市場調査レポート
商品コード
1130010

空気分離装置の世界市場:成長、将来展望、競合分析 (2022年~2030年)

Air Separation Plant Market - Growth, Future Prospects and Competitive Analysis, 2022 - 2030

出版日: | 発行: Acute Market Reports | ページ情報: 英文 120 Pages | 納期: 即日から翌営業日

価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=157.14円
空気分離装置の世界市場:成長、将来展望、競合分析 (2022年~2030年)
出版日: 2022年05月11日
発行: Acute Market Reports
ページ情報: 英文 120 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

世界の空気分離装置市場は、2029年までに77億4,000万米ドルへと成長すると予想されています。産業用ガスの用途拡大や、鉄鋼業界や石油・ガス業界での増産の動きなどが、市場需要の大きな促進要因となっています。他方、電力コストなどの操業面での課題が市場成長の妨げとなる可能性もあります。

最終用途別では、2021年には鉄鋼セグメントが世界市場の約35%という最大のシェアを獲得しました。今後もその傾向が続く見通しです。一方、石油・ガス分野は、中国、インド、ブラジルなどの新興国や先進国での石油・ガスの発見・精製への支出増加により、2022年から2030年にかけて最高のCAGRを記録すると予想されます。

地域別に見ると、北米諸国が予測期間中に最も高いCAGRで成長する見通しです。また、北米は2020年にアジア太平洋に次ぐ第2位の市場となっており、市場シェアは約30%です。

当レポートでは、世界の空気分離装置市場について分析し、市場の基本構造やマクロ的・ミクロ的環境要因、全体的な市場規模の動向見通し (2020年~2030年)、セグメント別・地域別の詳細動向、主な市場促進・抑制要因、主要企業のプロファイルと成長戦略、といった情報を取りまとめてお届けいたします。

目次

第1章 序文

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第3章 空気分離装置市場:ビジネスの展望と市場力学

  • イントロダクション
  • 世界の空気分離装置の市場規模 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)
  • 市場力学
    • 市場促進要因
    • 市場抑制要因
    • 主な課題
    • 主な機会
  • 促進・抑制要因の影響分析
  • シーソー分析
  • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • PESTEL分析

第4章 空気分離装置市場:プロセス別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

  • 市場概要
  • 成長・収益分析 (2021年/2030年)
  • 市場区分
    • 極低温
    • 非極低温

第5章 空気分離装置市場:気体別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

  • 市場概要
  • 成長・収益分析 (2021年/2030年)
  • 市場区分
    • 窒素
    • 空気
    • アルゴン
    • その他 (二酸化炭素、ネオン、ヘリウムなど)

第6章 空気分離装置市場:最終用途別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

  • 市場概要
  • 成長・収益分析 (2021年/2030年)
  • 市場区分
    • 鉄鋼
    • 石油・ガス
    • 化学
    • 医療
    • その他 (食品・飲料、エレクトロニクス、ガラス・鉱石など)

第7章 北米の空気分離装置市場 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

  • 市場概要
  • 空気分離装置市場:プロセス別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)
  • 空気分離装置市場:気体別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)
  • 空気分離装置市場:最終用途別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)
  • 空気分離装置市場:地域別 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)
    • 北米

第8章 英国・EU諸国の空気分離装置市場 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

第9章 アジア太平洋の空気分離装置市場 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

第10章 ラテンアメリカの空気分離装置市場 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

第11章 中東・アフリカの空気分離装置市場 (単位:100万米ドル、2020年~2030年)

第12章 企業プロファイル

  • Linde AG,
  • Air Liquide,
  • Praxair Technology, Inc.,
  • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,
  • TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION,
  • Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. Universal Cryo Gas, LLC,
  • ENERFLEX LTD.,
  • Messer Group GmbH,
  • Technex,
  • Yingde Gas Group Co., Ltd.
図表

List of Tables

  • TABLE 1 Global Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 2 Global Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 3 Global Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 4 North America Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 5 North America Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 6 North America Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 7 UK and European Union Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 8 UK and European Union Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 9 UK and European Union Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 10 Asia Pacific Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 11 Asia Pacific Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 12 Asia Pacific Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 13 Latin America Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 14 Latin America Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 15 Latin America Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 16 Middle East and Africa Air Separation Plant Market By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 17 Middle East and Africa Air Separation Plant Market By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • TABLE 18 Middle East and Africa Air Separation Plant Market By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

List of Figures

  • FIG. 1 Global Air Separation Plant Market: Market Coverage
  • FIG. 2 Research Methodology and Data Sources
  • FIG. 3 Market Size Estimation - Top Down & Bottom-Up Approach
  • FIG. 4 Global Air Separation Plant Market: Quality Assurance
  • FIG. 5 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Process, 2021
  • FIG. 6 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Gas, 2021
  • FIG. 7 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By End-use, 2021
  • FIG. 8 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Geography, 2021
  • FIG. 9 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Process, 2021 Vs 2030, %
  • FIG. 10 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Gas, 2021 Vs 2030, %
  • FIG. 11 Global Air Separation Plant Market, By End-use, 2021 Vs 2030, %
  • FIG. 12 U.S. Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 13 Canada Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 14 Rest of North America Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 15 UK Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 16 Germany Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 17 Spain Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 18 Italy Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 19 France Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 20 Rest of Europe Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 21 China Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 22 Japan Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 23 India Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 24 Australia Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 25 South Korea Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 26 Rest of Asia Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 27 Brazil Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 28 Mexico Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 29 Rest of Latin America Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 30 GCC Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 31 Africa Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
  • FIG. 32 Rest of Middle East and Africa Air Separation Plant Market (US$ Million), 2020 - 2030
目次
Product Code: 138770-05-22

Rising Application of Industrial Gases to bloom Air Separation Plant Market Worldwide

Air Separation Plant continue to attract heavy investment from the market players pertaining to its rising application and its applicable industry growth. Iron & steel industry has high demand for pure oxygen gas for steel making and coal gasification. Strong growth of iron & steel industry with production and consumption both showing good growth, the demand for pure oxygen and thereby air separation plant is growing stupendously. Rising oil & gas industry in the U.S. and Canada due to shale oil boom and high demand of oil from China and India; along with the growing industrial development activities in Middle East & Africa, the global air separation plant market is expected to grow at US$ 7.74 Bn by 2029. In addition to above, strong economic and industrial growth in Asia Pacific and Latin America results into increasing demand and consumption of steel and petrochemicals. Owing to this, high demand for air separation plant across both the continents is expected over the forecast period.

On the other hand, the global air separation market is expected to be hindered by its cost aspect. The operating cost of electricity is the major challenge in front of the market players. Also, the mature market of Europe has a slow-moving growth in the key industries like in steel where growth shrunk by 0.3% in 2020. Along with it, the growth in chemical industry is also slow-moving due to higher oil prices and low demand from automotive sector, thereby reduced the global market size.

Oil & Gas Segment to grow at the Fastest Pace

In 2021, iron & steel segment captured the largest share of nearly 35% from the global market owing to growing industrial usage of gases for heat treatment of steel and other metals. Further, the segment will remain dominant throughout the forecast period. On the other hand, oil & gas segment is expected to register the highest CAGR from 2022 to 2030 on account of rising expenditure on oil & gas discovery and refining from the emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil and also the developed economies.

North America Registered the Highest CAGR in 2021

The U.S. oil and gas production increased by 16% and 12%, respectively, in 2020. The blooming shale gas and light tight oil production has resulted in high demand for air separation plant in the country. Additionally, Canada has also identified shale gas deposits in its Duvernay field, which is further expected to support the market growth. Further, other industries in the region such as iron & steel, healthcare, chemical, food & beverages are all expanding which in turn grows the air separation plant market. It is estimated that the region will register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. In 2020, North America was the 2nd largest market trailing Asia Pacific, with approximately 30% market share.

New Technological Development is keeping the Market Competitive

The overall air separation plant market is fragmented and market players are focusing on partnership and improving current technology to bolster their market share. For instance, in November 2021, Messer Group GmbH announced its purchase of DMC3 software from Aspen Technology Inc., a software company asset optimization. The new DMC3 software will help to improve operating efficiency and margins and also helps to reduce energy consumption and emissions. Further in July 2021, Yingde Gas Group Co., Ltd. signed a strategic agreement with Beijing SinoScience FullCryo Technology Co., Ltd. for cooperating in the field of refining rare gases, hydrogen liquefaction and liquid hydrogen storage and transportation. With this new partnership both the companies are expecting to improve operation efficiency, reduce operating cost and cooperate to improve market share.

Major players profiled in the air separation plant market include: Linde AG, Air Liquide, Praxair Technology, Inc., Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION, Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. Universal Cryo Gas, LLC, ENERFLEX LTD., Messer Group GmbH, Technex, Yingde Gas Group Co., Ltd., etc. among others.

Historical & Forecast Period:

This study report represents analysis of each segment from 2020 to 2030 considering 2021 as the base year. Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for each of the respective segments estimated for the forecast period of 2022 to 2030.

The current report comprises of quantitative market estimations for each micro market for every geographical region and qualitative market analysis such as micro and macro environment analysis, market trends, competitive intelligence, segment analysis, porters five force model, top winning strategies, top investment markets, emerging trends and technological analysis, case studies, strategic conclusions and recommendations and other key market insights.

Research Methodology

The complete research study was conducted in three phases, namely: secondary research, primary research, and expert panel review. key data point that enables the estimation of Air Separation Plant market are as follows:

  • Research and development budgets of manufacturers and government spending
  • Revenues of key companies in the market segment
  • Number of end users and consumption volume, price and value.
  • Geographical revenues generate by countries considered in the report
  • Micro and macro environment factors that are currently influencing the Air Separation Plant market and their expected impact during the forecast period.

Market forecast was performed through proprietary software that analyzes various qualitative and quantitative factors. Growth rate and CAGR were estimated through intensive secondary and primary research. Data triangulation across various data points provides accuracy across various analyzed market segments in the report. Application of both top down and bottom-up approach for validation of market estimation assures logical, methodical and mathematical consistency of the quantitative data.

ATTRIBUTE DETAILS

  • Research Period: 2020-2030
  • Base Year: 2021
  • Forecast Period: 2022-2030
  • Historical Year: 2020
  • Unit: USD Million

Segmentation

Process

  • Cryogenic
  • Non-cryogenic
  • Gas
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Argon
  • Others (Carbon dioxide, Neon, Helium etc.)

End-use

  • Iron & Steel
  • Oil & Gas
  • Chemical
  • Healthcare
  • Others (Food & Beverages, Electronics, Glass & Mineral, etc.)

Region Segment (2020-2030; US$ Million)

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Rest of North America
  • UK and European Union
    • UK
    • Germany
    • Spain
    • Italy
    • France
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • Australia
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Mexico
    • Rest of Latin America
  • Middle East and Africa
    • GCC
    • Africa
    • Rest of Middle East and Africa

Global Impact of COVID-19 Segment (2020-2021; US$ Million )

  • Pre COVID-19 situation
  • Post COVID-19 situation

Key questions answered in this report:

  • What are the key micro and macro environmental factors that are impacting the growth of Air Separation Plant market?
  • What are the key investment pockets with respect to product segments and geographies currently and during the forecast period?
  • Estimated forecast and market projections up to 2030.
  • Which segment accounts for the fastest CAGR during the forecast period?
  • Which market segment holds a larger market share and why?
  • Are low and middle-income economies investing in the Air Separation Plant market?
  • Which is the largest regional market for Air Separation Plant market?
  • What are the market trends and dynamics in emerging markets such as Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa?
  • Which are the key trends driving Air Separation Plant market growth?
  • Who are the key competitors and what are their key strategies to enhance their market presence in the Air Separation Plant market worldwide?

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1. Purpose of the Report
    • 1.1.2. Target Audience
    • 1.1.3. Key Offerings
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1. Phase I - Secondary Research
    • 1.3.2. Phase II - Primary Research
    • 1.3.3. Phase III - Expert Panel Review
    • 1.3.4. Assumptions
    • 1.3.5. Approach Adopted

2. Executive Summary

  • 2.1. Market Snapshot: Global Air Separation Plant Market
  • 2.2. Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Process, 2021 (US$ Million)
  • 2.3. Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Gas, 2021 (US$ Million)
  • 2.4. Global Air Separation Plant Market, By End-use, 2021 (US$ Million)
  • 2.5. Global Air Separation Plant Market, By Geography, 2021 (US$ Million)
  • 2.6. Impact of Covid 19
  • 2.7. Attractive Investment Proposition by Geography, 2021
  • 2.8. Competitive Analysis
    • 2.8.1. Market Positioning of Key Air Separation Plant Market Vendors
    • 2.8.2. Strategies Adopted by Air Separation Plant Market Vendors
    • 2.8.3. Key Industry Strategies

3. Air Separation Plant Market: Business Outlook & Market Dynamics

  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Global Air Separation Plant Market Value, 2020 - 2030, (US$ Million)
  • 3.3. Market Dynamics
    • 3.3.1. Market Drivers
    • 3.3.2. Market Restraints
    • 3.3.3. Key Challenges
    • 3.3.4. Key Opportunities
  • 3.4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
  • 3.5. See-Saw Analysis
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Model
    • 3.6.1. Supplier Power
    • 3.6.2. Buyer Power
    • 3.6.3. Threat Of Substitutes
    • 3.6.4. Threat Of New Entrants
    • 3.6.5. Competitive Rivalry
  • 3.7. PESTEL Analysis
    • 3.7.1. Political Landscape
    • 3.7.2. Economic Landscape
    • 3.7.3. Technology Landscape
    • 3.7.4. Legal Landscape
    • 3.7.5. Social Landscape

4. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 4.1. Market Overview
  • 4.2. Growth & Revenue Analysis: 2021 Versus 2030
  • 4.3. Market Segmentation
    • 4.3.1. Cryogenic
    • 4.3.2. Non-cryogenic

5. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 5.1. Market Overview
  • 5.2. Growth & Revenue Analysis: 2021 Versus 2030
  • 5.3. Market Segmentation
    • 5.3.1. Nitrogen
    • 5.3.2. Oxygen
    • 5.3.3. Argon
    • 5.3.4. Others (Carbon dioxide, Neon, Helium etc.)

6. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 6.1. Market Overview
  • 6.2. Growth & Revenue Analysis: 2021 Versus 2030
  • 6.3. Market Segmentation
    • 6.3.1. Iron & Steel
    • 6.3.2. Oil & Gas
    • 6.3.3. Chemical
    • 6.3.4. Healthcare
    • 6.3.5. Others (Food & Beverages, Electronics, Glass & Mineral, etc.)

7. North America Air Separation Plant Market, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 7.1. Market Overview
  • 7.2. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 7.3. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 7.4. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 7.5.Air Separation Plant Market: By Region, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
    • 7.5.1.North America
      • 7.5.1.1. U.S.
      • 7.5.1.2. Canada
      • 7.5.1.3. Rest of North America

8. UK and European Union Air Separation Plant Market, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 8.1. Market Overview
  • 8.2. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 8.3. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 8.4. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 8.5.Air Separation Plant Market: By Region, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
    • 8.5.1.UK and European Union
      • 8.5.1.1. UK
      • 8.5.1.2. Germany
      • 8.5.1.3. Spain
      • 8.5.1.4. Italy
      • 8.5.1.5. France
      • 8.5.1.6. Rest of Europe

9. Asia Pacific Air Separation Plant Market, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 9.1. Market Overview
  • 9.2. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 9.3. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 9.4. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 9.5.Air Separation Plant Market: By Region, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
    • 9.5.1.Asia Pacific
      • 9.5.1.1. China
      • 9.5.1.2. Japan
      • 9.5.1.3. India
      • 9.5.1.4. Australia
      • 9.5.1.5. South Korea
      • 9.5.1.6. Rest of Asia Pacific

10. Latin America Air Separation Plant Market, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 10.1. Market Overview
  • 10.2. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 10.3. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 10.4. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 10.5.Air Separation Plant Market: By Region, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
    • 10.5.1.Latin America
      • 10.5.1.1. Brazil
      • 10.5.1.2. Mexico
      • 10.5.1.3. Rest of Latin America

11. Middle East and Africa Air Separation Plant Market, 2020-2030, USD (Million)

  • 11.1. Market Overview
  • 11.2. Air Separation Plant Market: By Process, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 11.3. Air Separation Plant Market: By Gas, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 11.4. Air Separation Plant Market: By End-use, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
  • 11.5.Air Separation Plant Market: By Region, 2020-2030, USD (Million)
    • 11.5.1.Middle East and Africa
      • 11.5.1.1. GCC
      • 11.5.1.2. Africa
      • 11.5.1.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa

12. Company Profile

  • 12.1. Linde AG,
    • 12.1.1. Company Overview
    • 12.1.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.1.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.2. Air Liquide,
    • 12.2.1. Company Overview
    • 12.2.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.2.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.3. Praxair Technology, Inc.,
    • 12.3.1. Company Overview
    • 12.3.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.3.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.4. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.,
    • 12.4.1. Company Overview
    • 12.4.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.4.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.5. TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION,
    • 12.5.1. Company Overview
    • 12.5.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.5.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.6. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. Universal Cryo Gas, LLC,
    • 12.6.1. Company Overview
    • 12.6.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.6.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.7. ENERFLEX LTD.,
    • 12.7.1. Company Overview
    • 12.7.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.7.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.8. Messer Group GmbH,
    • 12.8.1. Company Overview
    • 12.8.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.8.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.9. Technex,
    • 12.9.1. Company Overview
    • 12.9.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.9.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.9.4. Strategic Initiatives
  • 12.10. Yingde Gas Group Co., Ltd.
    • 12.10.1. Company Overview
    • 12.10.2. Financial Performance
    • 12.10.3. Product Portfolio
    • 12.10.4. Strategic Initiatives