PD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場- 世界の産業規模、動向、機会、予測、がんタイプ別、アッセイキットタイプ別、最終用途別、地域別、競合別、2020～2030年

PD-L1バイオマーカー検査の世界市場は、2024年に7億6,431万米ドルと評価され、予測期間には12億651万米ドルに達し、2030年までのCAGRは7.88%に達すると予測されています。

PD-L1バイオマーカー検査の世界市場は、現代のがん診断と治療に不可欠な要素として浮上しています。Programmed Death-Ligand 1（PD-L1）は、がん細胞の表面に存在するタンパク質で、がんに対する免疫反応を制御する上で極めて重要な役割を果たしています。PD-L1発現のバイオマーカー検査は腫瘍学の分野で大きな注目を集め、臨床医が免疫療法の治療選択肢について十分な情報を得た上で意思決定するのに役立っています。この市場には、主に非小細胞肺がん（NSCLC）、メラノーマ、膀胱がんなど、さまざまながん種におけるPD-L1発現レベルの評価を目的とした幅広い診断検査、技術、サービスが含まれます。

世界のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場の主要促進要因の1つは、PD-1阻害薬やPD-L1阻害薬などの免疫チェックポイント阻害薬が様々な進行がんの治療において目覚ましい成功を収めていることです。バイオマーカー検査は、これらの免疫療法の効果が最も期待できる患者を特定するのに役立ち、それによって治療成績が向上し、非反応患者における不必要な副作用が減少します。さらに、現在進行中の研究や臨床試験により、PD-L1検査の範囲は拡大し続けており、新たながん種や治療環境も含まれるようになっています。

同市場は、免疫組織化学（IHC）、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（PCR）、次世代シーケンシング（NGS）を含む多数の検査法によって特徴付けられ、それぞれが独自の利点と限界を示しています。さらに、市場はこれらの検査の導入と利用可能性という点で地理的なばらつきを示しており、技術の導入とインフラの面では先進国地域がリードしています。

精密医療が注目されるにつれ、PD-L1バイオマーカー検査は診断に不可欠な要素となりつつあり、個別化された治療戦略を可能にし、患者の治療を向上させています。しかし、検査プロトコルの標準化、規制上のハードル、費用対効果といった課題は、このダイナミックな市場において依然として存在しています。

主な市場促進要因

がん罹患率の上昇

主な市場課題

PD-L1発現の不均一性

主な市場動向

個別化医療

目次

第1章 概要

第2章 調査手法

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 世界のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア・予測
  • がんタイプ別（非小細胞肺がん、腎がん、黒色腫、頭頸部がん、膀胱がん、その他）
  • アッセイキットタイプ別（PD-L1 22C3 IHC、PD-L1 28-8 IHC、PD-L1 SP263、PD-L1 SP142）
  • 最終用途別（研究開発、診断）
  • 地域別
  • 企業別（2024年）
• 市場マップ
  • がんタイプ別
  • アッセイキットタイプ別
  • 最終用途別
  • 地域別

第5章 アジア太平洋地域のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
  • 金額別
• 市場シェア・予測
  • がんタイプ別
  • アッセイキットタイプ別
  • 最終用途別
  • 国別
• アジア太平洋地域：国別分析
  • 中国
  • インド
  • オーストラリア
  • 日本
  • 韓国

第6章 欧州のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
• 市場シェア・予測
• 欧州：国別分析
  • フランス
  • ドイツ
  • スペイン
  • イタリア
  • 英国

第7章 北米のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
• 市場シェア・予測
• 北米：国別分析
  • 米国
  • メキシコ
  • カナダ

第8章 南米のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
• 市場シェア・予測
• 南米：国別分析
  • ブラジル
  • アルゼンチン
  • コロンビア

第9章 中東・アフリカのPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場展望

• 市場規模・予測
• 市場シェア・予測
• 中東・アフリカ：国別分析
  • 南アフリカ
  • サウジアラビア
  • アラブ首長国連邦

第10章 市場力学

• 促進要因
• 課題

第11章 市場動向と発展

• 最近の動向
• 製品上市
• 合併と買収

第12章 世界のPD-L1バイオマーカー検査市場：SWOT分析

第13章 ポーターのファイブフォース分析

• 業界内の競合
• 新規参入の可能性
• サプライヤーの力
• 顧客の力
• 代替品の脅威

第14章 競合情勢

• AstraZeneca PLC
• Merck Group（SigmaAldrich Co., LLC）
• F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
• Abcam
• Agilent technologies
• NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc.
• ACROBiosystems
• PerkinElmer Inc.
• Guardant Health
• Quanterix

第15章 戦略的提言

第16章 調査会社について・免責事項

Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market was valued at USD 764.31 Million in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 1206.51 Million in the forecast period with a CAGR of 7.88% through 2030. The Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market has emerged as a critical component of modern cancer diagnosis and treatment. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a protein found on the surface of cancer cells that plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune response against cancer. Biomarker testing for PD-L1 expression has gained significant prominence in the field of oncology, helping clinicians make informed decisions about immunotherapy treatment options. This market encompasses a wide range of diagnostic tests, technologies, and services aimed at assessing PD-L1 expression levels in various cancer types, primarily non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, bladder cancer, and others.

One of the key drivers of the Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market is the remarkable success of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, in treating a variety of advanced cancers. Biomarker testing helps identify patients who are most likely to benefit from these immunotherapies, thereby improving treatment outcomes and reducing unnecessary side effects in non-responsive patients. Additionally, ongoing research and clinical trials continue to expand the scope of PD-L1 testing, encompassing new cancer types and treatment settings.

The market is characterized by a plethora of testing methods, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), each offering its own advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the market exhibits geographical variations in terms of adoption and availability of these tests, with developed regions leading the way in terms of technology adoption and infrastructure.

As precision medicine gains prominence, PD-L1 biomarker testing is becoming an integral part of the diagnostic landscape, enabling personalized treatment strategies, and improving patient care. However, challenges such as standardization of testing protocols, regulatory hurdles, and cost-effectiveness remain pertinent in this dynamic market.

Key Market Drivers

Rising Incidence of Cancer

The Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market has been significantly propelled by the rising incidence of cancer worldwide. In 2022, there were an estimated 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million deaths globally. This escalating cancer burden underscores the necessity for effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. As the prevalence of various cancer types continues to surge, there is an increasing demand for precise and personalized treatment approaches. PD-L1 biomarker testing has emerged as a crucial tool in this context, enabling healthcare providers to identify the most suitable candidates for immunotherapy.

One of the key factors contributing to the rising cancer incidence is changing lifestyles and environmental factors. Factors such as smoking, poor dietary habits, exposure to environmental toxins, and sedentary lifestyles have contributed to the growing prevalence of cancer. Additionally, an aging population also plays a significant role, as cancer risk tends to increase with age. As the global population continues to age, the burden of cancer is expected to rise, further driving the demand for effective diagnostic tools like PD-L1 testing.

Advancements in medical research have unveiled new insights into the complexity of cancer, revealing that it is not a single disease but rather a diverse collection of diseases with unique genetic profiles. This understanding has led to the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, which have shown remarkable success in treating various cancer types. PD-L1 biomarker testing is at the forefront of this revolution, as it helps identify patients who are most likely to respond positively to immunotherapy.

The rising incidence of cancer is a pivotal driver behind the growth of the Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market. As the world grapples with the increasing burden of cancer, the need for precise and effective diagnostic tools has never been greater. PD-L1 testing not only improves treatment outcomes but also represents a significant step towards personalized medicine, where each patient's unique genetic profile informs their treatment plan, ultimately enhancing the chances of successful cancer management.

Key Market Challenges

Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression

Tumor heterogeneity makes it challenging to obtain a representative tissue sample for testing. A biopsy from one area of a tumor may yield different results from another, potentially leading to inaccurate assessments of a patient's likelihood to respond to immunotherapy. This inconsistency can result in patients receiving suboptimal treatment or being excluded from potentially beneficial therapies due to misleading test results.

The lack of a standardized approach for PD-L1 biomarker testing exacerbates the issue of heterogeneity. Different pharmaceutical companies and diagnostic manufacturers may use their own proprietary tests and scoring systems, making it challenging to establish uniform criteria for PD-L1 positivity. This lack of standardization can lead to inconsistencies in test results across laboratories and hinder the comparability of data in clinical trials.

The heterogeneous nature of PD-L1 expression adds complexity to treatment decisions. Clinicians must carefully consider the location and extent of PD-L1 expression within a tumor, as well as the potential presence of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This complexity can delay treatment initiation and complicate the selection of the most appropriate immunotherapy regimen for individual patients.

In some cases, PD-L1 expressions may be present but go undetected due to sampling limitations. Patients with low or focal PD-L1 expression may be classified as negative, leading to missed opportunities for immunotherapy. Underdiagnosis can negatively impact patient outcomes and limit the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Key Market Trends

Personalized Medicine

Personalized medicine has emerged as a powerful driver behind the growth of the Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market. This transformative approach to healthcare focuses on tailoring treatments to the individual genetic and molecular characteristics of each patient. Within this paradigm, PD-L1 biomarker testing plays a pivotal role, as it enables clinicians to make highly informed decisions about cancer treatment strategies.

In personalized medicine, the one-size-fits-all approach is replaced with precision. PD-L1 testing allows healthcare providers to assess the specific PD-L1 expression levels in a patient's tumor tissue. This information is crucial because it helps identify whether a patient is likely to respond favorably to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies, such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. By accurately pinpointing potential responders, personalized medicine ensures that patients receive the most suitable and effective therapies, while avoiding unnecessary treatments that may carry risks and side effects without offering benefits.

The rise of personalized medicine has significantly expanded the scope of PD-L1 biomarker testing beyond its initial applications. While it was initially associated primarily with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), its relevance has broadened to encompass a wide range of cancer types, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and head and neck cancer, among others. This expanded applicability ensures that PD-L1 testing meets the needs of an increasingly diverse patient population.

Key Market Players

• AstraZeneca PLC
• Merck Group (SigmaAldrich Co., LLC)
• F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
• Abcam
• Agilent technologies
• NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc.
• ACROBiosystems
• PerkinElmer Inc.
• Guardant Health
• Quanterix

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market, By Cancer Type:

• NSCLC
• Kidney Cancer
• Melanoma
• Head and Neck
• Bladder Cancer
• Others

PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market, By Assay Kit Type:

• PD-L1 22C3 IHC
• PD-L1 28-8 IHC
• PD-L1 SP263
• PD-L1 SP142

PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market, By End Use:

• Research and Development
• Diagnostics

PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market, By Region:

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market.

Available Customizations:

Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 4.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 4.1.1. By Value
• 4.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 4.2.1. By Cancer Type (NSCLC, Kidney Cancer, Melanoma, Head and Neck, Bladder Cancer, Others)
  • 4.2.2. By Assay Kit Type (PD-L1 22C3 IHC, PD-L1 28-8 IHC, PD-L1 SP263, PD-L1 SP142)
  • 4.2.3. By End Use (Research and Development, Diagnostics)
  • 4.2.4. By Region
  • 4.2.5. By Company (2024)
• 4.3. Market Map
  • 4.3.1. By Cancer Type
  • 4.3.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 4.3.3. By End Use
  • 4.3.4. By Region

5. Asia Pacific PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Cancer Type
  • 5.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 5.2.3. By End Use
  • 5.2.4. By Country
• 5.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 5.3.1. China PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 5.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 5.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 5.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 5.3.1.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 5.3.1.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 5.3.1.2.3. By End Use
  • 5.3.2. India PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 5.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 5.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 5.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 5.3.2.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 5.3.2.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 5.3.2.2.3. By End Use
  • 5.3.3. Australia PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 5.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 5.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 5.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 5.3.3.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 5.3.3.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 5.3.3.2.3. By End Use
  • 5.3.4. Japan PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 5.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 5.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 5.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 5.3.4.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 5.3.4.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 5.3.4.2.3. By End Use
  • 5.3.5. South Korea PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 5.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 5.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 5.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 5.3.5.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 5.3.5.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 5.3.5.2.3. By End Use

6. Europe PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Cancer Type
  • 6.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 6.2.3. By End Use
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. France PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By End Use
  • 6.3.2. Germany PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By End Use
  • 6.3.3. Spain PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By End Use
  • 6.3.4. Italy PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 6.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.4.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 6.3.4.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 6.3.4.2.3. By End Use
  • 6.3.5. United Kingdom PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 6.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.5.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 6.3.5.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 6.3.5.2.3. By End Use

7. North America PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Cancer Type
  • 7.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 7.2.3. By End Use
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. United States PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By End Use
  • 7.3.2. Mexico PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By End Use
  • 7.3.3. Canada PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By End Use

8. South America PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Cancer Type
  • 8.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 8.2.3. By End Use
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. Brazil PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By End Use
  • 8.3.2. Argentina PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By End Use
  • 8.3.3. Colombia PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By End Use

9. Middle East and Africa PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Cancer Type
  • 9.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
  • 9.2.3. By End Use
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. MEA: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. South Africa PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By End Use
  • 9.3.2. Saudi Arabia PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By End Use
  • 9.3.3. UAE PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Cancer Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Assay Kit Type
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By End Use

10. Market Dynamics

• 10.1. Drivers
• 10.2. Challenges

11. Market Trends & Developments

• 11.1. Recent Developments
• 11.2. Product Launches
• 11.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

12. Global PD-L1 Biomarker Testing Market: SWOT Analysis

13. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 13.1. Competition in the Industry
• 13.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 13.3. Power of Suppliers
• 13.4. Power of Customers
• 13.5. Threat of Substitute Product

14. Competitive Landscape

• 14.1. AstraZeneca PLC
  • 14.1.1. Business Overview
  • 14.1.2. Company Snapshot
  • 14.1.3. Products & Services
  • 14.1.4. Current Capacity Analysis
  • 14.1.5. Financials (In case of listed)
  • 14.1.6. Recent Developments
  • 14.1.7. SWOT Analysis
• 14.2. Merck Group (SigmaAldrich Co., LLC)
• 14.3. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
• 14.4. Abcam
• 14.5. Agilent technologies
• 14.6. NeoGenomics Laboratories, Inc.
• 14.7. ACROBiosystems
• 14.8. PerkinElmer Inc.
• 14.9. Guardant Health
• 14.10. Quanterix

15. Strategic Recommendations

16. About Us & Disclaimer