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市場調査レポート
商品コード
1547797

乳酸エチルの世界市場調査レポート:産業分析、規模、シェア、成長、動向、2024年から2032年までの予測

Global Ethyl Lactate Market Research Report - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2024 to 2032


出版日
ページ情報
英文 179 Pages
納期
即日から翌営業日
カスタマイズ可能
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=146.82円
乳酸エチルの世界市場調査レポート:産業分析、規模、シェア、成長、動向、2024年から2032年までの予測
出版日: 2024年07月01日
発行: Value Market Research
ページ情報: 英文 179 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
GIIご利用のメリット
  • 全表示
  • 概要
  • 図表
  • 目次
概要

乳酸エチル市場の世界需要は、2023年の46億6,000万米ドルから2032年には約94億9,000万米ドルの市場規模に達すると推定され、調査期間2024~2032年のCAGRは8.22%です。

乳酸エチルは生分解性化合物で、さまざまな最終製品を製造する際の化学中間体として使用されます。セルロースや樹脂製品、塗料、ラッカー、ポリマー、エナメル、ワニスなどに使用される非常に望ましい溶剤です。また、食品添加物や、保湿剤、クレンジング剤、スキンケア製品、化粧品、シャンプー、染毛剤、ローションなどの化粧品にも使用されています。落書き落としや塗料剥離剤としても非常に効果的です。この化合物は、高性能で汎用性が高く、リサイクルが容易で安価であり、非腐食性、非発がん性、非オゾン層破壊性です。グリーンと表示されているため、化学品の廃棄に関する多くの規制から免除されています。

市場力学

乳酸エチルは、生分解性で無毒性であるため、石油系溶剤の代替に適しており、この市場の成長を促す主要要因となっています。ペースの速いライフスタイルと焼き菓子の消費の増加は、乳酸エチル市場を押し上げると考えられます。急速に拡大するエレクトロニクス、航空、その他の産業セグメントで、洗浄剤として使用されるこの費用対効果が高くリサイクルしやすい化学品への需要が、市場を後押しすると考えられます。また、この環境に優しい化学品の医薬品への利用が拡大することで、市場の成長に拍車がかかると考えられます。この市場の成長は、長期間の暴露による皮膚や目の炎症など、この化学品の副作用による障害を目の当たりにする可能性があります。

調査レポートは、ポーターのファイブフォースモデル、市場の魅力分析、バリューチェーン分析をカバーしています。これらのツールは、業界の構造を明確に把握し、世界レベルでの競合の魅力を評価するのに役立ちます。さらに、これらのツールは乳酸エチルの世界市場における各セグメントを包括的に評価することもできます。乳酸エチル産業の成長と動向は、この調査に全体的なアプローチを記載しています。

市場セグメンテーション

乳酸エチル市場レポートのこのセクションでは、国と地域レベルのセグメントに関する詳細なデータを提供し、それによって戦略家が今後の機会でそれぞれの製品やサービスの対象層を特定するのに役立ちます。

地域分析

本セクションでは、北米、欧州、アジア太平洋、ラテンアメリカ、中東・アフリカにおける乳酸エチル市場の現在と将来の需要を強調する地域展望をカバーします。さらに、すべての主要地域における個々の用途セグメントの需要、推定・予測にも焦点を当てています。

カスタム要件がある場合は、お問い合わせください。当社の調査チームは、お客様のニーズに応じてカスタマイズしたレポートを提供することができます。

目次

第1章 序文

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場のハイライト
  • 世界市場スナップショット

第3章 乳酸エチル-産業分析

  • イントロダクション:市場力学
  • 市場促進要因
  • 市場抑制要因
  • 市場機会
  • 業界動向
  • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • 市場の魅力分析

第4章 バリューチェーン分析

  • バリューチェーン分析
  • 原材料分析
    • 原材料リスト
    • 原材料メーカー一覧
    • 主要原材料の価格動向
  • 潜在的バイヤー一覧
  • マーケティングチャネル
    • 直接マーケティング
    • 間接マーケティング
    • マーケティングチャネル発展動向

第5章 乳酸エチルの世界市場分析:グレード別

  • グレード別概要
  • 実績データと予測データ
  • グレード別分析
  • 医薬品
  • 食品
  • 技術
  • 工業

第6章 乳酸エチルの世界市場分析:最終用途別

  • 最終用途別概要
  • 実績データと予測データ
  • 最終用途別分析
  • 飲食品
  • エレクトロニクス
  • 塗料・コーティング
  • 包装・印刷インキ
  • 医薬品
  • 化粧品・パーソナルケア
  • 工業用洗浄
  • 農薬
  • その他

第7章 乳酸エチルの世界市場分析:地域別

  • 地域別展望
  • イントロダクション
  • 北米売上分析
    • 概要、実績と予測
    • 北米:セグメント別
    • 北米:国別
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州売上分析
    • 概要、実績と予測
    • 欧州:セグメント別
    • 欧州:国別
    • 英国
    • フランス
    • ドイツ
    • イタリア
    • ロシア
    • その他の欧州
  • アジア太平洋売上分析
    • 概要、実績と予測
    • アジア太平洋:セグメント別
    • アジア太平洋:国別
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 日本
    • 韓国
    • オーストラリア
    • 東南アジア
    • その他のアジア太平洋
  • ラテンアメリカ売上分析
    • 概要、実績と予測
    • ラテンアメリカ:セグメント別
    • ラテンアメリカ:国別
    • ブラジル
    • アルゼンチン
    • ペルー
    • チリ
    • その他のラテンアメリカ
  • 中東・アフリカ売上分析
    • 概要、実績と予測
    • 中東・アフリカ:セグメント別
    • 中東・アフリカ:国別一覧
    • サウジアラビア
    • アラブ首長国連邦
    • イスラエル
    • 南アフリカ
    • その他の中東・アフリカ

第8章 乳酸エチル企業の競合情勢

  • 乳酸エチル市場の競合
  • 提携・協力・契約
  • 合併・買収
  • 新製品の上市
  • その他の開発

第9章 企業プロファイル

  • 上位企業の市場シェア分析
  • 市場集中度
  • Godavari Biorefineries Ltd.
  • Aurochemicals
  • Verte Biosolvents Inc.
  • Merck KGaA
  • Corbion NV.
  • Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co Ltd.
  • Stepan
  • Musashino Chemical Laboratory Ltd.
  • TCI Chemicals (India) Private Limited
  • The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company
  • Qingdao Abel Technology Co. Ltd.
  • Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co Ltd.
  • Zhengzhou Tianrun Lactic Acid Co. Ltd
図表

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers: Impact Analysis
  • Restraints: Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • Analysis By Grade (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharma Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Technical Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Industrial Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Analysis By End-use (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food & Beverages Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Electronics Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Paints & Coatings Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Packaging & Printing Ink Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharmaceuticals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cosmetics & Personal Care Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Industrial Cleaning Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Agrochemicals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Ethyl Lactate Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United States Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate By Country (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South East Asia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Ethyl Lactate Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Ethyl Lactate Market Size, By Region (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Grade
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis By Grade (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharma Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Technical Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Industrial Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis By End-use (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Food & Beverages Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Electronics Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Paints & Coatings Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Packaging & Printing Ink Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Pharmaceuticals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Cosmetics & Personal Care Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Industrial Cleaning Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Agrochemicals Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales By Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.

目次
Product Code: VMR11213330

The global demand for Ethyl Lactate Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 9.49 Billion by 2032 from USD 4.66 Billion in 2023 with a CAGR of 8.22% under the study period 2024-2032.

Ethyl lactate is a biodegradable compound used as a chemical intermediate in producing many different end-user products. It is a highly desirable solvent used in cellulose and resins products, paints, lacquers, polymers, enamels, and varnishes. It also finds its usage as a food additive and in the formulation of several cosmetic products like moisturizers, cleansing products, skincare products, and makeup, shampoos, hair dyes, and lotions. It is a very effective graffiti remover and paint stripper. This compound is a high performing, versatile, easy, and inexpensive to recycle, non-corrosive, non-carcinogenic, and non-ozone depleting. It is exempt from many restrictions imposed under the disposal of chemicals since it is labeled as green.

MARKET DYNAMICS

Ethyl lactate serving as a suitable replacement for petroleum-based solvent because of its biodegradable and nontoxic characteristics will be the main stimulating factor for this market's growth. Fast-paced lifestyles and the increased consumption of baked goods will boost the market for ethyl lactate. The demand for this cost-effective and easy to recycle chemical for use as a cleaning agent in the rapidly expanding electronics, aviation, and other industrial sectors will be a market booster. The growing utilization of this environment-friendly chemical in pharmaceuticals will spur market growth. This market's growth can witness a roadblock due to the side effects of this chemical like skin and eye irritation on prolonged exposure.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of Ethyl Lactate. The growth and trends of Ethyl Lactate industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the Ethyl Lactate market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Grade

  • Pharma
  • Food
  • Technical
  • Industrial

By End-use

  • Food & Beverages
  • Electronics
  • Paints & Coatings
  • Packaging & Printing Ink
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Cosmetics & Personal Care
  • Industrial Cleaning
  • Agrochemicals
  • Others

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Ethyl Lactate market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Ethyl Lactate market include Godavari Biorefineries Ltd., Aurochemicals, Verte Biosolvents Inc., Merck KGaA, Corbion NV., Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co Ltd., Stepan, Musashino Chemical Laboratory Ltd., TCI Chemicals (India) Private Limited, The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Qingdao Abel Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co Ltd., Zhengzhou Tianrun Lactic Acid Co. Ltd. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1 Objective
    • 1.1.2 Target Audience
    • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. ETHYL LACTATE - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Grade
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By End-use
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL ETHYL LACTATE MARKET ANALYSIS BY GRADE

  • 5.1. Overview By Grade
  • 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data
  • 5.3. Analysis By Grade
  • 5.4. Pharma Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.5. Food Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.6. Technical Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 5.7. Industrial Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL ETHYL LACTATE MARKET ANALYSIS BY END-USE

  • 6.1. Overview By End-use
  • 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data
  • 6.3. Analysis By End-use
  • 6.4. Food & Beverages Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.5. Electronics Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.6. Paints & Coatings Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.7. Packaging & Printing Ink Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.8. Pharmaceuticals Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.9. Cosmetics & Personal Care Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.10. Industrial Cleaning Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.11. Agrochemicals Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
  • 6.12. Others Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL ETHYL LACTATE MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 7.1. Regional Outlook
  • 7.2. Introduction
  • 7.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 7.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.5 France Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 7.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.4 China Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.5 India Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 7.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 7.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

8. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE ETHYL LACTATE COMPANIES

  • 8.1. Ethyl Lactate Market Competition
  • 8.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 8.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 8.4. New Product Launch
  • 8.5. Other Developments

9. COMPANY PROFILES OF ETHYL LACTATE INDUSTRY

  • 9.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
  • 9.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 9.3. Godavari Biorefineries Ltd.
    • 9.3.1 Company Overview
    • 9.3.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.3.3 Products
    • 9.3.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.4. Aurochemicals
    • 9.4.1 Company Overview
    • 9.4.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.4.3 Products
    • 9.4.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.5. Verte Biosolvents Inc.
    • 9.5.1 Company Overview
    • 9.5.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.5.3 Products
    • 9.5.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.6. Merck KGaA
    • 9.6.1 Company Overview
    • 9.6.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.6.3 Products
    • 9.6.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.7. Corbion NV.
    • 9.7.1 Company Overview
    • 9.7.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.7.3 Products
    • 9.7.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.8. Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co Ltd.
    • 9.8.1 Company Overview
    • 9.8.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.8.3 Products
    • 9.8.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.9. Stepan
    • 9.9.1 Company Overview
    • 9.9.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.9.3 Products
    • 9.9.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.10. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Ltd.
    • 9.10.1 Company Overview
    • 9.10.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.10.3 Products
    • 9.10.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.11. TCI Chemicals (India) Private Limited
    • 9.11.1 Company Overview
    • 9.11.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.11.3 Products
    • 9.11.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.12. The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company
    • 9.12.1 Company Overview
    • 9.12.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.12.3 Products
    • 9.12.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.13. Qingdao Abel Technology Co. Ltd.
    • 9.13.1 Company Overview
    • 9.13.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.13.3 Products
    • 9.13.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.14. Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co Ltd.
    • 9.14.1 Company Overview
    • 9.14.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.14.3 Products
    • 9.14.4 Recent Developments
  • 9.15. Zhengzhou Tianrun Lactic Acid Co. Ltd
    • 9.15.1 Company Overview
    • 9.15.2 Company Revenue
    • 9.15.3 Products
    • 9.15.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies