表紙:ヒトインスリンの世界市場規模:製品の種類別、種類別、送達デバイス別、ブランド別、用途別、地域別の予測(2022年~2028年)
市場調査レポート
商品コード
1071780

ヒトインスリンの世界市場規模:製品の種類別、種類別、送達デバイス別、ブランド別、用途別、地域別の予測(2022年~2028年)

Global Human Insulin Market Size study, By Product Type, By Type, By Delivery Devices, By Brand, By Application, and Regional Forecasts 2022-2028

出版日: | 発行: Bizwit Research & Consulting LLP | ページ情報: 英文 | 納期: 2~3営業日

● お客様のご希望に応じて、既存データの加工や未掲載情報(例:国別セグメント)の追加などの対応が可能です。  詳細はお問い合わせください。

価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=156.76円
ヒトインスリンの世界市場規模:製品の種類別、種類別、送達デバイス別、ブランド別、用途別、地域別の予測(2022年~2028年)
出版日: 2022年04月20日
発行: Bizwit Research & Consulting LLP
ページ情報: 英文
納期: 2~3営業日
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

世界のヒトインスリンの市場規模は、2021年に約423億米ドルとなり、2022年~2028年の予測期間中に8.1%を超える健全な成長率で成長すると予測されています。

当レポートでは、世界のヒトインスリン市場について調査分析し、市場動向、業界分析、COVID-19の影響、セグメント別・地域別の市場分析、企業プロファイルなどを提供しています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第2章 世界のヒトインスリン市場の定義と範囲

第3章 世界のヒトインスリン市場力学

  • ヒトインスリン市場の影響分析(2020年~2028年)

第4章 世界のヒトインスリン市場の業界分析

  • ポーターのファイブフォースモデル
  • PEST分析
  • 投資採用モデル
  • アナリストの推奨事項と結論
  • 主要投資機会
  • 主要成功戦略

第5章 リスク評価:COVID-19の影響

    • 業界に対するCOVID-19の全体的な影響の評価
    • COVID-19前・COVID-19後の市場シナリオ

第6章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:製品の種類別

  • 市場スナップショット
  • 実績 - 潜在性分析
  • 推定と予測(2018年~2028年)
  • サブセグメント分析
    • インスリンアナログ・バイオシミラー
    • ヒトインスリン生物製剤

第7章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:種類別

  • 市場スナップショット
  • 実績 - 潜在性分析
  • 推定と予測(2018年~2028年)
  • サブセグメント分析
    • インスリンアナログ・バイオシミラー
    • ヒトインスリン生物製剤

第8章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:送達デバイス別

  • 市場スナップショット
  • 実績 - 潜在性分析
  • 推定と予測(2018年~2028年)
  • サブセグメント分析
    • ペン
    • ペン針
    • 注射器

第9章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:ブランド別

  • 市場スナップショット
  • 実績 - 潜在性分析
  • 推定と予測(2018年~2028年)
  • サブセグメント分析
    • インスリンアナログ・バイオシミラー
    • ヒトインスリン生物製剤

第10章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:用途別

  • 市場スナップショット
  • 実績 - 潜在性分析
  • 推定と予測(2018年~2028年)
  • サブセグメント分析
    • I型糖尿病
    • II型糖尿病

第11章 世界のヒトインスリン市場:地域別の分析

  • 地域別の市場スナップショット
  • 北米
    • 米国
    • カナダ
  • 欧州
    • 英国
    • ドイツ
    • フランス
    • スペイン
    • イタリア
    • その他欧州
  • アジア太平洋
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 日本
    • オーストラリア
    • 韓国
    • その他アジア太平洋
  • ラテンアメリカ
    • ブラジル
    • メキシコ
  • その他の地域

第12章 競合情報

  • 主要市場戦略
  • 企業プロファイル
    • Sanofi S.A.
    • Novo Nordisk A/S
    • Eli Lilly and Company
    • Biocon Ltd.
    • Julphar
    • Ypsomed AG
    • Becton, Dickinson and Company
    • Wockhardt Ltd.
    • B. Braun Meselgen AG
    • Biodel Inc.

第13章 調査プロセス

図表

LIST OF TABLES

  • TABLE 1. Global Human Insulin Market, report scope
  • TABLE 2. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Region 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 3. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Product Type 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 4. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Type 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 5. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Delivery Devices 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 6. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Brand 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 7. Global Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 8. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 9. Global Human Insulin Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 10. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 11. Global Human Insulin Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 12. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 13. Global Human Insulin Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 14. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 15. Global Human Insulin Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 16. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 17. Global Human Insulin Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 18. U.S. Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 19. U.S. Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 20. U.S. Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 21. Canada Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 22. Canada Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 23. Canada Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 24. UK Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 25. UK Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 26. UK Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 27. Germany Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 28. Germany Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 29. Germany Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 30. RoE Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 31. RoE Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 32. RoE Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 33. China Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 34. China Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 35. China Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 36. India Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 37. India Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 38. India Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 39. Japan Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 40. Japan Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 41. Japan Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 42. RoAPAC Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 43. RoAPAC Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 44. RoAPAC Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 45. Brazil Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 46. Brazil Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 47. Brazil Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 48. Mexico Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 49. Mexico Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 50. Mexico Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 51. RoLA Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 52. RoLA Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 53. RoLA Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 54. Row Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 55. Row Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 56. Row Human Insulin Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • TABLE 57. List of secondary sources, used in the study of global Human Insulin Market
  • TABLE 58. List of primary sources, used in the study of global Human Insulin Market
  • TABLE 59. Years considered for the study
  • TABLE 60. Exchange rates considered

LIST OF FIGURES

List of figures

  • FIG 1. Global Human Insulin Market, research methodology
  • FIG 2. Global Human Insulin Market, Market estimation techniques
  • FIG 3. Global Market size estimates & forecast methods
  • FIG 4. Global Human Insulin Market, key trends 2021
  • FIG 5. Global Human Insulin Market, growth prospects 2022-2028
  • FIG 6. Global Human Insulin Market, porters 5 force model
  • FIG 7. Global Human Insulin Market, pest analysis
  • FIG 8. Global Human Insulin Market, value chain analysis
  • FIG 9. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 10. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 11. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 12. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 13. Global Human Insulin Market by segment, 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 14. Global Human Insulin Market, regional snapshot 2018 & 2028
  • FIG 15. North America Human Insulin Market 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 16. Europe Human Insulin Market 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 17. Asia pacific Market 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 18. Latin America Human Insulin Market 2018 & 2028 (USD Billion)
  • FIG 19. Global Human Insulin Market, company Market share analysis (2021)
目次

Global Human Insulin Market is valued approximately USD 42.30 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 8.1% over the forecast period 2022-2028.

Human insulin works by assisting move sugar from the blood into further body tissues where it is devoured for energy and it also prevents the liver from producing more sugar. Human insulin is manufactured through genetic engineering by injecting insulin-producing genes into bacteria. This technique has reduced the cost of manufacturing by some manifolds. The growing number of diabetic patients, increasing demand for the HI analogs, technological developments in HI delivery devices, presence of favorable medical reimbursement scenarios in various regions are the primary factors that are augmenting the market demand around the world. For instance, according to the International Diabetic Federation (IDF), in 2019, there were nearly 463 million adults aged between 20-79 years were suffering from diabetes. Also, the amount is anticipated to reach around 700 million by 2045. Consequentially, the growing prevalence of diabetes is fostering the demand for human insulin, which, in turn, accelerates market growth in the near future. However, high product manufacturing costs and stringent regulatory requirements for product approval impede the growth of the market over the forecast period of 2022-2028. Also, the development of the emerging markets and expected patent expiry of key HI drugs is anticipated to act as a catalyzing factor for the market demand during the forecast period.

The key regions considered for the global Human Insulin market study include Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Rest of the World. North America is the leading region across the world in terms of market share owing to the growing responsiveness to benefits offered by human insulin in diabetes treatment and the presence of major market players in the region. Whereas, Asia-Pacific is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR over the forecast period 2022-2028. Factors such as growing incidences of diabetes, as well as escalating population, would create lucrative growth prospects for the Human Insulin market across the Asia-Pacific region.

Major market players included in this report are:

Sanofi S.A.

Novo Nordisk A/S

Eli Lilly and Company

Biocon Ltd.

Julphar

Ypsomed AG

Becton, Dickinson and Company

Wockhardt Ltd.

B. Braun Meselgen AG

Biodel Inc.

The objective of the study is to define market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values to the coming eight years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within each of the regions and countries involved in the study. Furthermore, the report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, the report shall also incorporate available opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with the detailed analysis of competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:

By Product Type:

Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars

Rapid-acting

Long-acting

Premixed

Human Insulin Biologics

Short-acting

Intermediate-acting

Premixed

By Type:

Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars

Long-Acting Biosimilars

Rapid-Acting Biosimilars

Premixed Biosimilars

HI Biologics

Short-Acting Biologics

Intermediate-Acting Biologics

Premixed Biologics

By Delivery Devices:

Pens

Pen Needles

Syringes

By Brand:

Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars

Lantus

NovoRapid/Novolog

Humalog

Other Brands

Human Insulin Biologics

Actrapid, Insulatard, and Mixtard

Humulin

Insuman

By Application:

Type I Diabetes

Type II Diabetes

By Region:

North America

U.S.

Canada

Europe

UK

Germany

France

Spain

Italy

ROE

Asia Pacific

China

India

Japan

Australia

South Korea

RoAPAC

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Rest of the World

Furthermore, years considered for the study are as follows:

Historical year - 2018, 2019, 2020

Base year - 2021

Forecast period - 2022 to 2028

Target Audience of the Global Human Insulin Market in Market Study:

Key Consulting Companies & Advisors

Large, medium-sized, and small enterprises

Venture capitalists

Value-Added Resellers (VARs)

Third-party knowledge providers

Investment bankers

Investors

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Market Snapshot
  • 1.2. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.1. Global Human Insulin Market, by Region, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.2. Global Human Insulin Market, by Product Type, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.3. Global Human Insulin Market, by Type, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.4. Global Human Insulin Market, by Delivery Devices, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.5. Global Human Insulin Market, by Brand, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
    • 1.2.6. Global Human Insulin Market, by Application, 2020-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 1.3. Key Trends
  • 1.4. Estimation Methodology
  • 1.5. Research Assumption

Chapter 2. Global Human Insulin Market Definition and Scope

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Market Definition & Scope
    • 2.2.1. Scope of the Study
    • 2.2.2. Industry Evolution
  • 2.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 2.4. Currency Conversion Rates

Chapter 3. Global Human Insulin Market Dynamics

  • 3.1. Human Insulin Market Impact Analysis (2020-2028)
    • 3.1.1. Market Drivers
      • 3.1.1.1. Increasing incidences of diabetic patients
      • 3.1.1.2. Technological advancements in HI delivery devices
    • 3.1.2. Market Challenges
      • 3.1.2.1. High product manufacturing costs
      • 3.1.2.2. Stringent regulatory requirements for product approval
    • 3.1.3. Market Opportunities
      • 3.1.3.1. Development of the emerging Markets
      • 3.1.3.2. Expected patent expiry of key HI drugs

Chapter 4. Global Human Insulin Market Industry Analysis

  • 4.1. Porter's 5 Force Model
    • 4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • 4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • 4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
    • 4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
    • 4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
    • 4.1.6. Futuristic Approach to Porter's 5 Force Model (2018-2028)
  • 4.2. PEST Analysis
    • 4.2.1. Political
    • 4.2.2. Economical
    • 4.2.3. Social
    • 4.2.4. Technological
  • 4.3. Investment Adoption Model
  • 4.4. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion
  • 4.5. Top investment opportunity
  • 4.6. Top winning strategies

Chapter 5. Risk Assessment: COVID-19 Impact

    • 5.1.1. Assessment of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the industry
    • 5.1.2. Pre COVID-19 and post COVID-19 Market scenario

Chapter 6. Global Human Insulin Market, by Product Type

  • 6.1. Market Snapshot
  • 6.2. Global Human Insulin Market by Product Type, Performance - Potential Analysis
  • 6.3. Global Human Insulin Market Estimates & Forecasts by Product Type 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 6.4. Human Insulin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
    • 6.4.1. Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars
      • 6.4.1.1. Rapid-acting
      • 6.4.1.2. Long-acting
      • 6.4.1.3. Premixed
    • 6.4.2. Human Insulin Biologics
      • 6.4.2.1. Short-acting
      • 6.4.2.2. Intermediate-acting
      • 6.4.2.3. Premixed

Chapter 7. Global Human Insulin Market, by Type

  • 7.1. Market Snapshot
  • 7.2. Global Human Insulin Market by Type, Performance - Potential Analysis
  • 7.3. Global Human Insulin Market Estimates & Forecasts by Type 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 7.4. Human Insulin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
    • 7.4.1. Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars
      • 7.4.1.1. Long-Acting Biosimilars
      • 7.4.1.2. Rapid-Acting Biosimilars
      • 7.4.1.3. Premixed Biosimilars
    • 7.4.2. HI Biologics
      • 7.4.2.1. Short-Acting Biologics
      • 7.4.2.2. Intermediate-Acting Biologics
      • 7.4.2.3. Premixed Biologics

Chapter 8. Global Human Insulin Market, by Delivery Devices

  • 8.1. Market Snapshot
  • 8.2. Global Human Insulin Market by Delivery Devices, Performance - Potential Analysis
  • 8.3. Global Human Insulin Market Estimates & Forecasts by Delivery Devices 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 8.4. Human Insulin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
    • 8.4.1. Pens
    • 8.4.2. Pen Needles
    • 8.4.3. Syringes

Chapter 9. Global Human Insulin Market, by Brand

  • 9.1. Market Snapshot
  • 9.2. Global Human Insulin Market by Brand, Performance - Potential Analysis
  • 9.3. Global Human Insulin Market Estimates & Forecasts by Brand 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 9.4. Human Insulin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
    • 9.4.1. Insulin Analogs and Biosimilars
      • 9.4.1.1. Lantus
      • 9.4.1.2. NovoRapid/Novolog
      • 9.4.1.3. Humalog
      • 9.4.1.4. Other Brands
    • 9.4.2. Human Insulin Biologics
      • 9.4.2.1. Actrapid, Insulatard, and Mixtard
      • 9.4.2.2. Humulin
      • 9.4.2.3. Insuman

Chapter 10. Global Human Insulin Market, by Application

  • 10.1. Market Snapshot
  • 10.2. Global Human Insulin Market by Application, Performance - Potential Analysis
  • 10.3. Global Human Insulin Market Estimates & Forecasts by Application 2018-2028 (USD Billion)
  • 10.4. Human Insulin Market, Sub Segment Analysis
    • 10.4.1. Type I Diabetes
    • 10.4.2. Type II Diabetes

Chapter 11. Global Human Insulin Market, Regional Analysis

  • 11.1. Human Insulin Market, Regional Market Snapshot
  • 11.2. North America Human Insulin Market
    • 11.2.1. U.S. Human Insulin Market
      • 11.2.1.1. Product Type estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028
      • 11.2.1.2. Type estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028
      • 11.2.1.3. Delivery Devices estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028
      • 11.2.1.4. Brand estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028
      • 11.2.1.5. Application estimates & forecasts, 2018-2028
    • 11.2.2. Canada Human Insulin Market
  • 11.3. Europe Human Insulin Market Snapshot
    • 11.3.1. U.K. Human Insulin Market
    • 11.3.2. Germany Human Insulin Market
    • 11.3.3. France Human Insulin Market
    • 11.3.4. Spain Human Insulin Market
    • 11.3.5. Italy Human Insulin Market
    • 11.3.6. Rest of Europe Human Insulin Market
  • 11.4. Asia-Pacific Human Insulin Market Snapshot
    • 11.4.1. China Human Insulin Market
    • 11.4.2. India Human Insulin Market
    • 11.4.3. Japan Human Insulin Market
    • 11.4.4. Australia Human Insulin Market
    • 11.4.5. South Korea Human Insulin Market
    • 11.4.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Human Insulin Market
  • 11.5. Latin America Human Insulin Market Snapshot
    • 11.5.1. Brazil Human Insulin Market
    • 11.5.2. Mexico Human Insulin Market
  • 11.6. Rest of The World Human Insulin Market

Chapter 12. Competitive Intelligence

  • 12.1. Top Market Strategies
  • 12.2. Company Profiles
    • 12.2.1. Sanofi S.A.
      • 12.2.1.1. Key Information
      • 12.2.1.2. Overview
      • 12.2.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
      • 12.2.1.4. Product Type Summary
      • 12.2.1.5. Recent Developments
    • 12.2.2. Novo Nordisk A/S
    • 12.2.3. Eli Lilly and Company
    • 12.2.4. Biocon Ltd.
    • 12.2.5. Julphar
    • 12.2.6. Ypsomed AG
    • 12.2.7. Becton, Dickinson and Company
    • 12.2.8. Wockhardt Ltd.
    • 12.2.9. B. Braun Meselgen AG
    • 12.2.10. Biodel Inc.

Chapter 13. Research Process

  • 13.1. Research Process
    • 13.1.1. Data Mining
    • 13.1.2. Analysis
    • 13.1.3. Market Estimation
    • 13.1.4. Validation
    • 13.1.5. Publishing
  • 13.2. Research Attributes
  • 13.3. Research Assumption