6G通信時代のインフラおよびクライアントデバイス向け熱材料：事業機会・市場・技術 (2026-2046年)

サマリー

新世代のワイヤレス通信が登場するたびに増加する熱管理の問題に、私たちはどのように対処すればよいのでしょうか。熱を発生させるインフラはますます増え、クライアントデバイスはよりコンパクトになり、熱管理のためのスペースはますます小さくなっています。

6G以降も詳細な分析が必要で、最新の研究が優先される

disruptiveZhar ResearchのCEOであるPeter Harrop博士は、莫大な数のより小型のクライアントデバイス (いわゆる「モノ同士が協調するシステム」など) における熱課題に対応するためには、現在の通信分野をはるかに超えたベストプラクティスをベンチマークしなければならないと指摘しています。実際、基地局は多目的高層ビルや成層圏ソーラードローンに組み込まれる場合があり、クライアントデバイスはウェアラブルやインプラントなどへと姿を変えつつあります。そうなると、6G特有の熱管理という考え方は次第に一般的ではなくなっていきます。当レポートでは、こうした状況の中に新しい熱材料や熱管理の原理にとって大きな事業機会があると結論づけています。

当レポートでは、6G通信時代のインフラおよびクライアントデバイス向け熱材料の市場を詳細に調査し、11章の構成、11のSWOT分析、2026～2046年を対象とした32項目の予測ライン、33の新しいインフォグラムで新たな事業機会、技術および市場の展望をまとめています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー・総論

• 本レポートの目的と前提条件
• 本分析の手法
• 6G通信における熱材料の機会に関するSWOT評価
• 冷却需要が高まっている理由のいくつか
• 冷却ツールキット：多機能化の潮流と、最良の固体冷却ツール
• 固体冷却の性質と、それが6Gや一般的に優先される理由
• 主要な結論：6Gにおける熱要件
• 主要な結論：6Gインフラとクライアントデバイスにおける冷却のための材料
• 主要な結論：伝導と対流別の熱除去材料
• 6Gの材料とハードウェアおよび個別冷却のロードマップ
• 32項目の市場予測：2026～2046年
  • 6Gインフラおよびクライアントデバイス向け熱管理材料・構造の市場規模
  • 6G向け誘電体・熱材料の市場規模 (地域別シェア)
  • 5G vs 6G 熱インターフェース材料市場
• 背景となる市場予測：2025～2046年
  • 冷却モジュールの世界市場 (7つの技術別)
  • 商業製品における地上放射冷却性能
  • 5G vs 6G基地局市場 (年間出荷数)
  • 6G基地局の市場規模 (成功した場合の市場規模)
  • 6G RISの市場規模 (アクティブおよび3つのセミパッシブカテゴリー)
  • 6Gフルパッシブ透明メタマテリアル反射アレイ市場
  • スマートフォンの世界の販売台数 (6Gが成功した場合)
  • エアコン市場規模
  • HVAC、冷蔵庫、冷凍庫、その他冷却機器の世界市場
  • 冷蔵庫・冷凍庫の市場規模
  • 定置型バッテリーの市場規模および冷却需要

第2章 イントロダクション

• 概要
• 6Gの主な熱管理の機会の場所
• 6G向けの冷却、熱バリア、高度な熱サポート技術
• 例
  • 厳しい新しいマイクロチップ冷却要件の到来
  • 6G電子部品およびスマートフォンの冷却
  • エネルギーハーベスティングおよび蓄電を含む6G基地局の冷却
  • 6Gインフラ向け太陽電池パネルおよび光起電力外装材の冷却
  • 6Gインフラにおける大型バッテリーの熱管理
  • 2024～2025年の進展例
• 12種類のソリッドステート冷却の動作原理を10の機能別に比較
• 冷却・熱制御技術の注目度と成熟度3つの曲線：2026年、2036年、2046年
• 従来の冷凍技術と新興冷凍技術の比較
• 広く使用され、提案されている望ましくない材料

第3章 パッシブ昼間放射冷却 (PDRC)

• 概要
• PDRCの基礎
• 構造と配合別の放射冷却材料の研究分析
• 潜在的な利点と応用
• 2025年以前のその他の重要な進歩
• PDRCを商業化する企業
  • 3M USA
  • BASF Germany
  • i2Cool USA
  • LifeLabs USA
  • Plasmonics USA
  • Radicool Japan, Malaysia etc.
  • SkyCool Systems USA
  • SolCold Israel
  • University of Massachusetts Amherst USAからのスピンオフ
  • SRI USA
• PDRC SWOTレポート

第4章 自己適応型・切り替え可能・調整可能・ヤヌス型・反ストークス型の固体冷却

• SWOT分析を含む大局的な概要
• 放射冷却技術の成熟度曲線
• 自己適応型および切り替え可能な放射冷却
• 両面を利用した調整型放射冷却：ヤヌスエミッター (JET) の進展とSWOT分析
• 反ストークス蛍光冷却とそのSWOT評価

第5章 相変化冷却と熱冷却

• 構造的および強誘電的相変化冷却モードと材料
• 固体相変化冷却：特定の用途で他の方式と競合する可能性
• カロリック冷却に関連する物理原理
• カロリック冷却の動作原理
• 熱電冷却との比較、有望なカロリック技術の特定
• カロリック冷却の活用を進展させるためのいくつかの提案
• 電気カロリック冷却 (エレクトロカロリック冷却)
• 磁気カロリック冷却とSWOT評価付き
• メカノカロリック冷却 (エラストカロリック、バロカロリック、ツイストカロリック冷却)
• 2025年におけるマルチカロリック冷却の進展

第6章 実現技術：メタマテリアルおよびその他の先端フォトニック冷却：新素材と新デバイス

• メタマテリアル
• 先端フォトニック冷却および加熱防止

第7章 将来の熱電冷却と熱電発電：他の固体冷却のユーザーおよび電力供給者として

• 基礎
• 熱電材料
• 広域かつフレキシブルな熱電冷却：市場に残されたギャップ
• 建物の放射冷却：熱電ハーベスティングと多機能化
• TEC (熱電冷却素子) とTEG (熱電発電素子) の排熱問題：進化するソリューション
• 冷却を伴う熱電冷却・ハーベスティングに関する20の進展とレビュー
• これまでの進展
• ペルチェ熱電モジュールおよび製品のメーカー82社

第8章 将来の蒸発冷却、溶融冷却、流動冷却：ヒートパイプ、6Gスマートフォン用熱ハイドロゲル、その他の6Gクライアントデバイス、6Gインフラ向け

• 概要：6Gスマートフォンの蒸気冷却と6G向けハイドロゲル冷却
• 相変化冷却の背景
• ヒートパイプとベイパーチャンバー
• 6G通信用ハイドロゲル

第9章 熱伝導性界面材料 (TIM) と6G伝導冷却の課題に対応するその他の新興材料

• 概要：6G向け熱伝導性接着剤から熱伝導性コンクリートまで
• 伝導材料で熱課題を解決する際の重要な考慮点
• 熱伝導性界面材料 (TIM)
• ポリマーの選択肢：シリコーンまたは炭素ベース
• 熱伝導性ポリマーの進展：2025年およびそれ以前

第10章 6G向け先進的遮熱・断熱材およびイオノゲル

• 概要
• 6G向けの無機系・有機系・複合断熱材
• 遮熱フィルムおよび多用途の断熱窓
• ヒートスプレッダーやその他の受動冷却用断熱材
• 導電性断熱材を含む6G用途向けイオノゲル

第11章 熱メタマテリアル：全体像

• この章の目的
• 熱メタマテリアル
• 主要な結論：市場ポジショニング
• 主要な結論：主要な配合、機能性、製造技術
• 最新の熱メタマテリアル研究132例における配合ごとの人気度
• メタマテリアルを用いた静的から動的への熱伝達
• 放射冷却材料における静的利用：メタマテリアルは選択肢のひとつ
• 熱メタマテリアルおよび冷却ロードマップ (市場・技術別)
• メタデバイス市場 (熱関連) ：用途別
• メタデバイス市場 (電磁関連)
• メタデバイス市場 (電磁関連) ：用途別
• メタデバイス市場：電磁 vs 熱

Summary

How can we deal with the increasing problems of thermal management with every new generation of wireless communications? We get ever more infrastructure generating more heat and more compact client devices offering less space for thermal management. The new 533-page, commercially-oriented Zhar Research report, "6G Communications Thermal Materials for Infrastructure and Client Devices: Opportunities, Markets, Technology 2026-2046" has the answers and forecasts the large market, mainly for new cooling materials, that will emerge.

Incremental then disruptive

Dr. Peter Harrop, CEO of Zhar Research, puts it this way. "Initially, 6G will be an incremental improvement mainly using, and limited by, 5G frequencies and largely served by improved 5G thermal solutions. Ubiquity is a top priority for 6G. No more patchy coverage in cities from London to Tokyo and dead in the countryside and ocean. Much more self-powering, thermally managed, will avoid the considerable cost of running power to expanding terrestrial infrastructure and the impossibility of running power to burgeoning aerospace infrastructure for 6G. However, 6G Phase Two, around 2035, must be a whole new ball game to achieve real financial success with startlingly better performance and reach. That means disruptive new thermal solutions for everything from active, transparent, 360-degree reconfigurable intelligent surfaces to reinvented, "must have" personal electronics."

Detailed analysis required beyond 6G, with latest research prioritised

He points out that, to meet the thermal challenges, including in more compact client devices in huge numbers, such as things-collaborating-with-things, we must benchmark best practice far beyond telecommunications today. Indeed, as base stations sometimes vanish into multipurpose high-rise buildings and stratospheric solar drones and as client devices vanish into wearables, implants and more, thermal management uniquely for 6G will become less common. The report finds great opportunities for new thermal materials and principles in all this. Necessarily, the report is very detailed, involving 11 chapters, 11 SWOT appraisals, 32 forecast lines 2026-2046 and 33 new infograms. Vitally, it analyses the flood of new research advances through 2025 because out-of-date reports can be very misleading in this rapidly evolving subject. Indeed, the report is continuously updated so you only get the latest.

Quick read

The 48-page Executive Summary and Conclusions is sufficient for those with limited time. See the emerging needs, 19 primary conclusions, detailed 20-year roadmaps in 6 lines and those 32 forecasts with explanation, for example. The radically new cooling technologies such as Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling PDRC, five forms of caloric cooling and wide-area thermoelectrics are introduced together with combinations. See why solid-state cooling comes to the fore. A pie chart prioritises solid-state-cooling materials in number of latest research advances, revealing some issues with toxigens, for this report is unbiassed. Parameter comparisons and forecasts of their improvement are presented.

Tougher and more varied thermal needs arriving

Chapter 2. Introduction (40 pages) explains the changing view of what 6G seeks to achieve and when and the trend to smart thermal materials to assist. From graphics, quickly absorb the severe new microchip cooling requirements arriving, cooling 6G electronic components, smartphones and 6G base stations including cooling solar panels and cladding for 6G infrastructure, and thermal management of large batteries for 6G infrastructure. There are hype curves for the thermal materials by year ahead, and a table where twelve solid-state cooling operating principles are compared by 10 capabilities. See examples of advances in 2024-5. Indeed, every chapter examines latest advances.

New approaches to cooling arriving and eagerly sought

Cooling that does not need power will be as important as self-powered infrastructure in avoiding prohibitive costs for vast 6G infrastructure everywhere. Therefore Chapter 2 covers Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling (PDRC) ejecting heat from Earth through the near-infrared window. Understand 40 important advances in 2024-5 and how ten companies are commercialising PDRC. 103 pages are needed due to the wide relevance to 6G, from enhancing its thermoelectric energy harvesting to cooling base stations and buildings. Three SWOT appraisals respectively address passive radiative cooling in general, Janus effect for thermal management and anti-Stokes thermal management.

Ferroic cooling will become important

Chapter 5. Phase Change and Particularly Caloric Cooling shows how the conventional phase changes between gas, liquid and solid have limited relevance to 6G but ferroic phase change called caloric cooling could be very valuable. Learn which forms are most promising and what research achieved through 2025. The 77 pages present pie charts, SWOT appraisals and tables pulling it all together.

Thermoelectrics reinvented

Chapter 7, in 53 pages, covers future thermoelectric cooling such as wide area versions. Thermoelectric harvesting for 6G "Zero emission devices ZED" also appears. Its cold side is becoming a user of new forms of solid-state cooling and it can power active forms of solid-state cooling, all applicable to 6G Communications. There is even analysis of new research on multifunctional cooling and multi-mode cooling, both including thermoelectrics as a part because 6G thermal management must become much more sophisticated, such are the challenges it must address.

Evaporative, melting and flow cooling

Chapter 8. takes 38 pages to cover future evaporative, melting and flow cooling including heat pipes, new thermal hydrogels for 6G client devices and infrastructure. Infograms, commentary and comparisons make sense of it all. Chapter 9 then takes 57 pages to analyse Thermal Interface Materials TIM and other emerging materials for 6G conductive cooling challenges. Then Chapter 10 (30 pages) covers advanced heat shielding, thermal insulation and new ionogels for 6G and Chapter 11 (26 pages) gives the big picture of thermal metamaterials for benchmarking into 6G. All these chapters include much 2025 research.

Unique, essential reference

This Zhar Research report, "6G Communications Thermal Materials for Infrastructure and Client Devices: Opportunities, Markets, Technology 2026-2046" is your essential up-to-date and in-depth source as you participate in the lucrative new 6G thermal materials market that is emerging. Product and system integrators and operators will also value the report.

CAPTION: Dielectric and thermal materials for 6G value market % by location 2029-2046. Source Zhar Research report, "6G Communications Thermal Materials for Infrastructure and Client Devices: Opportunities, Markets, Technology 2026-2046".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report and assumptions
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
• 1.4. Some reasons for the escalating need for cooling
• 1.5. Cooling toolkit, trend to multifunctionality with best solid-state cooling tools shown red
• 1.6. The nature of solid-state cooling and why it is now a priority for 6G and generally
• 1.7. Primary conclusions: 6G thermal requirements
• 1.8. Primary conclusions: Materials for making cold in 6G infrastructure and client devices
  • 1.8.1. General situation
  • 1.8.2. Leading candidate materials and structures compared
  • 1.8.3. Leading materials in number of latest research advances on solid state cooling
  • 1.8.4. Research pipeline of solid-state cooling by topic vs technology readiness level
  • 1.8.5. Typical best reported temperature drop achieved by technology 2000-2046 extrapolated
  • 1.8.6. SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC and pie chart of leading materials
  • 1.8.7. SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and pie chart of leading materials
  • 1.8.8. SWOT appraisal of elastocaloric cooling and leading materials
  • 1.8.9. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and pie chart of leading materials
• 1.9. Primary conclusions: Materials for removing heat by conduction and convection
• 1.10. Roadmaps of 6G materials and hardware and separately cooling 2026-2046
• 1.11. Market forecasts in 32 lines 2026-2046
  • 1.11.1. Thermal management material and structure for 6G infrastructure and client devices $ billion 2026-2046
  • 1.11.2. Dielectric and thermal materials for 6G value market % by location 2029-2046
  • 1.11.3. 5G vs 6G thermal interface material market $ billion 2025-2046
• 1.12. Background forecasts 2025-2046
  • 1.12.1. Cooling module global market by seven technologies $ billion 2025-2046
  • 1.12.2. Terrestrial radiative cooling performance in commercial products W/sq. m 2025-2046
  • 1.12.3. Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 2025-2046
  • 1.12.4. Market for 6G base stations market value $bn if successful 2025-2046
  • 1.12.5. 6G RIS value market $ billion: active and three semi-passive categories 2029-2046
  • 1.12.6. 6G fully passive transparent metamaterial reflect-array market $ billion 2029-2046
  • 1.12.7. Smartphone billion units sold globally 2023-2046 if 6G is successful
  • 1.12.8. Air conditioner value market $ billion 2025-2046
  • 1.12.9. Global market for HVAC, refrigerators, freezers, other cooling $ billion 2025-2046
  • 1.12.10. Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2025-2046
  • 1.12.11. Stationary battery market $ billion and cooling needs 2025-2046

2. Introduction

• 2.1. Overview
  • 2.1.1. Why 6G brings a much bigger opportunity for thermal management and it is mainly cooling
  • 2.1.2. 6G cooling challenge in context of evolution of other cooling increasingly becoming laminar and solid state
  • 2.1.3. Need for cooling in general becomes much larger and often different in nature: the 6G smartphone example
  • 2.1.4. Some of the reasons for much greater need for thermal materials in 6G
  • 2.1.5. How cooling technology will trend to smart materials 2025-2046
• 2.2. Location of the primary 6G thermal management opportunities
  • 2.2.1. Situation with primary 6G infrastructure and client devices
  • 2.2.2. Example RIS for massive MIMO base station: Tsinghua University, Emerson
• 2.3. Cooling, heat barrier and advanced thermally supportive technologies for 6G covered in this report
• 2.4. Examples
  • 2.4.1. Severe new microchip cooling requirements arriving
  • 2.4.2. Cooling 6G electronic components and smartphones
  • 2.4.3. Cooling 6G base stations including their energy harvesting and storage
  • 2.4.4. Cooling solar panels and photovoltaic cladding for 6G infrastructure
  • 2.4.5. Large battery thermal management for 6G infrastructure
  • 2.4.6. Examples of advances in 2024-5
• 2.5. Twelve solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities
• 2.6. Attention vs maturity of cooling and thermal control technologies 3 curves 2026, 2036, 2046
• 2.7. Comparison of traditional and emerging refrigeration technologies
• 2.8. Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you

3. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. PDRC basics
• 3.3. Radiative cooling materials by structure and formulation with research analysis
• 3.4. Potential benefits and applications
  • 3.4.1. Overall opportunity and progress
  • 3.4.2. Transparent PDRC for facades, solar panels and windows including 8 advances in 2024
  • 3.4.3. Wearable PDRC, textile and fabric with 15 advances in 2024-5 and SWOT
  • 3.4.4. PDRC cold side boosting power of thermoelectric generators
  • 3.4.5. Color without compromise
  • 3.4.6. Aerogel and porous material approaches
  • 3.4.7. Environmental and inexpensive PDRC materials development
• 3.5. Other important advances in 2025 and earlier
  • 3.5.1. 40 important advances in 2024-5
  • 3.5.2. Advances in 2023
• 3.6. Companies commercialising PDRC
  • 3.6.1. 3M USA
  • 3.6.2. BASF Germany
  • 3.6.3. i2Cool USA
  • 3.6.4. LifeLabs USA
  • 3.6.5. Plasmonics USA
  • 3.6.6. Radicool Japan, Malaysia etc.
  • 3.6.7. SkyCool Systems USA
  • 3.6.8. SolCold Israel
  • 3.6.9. Spinoff from University of Massachusetts Amherst USA
  • 3.6.10. SRI USA
• 3.7. PDRC SWOT report

4. Self-adaptive, switchable, tuned, Janus and Anti-Stokes solid state cooling

• 4.1. Overview of the bigger picture with SWOT
• 4.2. Maturity curve of radiative cooling technologies
• 4.3. Self-adaptive and switchable radiative cooling
  • 4.3.1. The vanadium phase change approaches
  • 4.3.2. Alternative using liquid crystal
• 4.4. Tuned radiative cooling using both sides: Janus emitter JET advances and SWOT
• 4.5. Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling with SWOT appraisal

5. Phase change and particularly caloric cooling

• 5.1. Structural and ferroic phase change cooling modes and materials
• 5.2. Solid-state phase-change cooling potentially competing with other forms in named applications
• 5.3. The physical principles adjoining caloric cooling
• 5.4. Operating principles for caloric cooling
• 5.5. Caloric compared to thermoelectric cooling and winning caloric technologies identified
• 5.6. Some proposals for work to advance the use of caloric cooling
• 5.7. Electrocaloric cooling
  • 5.7.1. Overview and SWOT appraisal
  • 5.7.2. Operating principles, device construction, successful materials and form factors
  • 5.7.3. Electrocaloric material popularity in latest research with explanation
  • 5.7.4. Giant electrocaloric effect
  • 5.7.5. Electrocaloric cooling: issues to address
  • 5.7.6. 10 important advances in 2025
  • 5.7.7. 58 earlier advances
• 5.8. Magnetocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
• 5.9. Mechanocaloric cooling (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling
  • 5.9.1. Elastocaloric cooling overview: operating principle, system design, applications, SWOT
  • 5.9.2. Elastocaloric advances in 2024-5
  • 5.9.3. Barocaloric cooling
• 5.10. Multicaloric cooling advances in 2025

6. Enabling technology: Metamaterial and other advanced photonic cooling: emerging materials and devices

• 6.1. Metamaterials
  • 6.1.1. Metamaterial and metasurface basics and thermal metamaterial advances in 2025
  • 6.1.2. The meta-atom, patterning and functional options
  • 6.1.3. SWOT assessment for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
  • 6.1.4. Metamaterial energy harvesting may power 6G active cooling
  • 6.1.5. Thermal metamaterial with 14 advances in 2025 and 2024
• 6.2. Advanced photonic cooling and prevention of heating

7. Future thermoelectric cooling and thermoelectric harvesting as a user of and power provider for other solid-state cooling

• 7.1. Basics
  • 7.1.1. Operation, examples, SWOT appraisal
  • 7.1.2. Thermoelectric cooling and temperature control applications 2026 and 2046
  • 7.1.3. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling, temperature control, harvesting for 6G
• 7.2. Thermoelectric materials
  • 7.2.1. Requirements
  • 7.2.2. Useful and misleading metrics
  • 7.2.3. Quest for better zT performance which is often the wrong approach
  • 7.2.4. Some alternatives to bismuth telluride being considered
  • 7.2.5. Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectric materials, some lower cost
  • 7.2.6. Ferron and spin driven thermoelectrics
• 7.3. Wide area and flexible thermoelectric cooling is a gap in the market for you to address
  • 7.3.1. The need and general approaches
  • 7.3.2. Advances in flexible and wide area thermoelectric cooling in 2025 and earlier
  • 7.3.3. Wide area or flexible TEG research 40 examples that may lead to similar TEC
• 7.4. Radiation cooling of buildings: multifunctional with thermoelectric harvesting
• 7.5. The heat removal problem of TEC and TEG - evolving solutions
• 7.6. 20 advances in thermoelectric cooling and harvesting involving cooling and a review
• 7.7. Earlier advances
• 7.8. 82 Manufactures of Peltier thermoelectric modules and products

8. Future evaporative, melting and flow cooling including heat pipes, thermal hydrogels for 6G smartphones, other 6G client devices, 6G infrastructure

• 8.1. Overview: 6G smartphone vapor cooling and hydrogel cooling for 6G
• 8.2. Background to phase change cooling
• 8.3. Heat pipes and vapor chambers
  • 8.3.1. Definitions and relevance to 6G infrastructure and client devices
  • 8.3.2. Focus of vapor chamber research relevant to 6G success
  • 8.3.3. Research on relevant heat pipes, vapor chambers and allied: 39 advances
  • 8.3.4. Thermal storage heat pipes: nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) for device thermal management
• 8.4. Hydrogels for 6G Communications
  • 8.4.1. Thermal hydrogels: context, ambitions and limitations
  • 8.4.2. Hydrogels cooling suitable for 6G microelectronics and solar panels: Five advances
  • 8.4.3. Thermogalvanic hydrogel for synchronous evaporative cooling
  • 8.4.4. Hydrogels in architectural cooling that can involve 6G functions: advances
  • 8.4.5. Aerogel and hydrogel together for cooling
  • 8.4.6. Other emerging cooling hydrogels for 6G microchips, power electronics, data centers, large batteries, cell towers and buildings

9. Thermal Interface Materials TIM, other emerging materials for 6G conductive cooling challenges

• 9.1. Overview: thermal adhesives to thermally conductive concrete for 6G
  • 9.1.1. TIM, heat spreaders from micro to heavy industrial: activity of 17 companies
  • 9.1.2. 17 examples of research advances in 2025 and 2024 relevant to 6G transistors up to buildings
  • 9.1.3. Annealed pyrolytic graphite: progress in 2025 and 2024 as microelectronic TIM
  • 9.1.4. Thermally conductive concrete and allied work
• 9.2. Important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials
  • 9.2.1. Bonding or non-bonding
  • 9.2.2. Varying heat
  • 9.2.3. Electrically conductive or not
  • 9.2.4. Placement
  • 9.2.5. Environmental attack
  • 9.2.6. Choosing a thermal structure
  • 9.2.7. Research on embedded cooling
• 9.3. Thermal Interface Material TIM
  • 9.3.1. General
  • 9.3.2. Seven current options compared against nine parameters
  • 9.3.3. Nine important research advances in 2025 and 2024 relevant to 6G
  • 9.3.4. Thermal pastes compared
  • 9.3.5. TIM and other examples today: Henkel, Momentive, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
  • 9.3.6. 37 examples of TIM manufacturers
  • 9.3.7. Thermal interface material trends as needs change: graphene, liquid metals etc.
• 9.4. Polymer choices: silicones or carbon-based
  • 9.4.1. Comparison
  • 9.4.2. Silicone parameters, ShinEtsu, patents
  • 9.4.3. SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
• 9.5. Thermally conductive polymer advances in 2025 and earlier
  • 9.5.1. Overview
  • 9.5.2. Examples of companies making thermally conductive additives
  • 9.5.3. Thermally conductive polymers: pie charts of host materials and particulates prioritised in research
  • 9.5.4. Important progress in 2025 and earlier

10. Advanced heat shielding, thermal insulation and ionogels for 6G

• 10.1. Overview
• 10.2. Inorganic, organic and composite thermal insulation for 6G
• 10.3. Heat shield film and multipurpose thermally insulating windows
• 10.4. Thermal insulation for heat spreaders and other passive cooling
  • 10.4.1. W.L.Gore enhancing graphite heat spreader performance
  • 10.4.2. Protecting smartphones from heat
  • 10.4.3. 20 companies involved in silica aerogel thermal insulation of devices
• 10.5. Ionogels for 6G applications including electrically conductive thermal insulation
  • 10.5.1. Basics for 6G
  • 10.5.2. Eight ionogel advances in 2025 and 2024

11. Thermal metamaterials - the big picture

• 11.1. Purpose of this chapter
  • 11.1.1. General
  • 11.1.2. Types of metamaterial thermal management materials by function
  • 11.1.3. Applications analysed from sensors to surgical robots and spacecraft
  • 11.1.4. Three families of metamaterials overlap
• 1.2. Thermal metamaterials
  • 11.2.1. Some of the drivers of commercialisation of thermal metamaterials
  • 11.2.2. Cooling toolkit, 7 metamaterial-enabled options in blue text, trend to multifunctionality
  • 11.2.3. Examples of thermal metamaterials in 2025 advances
• 11.3. Primary conclusions; market positioning
• 11.4. Primary conclusions: leading formulations, functionality and manufacturing technologies
• 11.5. Popularity by formulation in 132 examples of latest thermal metamaterial research
• 11.6. Static to dynamic heat transfer using metamaterials
• 11.7. Static radiative cooling materials showing metamaterials as one of many options
• 11.8. Thermal metamaterial and cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2025-2045
• 11.9. Thermal meta-device market $ billion 2025-2045 by application segment
• 11.10. Electromagnetic meta-device market $ billion 2025-2045
• 11.11. Electromagnetic meta-device market $ billion 2025-2045 by application segment
• 11.12. Meta-device market electromagnetic vs thermal 2025-2045