater to the exigencies of urban settings.

The white cement manufacturers are continuously evolving and working on their expansion of product portfolios. In June 2022, To maintain its status as India's top wall putty brand, JKCement WallMaYY started a digital-first marketing. The company has chosen a 360-degree strategy to spread the message, starting with a collection of amusing and purposeful films on social media.

The advertising campaign emphasizes the idea that while holding the top spot can make you feel pleased, it also carries with it the obligation to improve the lives of your customers. Because of this, JKCement WallMaYY aims to establish a relationship with customers by enhancing their lives via the use of superior products. It ingeniously demonstrates JKCement WallMaYY's superiority, which is backed by a promise to produce beautiful walls, so that no homeowner will ever be perplexed about which wall putty is best for their home.

Numerous emerging economies hinge their economic growth on tourism. To allure tourists and provide them with an indelible experience, these nations invest in tourism-related infrastructure. White cement frequently graces the construction of hotels, resorts, museums and cultural centers, where aesthetics and resilience hold paramount significance.

Insufficient Awareness and Familiarity with White Cement

hindrance in the white cement market is the inadequate level of awareness and familiarity with white cement among stakeholders such as consumers, architects and construction professionals. White cement, in contrast to the more prevalent gray cement, remains relatively less understood in terms of its characteristics, benefits and potential applications. It lack of awareness often results in the underutilization or omission of white cement from construction projects, missing out on its aesthetic and practical advantages.

Furthermore, certain misconceptions about white cement, such as concerns about its higher costs or perceived lower durability compared to gray cement, can discourage potential users. Architects and designers may hesitate to specify white cement in their projects due to preconceived notions about its price or performance.

Elevated Production Costs and Scarce Raw Materials

A substantial challenge in the white cement market arises from the heightened production costs and the limited availability of essential raw materials needed for white cement manufacturing. Unlike gray cement, which predominantly relies on common raw materials such as limestone and clay, white cement production demands purer inputs like white limestone, kaolin and white silica. The materials are often less abundant and come at a higher cost than those used in gray cement production.

The manufacturing process for white cement is particularly demanding, requiring meticulous quality control measures to eliminate impurities that could compromise the final product's whiteness and quality. It rigorous production process contributes to the elevated production costs associated with white cement. Furthermore, the restricted accessibility of high-quality white limestone deposits in specific geographical regions can further exacerbate production challenges.

Segment Analysis

The global white cement market is segmented based on standard, application and region.

Residential Industry Expansion Fuel Surge in White Cement Market

The residential segment held 34.1% of the global market share. The finishing of modern and avant-garde design homes has made white cement a prominent building material in recent years. One of the major demand sectors for white cement in the world is the residential sector. The market during the forecast years is anticipated to be driven by rising new residential building construction due to rising middle-class disposable income.

Due to the Chinese and India's increasing residence expansion industry, the Asia-Pacific is predicted to experience the largest growth. By 2030, it is anticipated that over 43% of the world's middle class will reside in these two regions. White cement production and consumption are now dominated by China. Currently, one of the biggest producers of white cement in the world is Cementir Holding SpA.

Increasingly, sustainability is becoming a guiding principle in residential construction practices. Builders and developers are embracing eco-friendly construction materials, including environmentally-conscious cement, to meet stringent environmental criteria

Geographical Penetration

Infrastructure Development, Urbanization and Construction Projects

Asia-Pacific white cement market held the largest market share of 38.3% in 2022 in the white cement market analysis. The Asia-Pacific, which is home to some of the economies that are growing the fastest globally, has become a center of construction activity. Over 60% of the global construction market belonged to it in 2021.

White cement can be used in a variety of industries. Some of these are repairing marble tiles and covering things like walls, floors and roofs. Owing to a substantial part of the enormous investments made throughout a range of enterprises that promote the growth of its economy, China dominates the Asia-Pacific. China also desires to expand the total number of its airports. However, it will rise between 260 in 2020 to about 450 in the following year.

The Chinese Ministry of Economy and National Development plans to invest a total of CNY 500 billion (US$ 74 billion) in enhancing the nation's roads and bridges in the final three months of 2022 to expand infrastructure investment. Therefore, it is anticipated that throughout the forecast period, domestic consumption of the white cement market will be driven by all such construction investments and projects planned in the nation.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Dangote Cement Saveh White Cement Co., Cementir Holding, JK Cement Ltd., Cimsa Cimento Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S., CEMEX S.A.B. de C.V., Federal White Cement Ltd., Cementos Portland Valderrivas, Royal White Cement Inc., Aditya Birla Ultratech Cement Ltd., Ras Al Khaimah Cement Company.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 created unprecedented challenges for industries globally, including the global white cement market. As countries grappled with lockdowns, supply chain disruptions and reduced economic activity, the construction sector, which is a significant consumer of white cement, was significantly impacted.

The onset of the pandemic in early 2020 led to widespread lockdowns and restrictions, impacting construction activities globally. Major cement-consuming industries, such as infrastructure and real estate, came to a standstill, leading to a slump in demand for white cement. As a result, many cement plants either suspended or reduced production to align with the reduced demand.

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted global supply chains, impacting the transportation of raw materials to white cement manufacturing plants. Movement restrictions and border closures delayed shipments and caused production delays. Additionally, some countries faced shortages of raw materials due to disruptions in their supply chain networks.

With the outbreak of the pandemic, many white cement manufacturing units faced labor shortages as workers fell sick or were unable to travel to work due to lockdown restrictions. To curb the spread of the virus, cement plants implemented stringent safety measures, reducing the number of workers allowed on-site at a time. However, these measures were vital to safeguard the health of the workforce and maintain essential operations during the pandemic.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The conflict has the potential to disrupt the supply chains of crucial raw materials required for white cement production, like gypsum and clinker. Ukraine and Russia are substantial producers and suppliers of these materials to neighboring nations and beyond.

Such disruptions can lead to production delays and increased costs for white cement manufacturers on a global scale. Higher energy costs resulted in increased cement prices, which can impact construction project budgets and timelines. Such uncertainty can impact investments in construction projects, potentially leading to delays or project cancellations.

Currency exchange rates may experience turbulence during geopolitical conflicts. The value of currencies in countries directly or indirectly affected by the war may fluctuate, impacting the cost of imported white cement and construction materials. The fluctuations can affect the profitability of international cement companies operating in the affected regions.

By Standard

• Portland
• Masonry
• Others

By Application

• Residential
• Commercial
• Infrastructure
• Industrial

By Region

• North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico

• Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Rest of Europe

• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Rest of South America

• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific

• Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

• In June 2023, Blue Star White Cement was launched by Dyckerhoff. Dyckerhoff (Buzzi SpA Group) is lowering CO2 emissions for its white pozzolan cement as it introduces Dyckerhoff Weiss Blue Star. The transition of white cement to a CO2-efficient future is now required. The fields of natural and synthetic pozzolan offer potential clinker alternatives. Depending on the application, unfired limestone may likewise serve as a suitable replacement.
• In February 2022, leading cement manufacturer UltraTech Cement stated that it is spending Rs 965 crore on capital improvements and nearly increasing Birla White's manufacturing capacity. According to UltraTech Cement, the Aditya Birla Group company intends to boost Birla White's capacity from its existing 6.5 lakh tonnes per annum (LTPA) to 12.53 LTPA.
• In May 2023, White portland cement imported from Egypt will be the subject of a South Korean anti-dumping inquiry, according to the industry ministry in Seoul. The Korea Trade Commission (KTC) took action after domestic cement producer Union Corp. complained in March about Royal El Minya Cement Co. and Albatros International Cement Trading Ltd. of Egypt and claimed that their low-cost imports had hurt both its business and the South Korean cement industry.

Why Purchase the Report?

• To visualize the global white cement market segmentation based on standard, application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
• Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
• Excel data sheet with numerous data points of White cement market-level with all segments.
• The PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
• Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global white cement market report would provide approximately 53 tables, 48 figures and 192 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

• Manufacturers/ Buyers
• Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
• Research Professionals
• Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

• 1.1. Research Methodology
• 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Snippet By Standard
• 3.2. Snippet By Application
• 3.3. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

• 4.1. Impacting Factors
  • 4.1.1. Drivers
    • 4.1.1.1. Focus on Sustainable Construction
    • 4.1.1.2. Housing Demand, Real Estate Boom and Mega Infrastructure Projects
  • 4.1.2. Restraints
    • 4.1.2.1. Insufficient Awareness and Familiarity with White Cement
    • 4.1.2.2. Elevated Production Costs and Scarce Raw Materials
  • 4.1.3. Opportunity
  • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

• 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
• 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
• 5.3. Pricing Analysis
• 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
• 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
• 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

• 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
  • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
  • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
  • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
• 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
• 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
• 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
• 6.5. Manufacturers' Strategic Initiatives
• 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Standard

• 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Standard
• 7.2. Portland*
  • 7.2.1. Introduction
  • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
• 7.3. Masonry
• 7.4. Others

8. By Application

• 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
• 8.2. Residential*
  • 8.2.1. Introduction
  • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
• 8.3. Commercial
• 8.4. Infrastructure
• 8.5. Industrial

9. By Region

• 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
  • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
• 9.2. North America
  • 9.2.1. Introduction
  • 9.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 9.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.2.5.1. U.S.
    • 9.2.5.2. Canada
    • 9.2.5.3. Mexico
• 9.3. Europe
  • 9.3.1. Introduction
  • 9.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 9.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.3.5.1. Germany
    • 9.3.5.2. UK
    • 9.3.5.3. France
    • 9.3.5.4. Italy
    • 9.3.5.5. Russia
    • 9.3.5.6. Rest of Europe
• 9.4. South America
  • 9.4.1. Introduction
  • 9.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 9.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.4.5.1. Brazil
    • 9.4.5.2. Argentina
    • 9.4.5.3. Rest of South America
• 9.5. Asia-Pacific
  • 9.5.1. Introduction
  • 9.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 9.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.5.5.1. China
    • 9.5.5.2. India
    • 9.5.5.3. Japan
    • 9.5.5.4. Australia
    • 9.5.5.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
• 9.6. Middle East and Africa
  • 9.6.1. Introduction
  • 9.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Standard
  • 9.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application

10. Competitive Landscape

• 10.1. Competitive Scenario
• 10.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
• 10.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

11. Company Profiles

• 11.1. Dangote Cement Saveh White Cement Co.*
  • 11.1.1. Company Overview
  • 11.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
  • 11.1.3. Financial Overview
  • 11.1.4. Recent Developments
• 11.2. Cementir Holding
• 11.3. JK Cement Ltd.
• 11.4. Cimsa Cimento Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.
• 11.5. CEMEX S.A.B. de C.V.
• 11.6. Federal White Cement Ltd.
• 11.7. Cementos Portland Valderrivas
• 11.8. Royal White Cement Inc.
• 11.9. Aditya Birla Ultratech Cement Ltd.
• 11.10. Ras Al Khaimah Cement Company

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

12. Appendix

• 12.1. About Us and Services
• 12.2. Contact Us