固体冷却の世界市場：2024-2044年

固体冷却の市場規模は2044年には1,000億米ドルを超える規模に成長すると予測されています。

当レポートでは、世界の固体冷却の市場を調査し、固体冷却の定義と概要、冷却ニーズと課題、市場規模の推移・予測、カテゴリー別の詳細分析、技術別ロードマップなどをまとめています。

目次

第1章 エグゼクティブサマリー・総論

第2章 イントロダクション

第3章 パッシブ放射およびヒートシンク放射/対流冷却：新興材料とデバイスツールキット

• 放射冷却とヒートシンク放射/対流冷却
• 放射冷却
• 受動的昼間放射冷却 (PDRC)
• その他の新たな放射冷却形態
• パッシブ放射冷却全般のSWOT評価

第4章 固体伝導冷却：新興材料とデバイスツールキット

• 概要：熱伝導性コンクリートへの接着剤
• 導電性材料の熱問題を解消する際の重要な検討事項
• サーマルインターフェースマテリアル (TIM)
• ポリマーの選択肢：シリコーンまたはカーボンベース
• 熱伝導性炭素系ポリマー：対象となる機能と用途
• 量子ドット冷却：白色LEDの3D BNネットワーク

第5章 固体熱量冷却

• 相変化冷却モードと材料
• 熱量冷却に伴う物理的原理
• 熱量冷却の動作原理
• 熱量冷却・熱電冷却と温度制御
• 熱量冷却の利用促進の取り組みに関する提案
• 電気熱量冷却
• 磁気熱量冷却・SWOT評価
• 機械熱量冷却 (弾性熱量、圧熱量、ねじれ熱量) 冷却
• マルチ熱量冷却
• 電気熱量を超えた参考文献

第6章 メタマテリアルおよびその他の先進フォトニック冷却

• メタマテリアル
• メタサーフェスエネルギーハーベスティングと冷却
• 先進光冷却・加熱防止
• PDRC用メタファブリック
• アンチストークス蛍光・SWOT評価

第7章 将来の熱電冷却

• 基本
• 熱電冷却と温度制御のSWOT評価
• 新たな進歩
• 熱電冷却の新たな応用例
• 金属有機フレームワーク熱電素子
• ペルチェ熱電モジュールおよび製品の製造業者

第8章 固体を含むマルチモードおよび多目的統合冷却

• 概要
• 建物、窓
• 航空機：強力なエアロゲル多目的断熱材
• 冷却塗料・布地
• エレクトロニクス
• 淡水化によるソーラーパネルの気化冷却
• 医療：電子皮膚パッチのマルチモードパッシブ冷却
• 自己修復・接着・冷却

Summary

The market for solid state cooling will more than triple to over $100 billion by 2044, providing many ways to create a billion-dollar business in this sector. Uniquely, the Zhar Research report, "Solid State Cooling Markets 2024-2044" (326 pages) has the full analysis, fully up-to-date. Older reports are useless because this subject is advancing rapidly.

Future cooling will increasingly be solid-state. Imagine multi-mode and multi-functional materials using multilayered solids and structural electronics like your mobile phone and much of your electric car. This will mainly be a world of benign, affordable materials such as silicone, silica, boron nitride, alumina, titania and polyethylene variants but often in sophisticated forms such as aerogels, nanocomposites, photonics and metamaterials. Complex chemistry too - a major opportunity for your skills, with less risk of commoditisation. Just as your phone replaces many things, solid-state cooling may reverse as heating or provide sensing, electricity, electronic drape function and more. Increasingly it will vanish into your roof, window, car body etc. Learn how some versions are even transparent, enabling invisible retrofit and use in glass buildings. Mostly, they will cause less or no undesirable heating of your city because they will be more efficient or unpowered "passive". There will be very little to go wrong in contrast to so much cooling today that relies on plumbing, liquids and gases including undesirable refrigerants.

Some of the new insights and data in the report include:

• Maturity curves 4
• New infograms 25
• Background forecasts 3
• New SWOT appraisals 11
• Acquisition opportunities over 6
• Companies mentioned 121+ worldwide
• Partnership opportunities and best research
• Ongoing updates so you get the latest developments
• New solid-state cooling forecasts 2024-2044 in 24 lines
• Detailed roadmaps 2024-2044 in two lines and two pages
• Data and insights for you to create a billion-dollar business
• Many promising applications and gaps in the market identified
• Detailed appraisal of research pipeline with much further reading
• PhD level analysis revealing winners, losers, main materials of interest
• Emphasis on research and company progress is particularly 2023 onwards

The "Executive summary and conclusions" at 39 pages is sufficient for those with limited time as it uses prolific new graphics, SWOT appraisals, infograms to reveal the market and technology dynamics, potential acquisitions and partnerships and the detailed road ahead 2024-2044 in many forecasts and a roadmap by year. The emphasis is commercial, particularly focussing on opportunities for added-value materials and devices but with many of latest research reports recommended for further reading throughout the report.

Chapter 2 Introduction takes 25 pages to introduce how cooling needs will increase for many reasons, growing problems and new solutions when cooling buildings and how problems are becoming severe with traditional cooling inadequate. It gives the overview of solid-state passive cooling for buildings and cooling windows and greenhouses. Learn air conditioner alternatives that are lower power, greener, more affordable and see comparison of traditional and emerging refrigeration technologies with NEOM smart city The Line in Saudi Arabia as an emerging example.

Understand the major new cooling opportunities in electronics and ICT with new SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities. See how cooling various forms of solar power: solar panels, photovoltaic cladding etc. and large battery thermal management become important plus electric vehicles land, water and air creating major new needs for thermal management.

The fins on your electronics and your car radiator cool mainly by forced and natural convection not radiation. However, paradoxically, reinvented radiative cooling is one of the most significant new trends. Chapter 3 puts all that together with a full 50 pages of, "Radiative and heat sink radiative/ convective cooling, passive liquid cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043" given its huge potential. A maturity curve of radiative cooling technologies give technology readiness of each. This chapter explains the future of heat sinks and radiators and traditional and emerging radiative cooling. A major focus is Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC with its startup, massive research pipeline, materials opportunities and SWOT. See the fundamental and addressable limitations because this is data-based analysis not evangelism. The rest of the chapter analyses other emerging forms of radiative cooling, including tailorable-emittance coatings, paints, tapes, thermal louvers and ,particularly, tuned radiative cooling using both sides by Janus emitter JET. Then comes self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials and a SWOT appraisal of passive radiative cooling in general.

Chapter 4 (45 pages) is "Thermal Interface Materials and other emerging materials and devices for conductive cooling". It spans the familiar world of thermal conductors at interfaces and for spreading and removing heat. The TIM analysis is thorough, embracing manufacturer lists and initiatives, next materials, formats, morphologies micro to industrial. See the explanation of why there is a modest trend away from filling large gaps so thermal film and adhesives come to the fore but many other forms have a future. Seven current options are compared against nine parameters. The silicone SWOT explains why there is some trend to more use of advanced graphite, graphene and sophisticated thermally-conducting polymers as thermal conductors but silicones have a great future. Indeed, silicone-based solid-state cooling, in its huge variety of forms, dominates the research pipeline and company initiatives taken together in the report as a whole. In this chapter, both electrically-conducting and electrically insulating thermal conductors are in the frame. A large section addresses important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials. Thermally conductive carbon-based polymers are appraised against targetted features and applications and there is more.

Chapter 5. "Solid-state caloric cooling" is considered by Zhar Research to be very promising so it takes a full 57 pages to make sense of the frenzy of new research, the start of commercialisation and the potential applications. Three SWOT appraisals and sections on electrocaloric, magnetocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric options with a nod to the less-important twistocalorics. The multicaloric option follows. See why some of the options are non-starters on basic principles and other could be improved to the point of appearing in vast areas on buildings and maybe vehicles, despite being affected by weather. How does the best shape up against the older technology called thermoelectrics? Both are part of the strong trend from plumbing, liquids and gases to smart materials that is also seen with electricity production and batteries.

Could you have greenhouse glass that cools? Could you have a lens that concentrates sunlight not to set fire to something but to cool? Researchers say you can and Chapter 6. "Metamaterial and other advanced photonic cooling: emerging materials and devices" takes 32 pages to explain how this magic can mean big business. What materials, applications, timescales, best research papers, commercial initiatives, lessons of success and failure, three SWOT appraisals? It is all here, including metafabrics with such radiative and reflective cooling and a close look at why Anti-Stokes fluorescence is newly commercialised with considerable potential.

Thermoelectric cooling is solid-state but after a very long time it is still unusual to find someone selling $100 million yearly of it. Why bother to discuss it in this report? Well, it is being reinvented to escape rare toxic materials and become affordable and suitable for large areas. How about thermal locking by ferrons or spin-driven thermoelectrics? Metal organic framework thermoelectrics? Already, thermoelectrics can be lower cost than alternatives where precise temperature control is vital or strong cooling of small areas is needed, as required by the 1kW microprocessors expected soon. The 31 pages of Chapter7. "Thermoelectric cooling reinvented" explain, give a SWOT and predictions.

You cannot read this report without realising that is not just your car window that is multi-purpose (block the sun, antenna, demister). Cooling is firmly headed the same way, including car windows that also cool using several physical principles. Chapter 8. "Multi-mode and multi-purpose integrated cooling involving solid-state" closes the report with many examples to come. Expect solid-state cooling that desalinates water, captures useful amounts from the air. What startup offers solid-state reflective and radiative cooling smart material for aircon and refrigeration? There is load-bearing thermal insulation and active cooling material and a great deal more on the horizon. The report emphasises clarity with a glossary and terms explained in the text.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose of this report
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3. Definition and need for solid-state cooling
• 1.4. The cooling toolkit
• 1.5. Eleven primary conclusions with five infographics and one SWOT
  • 1.5.1. 12 solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities
  • 1.5.2. Research pipeline of solid-state cooling by topic vs technology readiness level
  • 1.5.3. Heart of the subject of solid-state cooling
  • 1.5.4. Function and format of solid-state cooling and prevention of heating
  • 1.5.5. The future of thermal interface materials and other cooling by thermal conduction
• 1.6. SWOT appraisals of solid-state cooling in general and seven emerging versions
  • 1.6.1. SWOT appraisal of solid-state cooling in general
  • 1.6.2. SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
  • 1.6.3. SWOT appraisal of self-cooling radiative metafabric
  • 1.6.4. SWOT appraisal of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling
  • 1.6.5. SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
  • 1.6.6. SWOT appraisal of magnetocaloric cooling
  • 1.6.7. SWOT appraisal of mechanocaloric cooling
  • 1.6.8. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
• 1.7. Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you
• 1.8. Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2024
• 1.9. Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2034
• 1.10. Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 2044
• 1.11. Global cooling equipment market solid-state and total $ billion 2024-2044
• 1.12. Global cooling equipment market passive, active and total $ billion 2024-2044
• 1.13. Global solid-state cooling market forecasts 2024-2044
  • 1.13.1. Solid-state cooling market in eight categories $ billion: table and commentary
  • 1.13.2. Seven global solid-state cooling equipment market forecasts 2024-2044: graphs
• 1.14. Global cooling forecasts for eight materials in solid-state cooling equipment 2024-2044
• 1.15. Background forecasts
  • 1.15.1. Air conditioner value market $ billion 2022-2043 and by region
  • 1.15.2. Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2020-2043 and by region
  • 1.15.3. Smartphones billion yearly with 6G impact 2023-2043
  • 1.15.4. Stationary battery market $ billion 2023-2043
• 1.16. Cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2024-2032
• 1.17. Cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2032-2044

2. Introduction

• 2.1. Cooling needs increase for many reasons 2024-2044
• 2.2. Growing problems and new solutions when cooling buildings
  • 2.2.1. Problems becoming severe with traditional cooling inadequate
  • 2.2.2. Solid state passive cooling for buildings reinvented and new
  • 2.2.3. Cooling windows and greenhouses
  • 2.2.4. Finding air conditioner alternatives that are lower power, greener, more affordable
  • 2.2.5. Comparison of traditional and emerging refrigeration technologies
  • 2.2.6. NEOM smart city The Line in Saudi Arabia
• 2.3. Major new cooling opportunities in electronics and ICT
• 2.4. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications thermal material opportunities
• 2.5. Cooling various forms of solar power: solar panels, photovoltaic cladding etc.
• 2.6. Large battery thermal management
• 2.7. Electric vehicles land, water and air create major new needs for thermal management

3. Passive radiative and heat sink radiative/ convective cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit 2023-2043

• 3.1. Radiative cooling and heat sink radiative or convection cooling
  • 3.1.1. Heat sinks/ radiators can cool convectively or radiatively
  • 3.1.2. Conventional convective heat sinks
  • 3.1.3. Advanced radiators and heat sinks
• 3.2. Radiative cooling
  • 3.2.1. Traditional radiative cooling
  • 3.2.2. Future radiative cooling of buildings
• 3.3. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)
  • 3.3.1. Overview
  • 3.3.2. New materials innovations
  • 3.3.2. Achieving commercialisation requirements
  • 3.3.3. Transparent PDRC for solar panels and windows
  • 3.3.4. Color without compromise?
  • 3.3.5. Environmental and inexpensive materials development
  • 3.3.6. SWOT appraisal of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
• 3.4. Other emerging forms of radiative cooling
  • 3.4.1. Toolkit and maturity curve
  • 3.4.2. Tailorable emittance coatings, paints, tapes
  • 3.4.3. Thermal louvers
  • 3.4.4. Deployable radiators in space
  • 3.4.5. Tuned radiative cooling using both sides: Janus emitter JET
  • 3.4.6. JET for cooling enclosed space
  • 3.4.7. Self-adaptive radiative cooling based on phase change materials
• 3.5. SWOT appraisal of passive radiative cooling in general

4. Solid-state conductive cooling: emerging materials and devices toolkit

• 4.1. Overview: adhesives to thermally conductive concrete
  • 4.1.1. TIM, heat spreaders from micro to heavy industrial
  • 4.1.2. Thermal conduction cooling geometries for electronics and electric vehicles
  • 4.1.3. Trending: annealed pyrolytic graphite APG for semiconductor cooling: Boyd
  • 4.1.4. Thermally conductive graphite polyamide concrete
• 4.2. Important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials
  • 4.2.1. Bonding or non-bonding
  • 4.2.2. Varying heat
  • 4.2.3. Electrically conductive or not
  • 4.2.4. Placement
  • 4.2.5. Environmental attack
  • 4.2.6. Choosing a thermal structure
  • 4.2.7. Research on embedded cooling
• 4.3. Thermal Interface Material TIM
  • 4.3.1. General
  • 4.3.2. Seven current options compared against nine parameters
  • 4.3.3. Thermal pastes compared
  • 4.3.4. TIM and other examples today: Henkel, Momentive, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
  • 4.3.5. 37 examples of TIM manufacturers
  • 4.3.6. Thermal interface material trends as needs change: graphene, liquid metals etc.
  • 4.3.7. Lessons from recent patents
• 4.4. Polymer choices: silicones or carbon-based
  • 4.4.1. Comparison
  • 4.4.2. Silicone parameters, ShinEtsu, patents
  • 4.4.3. SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
• 4.5. Thermally conductive carbon-based polymers: targetted features and applications
  • 4.5.1. Overview
  • 4.5.2. Examples of companies making thermally conductive additives
  • 4.5.3. Carbon-based polymers: host materials and particulates prioritised in research
• 4.6. Quantum dot cooling: 3D BN network in white LEDs

5. Solid-state caloric cooling

• 5.1. Phase change cooling modes and materials
• 5.2. The physical principles adjoining caloric cooling
• 5.3. Operating principles for caloric cooling
• 5.4. Caloric compared to thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
• 5.5. Some proposals for work to advance the use of caloric cooling
• 5.6. Electrocaloric cooling
  • 5.6.1. Operating principles, device construction and form factors
  • 5.6.2. Electrocaloric cooling: issues to address
  • 5.6.3. Choosing electrocaloric materials
  • 5.6.4. Material taxonomies and measurement issues
  • 5.6.5. Order of phase transition and speed of response
  • 5.6.6. Temperature span performance record with an actual cooler
  • 5.6.7. Direct electrocaloric cooling by negative effect
  • 5.6.8. Recent research on complete electrocaloric systems
  • 5.6.9. Likely electrocaloric cooling applications and system designs based on current knowledge
  • 5.6.10. SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
  • 5.6.11. References for recent electrocaloric research
• 5.7. Magnetocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
• 5.8. Mechanocaloric cooling (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling
  • 5.8.1. Overview
  • 5.8.2. Mechanocaloric cooling SWOT appraisal
  • 5.8.3. Barocaloric cooling
  • 5.8.4. Elastocaloric cooling
• 5.9. Multicaloric cooling
• 5.10. Further reading beyond electrocaloric

6. Metamaterial and other advanced photonic cooling

• 6.1. Metamaterials
  • 6.1.1. Metamaterial and metasurface basics
  • 6.1.2. The meta-atom, patterning and functional options
  • 6.1.3. SWOT assessment for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
• 6.2. Metasurface energy harvesting and cooling
  • 6.2.1. Metamaterial energy harvesting for metamaterial active cooling
  • 6.2.2. Cooling metamaterials for buildings, solar panels, electronics
  • 6.2.3. Cooling metamaterial developers, manufacturers: Metamaterial Technologies, Plasmonics and, in the past, Radi-Cool
• 6.3. Advanced photonic cooling and prevention of heating
• 6.4. Metafabric for PDRC
• 6.5. Anti-Stokes fluorescence with SWOT appraisal

7. Future thermoelectric cooling

• 7.1. Basics
  • 7.1.1. Operation
  • 7.1.2. Thermoelectric effects and relevance to cooling
• 7.2. SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling and temperature control
• 7.3. Radical new advances
  • 7.3.1. Thermal locking by ferrons
  • 7.3.2. Spin driven thermoelectrics
  • 7.3.3. New manufacturing for new morphology
  • 7.3.4. Radiative cooling powering active cooling
  • 7.3.5. Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectrics, some lower cost
  • 7.3.6. Better performing thermoelectric cooling materials ahead
• 7.4. Emerging applications of thermoelectric cooling
  • 7.4.1. Overview
  • 7.4.2. Water coolers, medical devices, humid environments
  • 7.4.3. Vehicle seats, aircraft, small refrigerators, batteries
  • 7.4.4. Scientific instruments, next generation chips, lasers: Thermion
  • 7.4.5. Accurate temperature-controlled environments: Solid State Cooling Systems
• 7.5. Metal organic framework thermoelectrics
• 7.6. 82 Manufactures of Peltier thermoelectric modules and products

8. Multi-mode and multipurpose integrated cooling involving solid-state

• 8.1. Overview
• 8.2. Buildings, windows
  • 8.2.1. Multi-mode ICER passive cooling
  • 8.2.2. Radiative cooling extra strong wood derivative structural material
  • 8.2.3. SkyCool reflective and radiative cooling for aircon and refrigeration
  • 8.2.4. Smart windows
• 8.3. Aircraft: strong aerogel multipurpose thermal insulation
• 8.4. Cooling paints and fabrics
  • 8.4.1. Overview
  • 8.4.2. Super white paint for multimode cooling
• 8.5. Electronics
  • 8.5.1. Integration of thermal materials
  • 8.5.2. Smartphone: 3D ice-level dual pump VC liquid cooling Infinix, Nubia
  • 8.5.3. 6G Communications
• 8.6. Evaporative cooling of solar panels with desalination
• 8.7. Medical: multi-mode passive cooling in electronic skin patches
• 8.8. Self repairing, adhesion and cooling