北米の鉄道座席市場の2030年までの予測- 列車タイプ別、座席タイプ別の地域分析

北米の鉄道座席市場は2030年までに6億8,227万米ドルに達すると予測され、2022年から2030年までのCAGRは5.6%と予測されます。

北米では近年、鉄道を利用する乗客が増加しています。アムトラックによると、鉄道利用者数は2020年の1,080万人から2021年には2,290万人へと89％増加しました。全体の利用者数は、2022年3月から2022年9月にかけて、COVID-19流行前の約85％に達しました。さらにアムトラックも、2023年9月までに鉄道利用者数と収入がパンデミック前の90％以上になる見込みだと発表しました。同様に、VIAレール・カナダ社によると、鉄道利用者数は2021年比で118.4％増加し、2022年には170万人に達しました。また、旅客収入は2021年比で1億9,880万米ドル（168.2％）増加しました。

アムトラックによると、列車の乗客1人当たりの平均CO2排出量は、航空機や乗用車よりも少ないです。列車による旅行は、乗用車による旅行よりも温室効果ガスの排出量が約83％少なく、航空会社による旅行よりも最大73％少ないです。また、鉄道旅行は北米で最も時間を節約でき、リラックスできる交通手段のひとつです。アメリカのいくつかの都市では、交通渋滞が長く続くため、人々は年間80時間以上を交通渋滞に費やしています。そのため、環境にやさしく、時間を節約でき、快適な交通手段である鉄道輸送に多くの人が傾倒しており、北米の鉄道座席市場の成長を後押ししています。

北米の鉄道会社は、乗客にモダンでリラックスできる快適な旅行体験を提供することに注力しています。また、顧客はプレミアムな鉄道体験を期待しているため、各社は古い座席を新しいリラックスできる座席に取り替えるなど、車内の改装を進めています。2022年7月、メトロリンクはカリフォルニア州で初の改装車両が運行を開始したと発表しました。同社は、この車両が乗客に快適で安全な体験を提供すると主張しています。この車両は、今後改修される50車両のうちの最初の車両です。この車両は、ビニール製の座席、カーペットを敷かない床、強化された空気ろ過、バクテリア、大気汚染物質、ウイルス保護のためのUV照明など、改良された機能で構成されています。2021年11月、アルストムはカナダで94両のBiLevel通勤車両のオーバーホールを行う契約をMetrolinxと締結したと発表しました。この契約は1億3,410万米ドル（1億7,100万カナダドル）に相当します。この契約の下、アルストムは内装を改修します。改修には、USBポートを備えた最新のコンセントの設置、客席の交換、羽目板と床の化粧直し、洗面所とサービス実証済みのLED照明のアップグレードなどが含まれます。このように、鉄道会社が車内の改装に力を入れるようになったことで、快適な鉄道座席の需要が高まり、予測期間中の北米鉄道座席市場の成長を後押しすると予想されます。

北米の鉄道座席市場は、インフラ整備への多額の投資、技術の進歩、乗客の嗜好の進化といった主な要因によって、著しい成長と変貌を遂げています。同地域の鉄道部門はルネッサンスを経験しており、大手鉄道事業者や当局がネットワークの近代化と拡大のために野心的なプロジェクトに取り組んでいます。2023年5月、米国を拠点とする旅客鉄道サービス・プロバイダーのアムトラックは、最新車両とインフラ整備に500億米ドルを投資しました。この意欲的な取り組みは、かつて「古い」「時代遅れ」と思われていたアムトラックのイメージを一新し、鉄道旅行の新時代を切り開くことを目的としています。州政府、地方自治体、鉄道パートナーなど様々な利害関係者と協力し、アムトラックは米国史上最大規模の資本プログラムを主導しています。近代的で快適な座席ソリューションへの需要が鉄道インフラのアップグレードに合致するため、この変革的な取り組みは鉄道座席市場に新たな機会を生み出すと期待されています。

カリフォルニア高速鉄道公社（CHSRA）もまた、同地域の高速鉄道開発で躍進しています。フレズノ郡のエルクホーン・アヴェニュー・オーバークロッシングの完成など、CHSRAは将来の電化高速鉄道のための基礎固めを行っています。建設が進むにつれ、近代的で快適な鉄道座席への需要が高まり、開発期間中に数千の建設雇用が創出され、新興経済諸国に恩恵をもたらすことが期待されます。2023年7月、ブライトラインによるオーランド拡張工事の成功は、フロリダの都市間鉄道システムにおけるもうひとつの重要なマイルストーンとなります。万人以上の雇用と64億米ドルの経済価値を生み出すこのプロジェクトの経済効果は、鉄道座席市場に有望な機会をもたらします。中央フロリダと南フロリダ間の運行開始が近づくにつれ、近代的で快適な鉄道座席の需要は増加し、乗客と地元経済の双方に利益をもたらす可能性が高いです。

モノレール・システム用に設計された座席は、必要最小限の土地で高架線上を運行するため、都市部や郊外の景観がよく、環境にやさしい交通手段となります。鉄道座席市場のモノレール・セグメントは、都市部や郊外でモノレール・システムの採用が増加していることから成長を遂げています。この種の座席の原動力となっているのは、急速な都市化と、効率的で環境に優しい大量輸送ソリューションへのニーズです。モノレールには、狭い空間を移動する能力、必要最小限の土地、環境への影響の低減など、従来の交通手段にはない利点がいくつかあります。第一に、モノレールは通常、高架の線路上を運行するため、乗客に美しい景色とユニークな旅行体験を提供します。第二に、モノレールの座席はコンパクトで合理的な設計のため、スペース利用が最適化され、より多くの乗客を収容できます。

COVID-19が大流行する前、北米では著しい都市化の傾向が見られ、主要都市での通勤・通学の交通量が増加していました。日常的な交通手段として鉄道を利用する人が増えるにつれ、毎日の通勤時に乗客の体感を向上させる快適で人間工学に基づいたシートへの需要が高まっていました。鉄道事業者とメーカーは、顧客を引き付け、維持するために、乗客の快適さと体験を向上させることを強く強調しました。調節可能なヘッドレスト、十分な足元スペース、クッション性のあるシートといった機能を備えた座席配置の改善は、乗客の期待に応え、短距離・長距離の移動中に満足感を得られるようにするための優先事項となっています。COVID以前のシナリオでは、鉄道座席技術の絶え間ない進歩が見られました。メーカー各社は、充電ポート、エンターテインメント・システム、Wi-Fi接続などの最新機能を統合し、列車移動中の接続やエンターテインメントに対するニーズの高まりに対応しました。また、耐久性とメンテナンスのしやすさを確保するため、革新的な素材とデザインが採用されました。

目次

第1章 イントロダクション

第2章 キーポイント

第3章 調査手法

• カバー範囲
• 2次調査
• 1次調査

第4章 鉄道座席市場の情勢

• 市場概要
• PEST分析
  • 北米
• エコシステム分析
• 専門家の見解

第5章 鉄道座席市場：主要市場力学

• 市場促進要因
  • 鉄道インフラへの投資拡大
  • 交通手段としての鉄道選好の高まり
• 市場抑制要因
  • 高い資本コスト
• 市場機会
  • 新型車両の増産
• 今後の動向
  • 列車の内装改修の増加
• 促進要因と抑制要因の影響分析

第6章 鉄道座席市場：北米分析

• 北米：鉄道座席市場の概要
• 市場のポジショニング-主要参入企業

第7章 鉄道座席市場の分析-列車タイプ別

• 概要
• 鉄道座席市場：列車タイプ別（2022年、2030年）
• メトロ/地下鉄
• モノレール
• 郊外電車
• 路面電車

第8章 鉄道座席市場分析：座席タイプ別

• 概要
• 鉄道座席市場：座席タイプ別（2022年、2030年）
• レギュラー
• リクライニングシート
• 折りたたみ式
• ダイニング
• スマート

第9章 北米鉄道座席市場-地域分析

第10章 COVID-19パンデミックが北米鉄道座席市場に与える影響

• 北米

第11章 業界情勢

• 概要
• 市場イニシアティブ
• 新製品開発
• 合併と買収

第12章 企業プロファイル

• Freedman Seating Co
• Seats Inc
• Franz Kiel GmbH
• American Seating Inc
• United Safety & Survivability Corp
• PowerRail Holdings Inc
• Baultar Concept Inc
• Compin Group SA
• Guangdong Huatie Tongda High-speed Railway Equipment Corp
• Transcal Holdings Ltd
• Grammer AG

第13章 付録

List Of Tables

• Table 1. Railway Seats Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Table 2. North America Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast To 2030 - By Country (US$ Million)
• Table 3. US Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Train Type (US$ Million)
• Table 4. US Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Seat Type (US$ Million)
• Table 5. Canada Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Train Type (US$ Million)
• Table 6. Canada Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Seat Type (US$ Million)
• Table 7. Mexico Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Train Type (US$ Million)
• Table 8. Mexico Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 - By Seat Type (US$ Million)
• Table 9. List of Abbreviation

List Of Figures

• Figure 1. Railway Seats Market Segmentation
• Figure 2. Railway Seats Market Segmentation - By Geography
• Figure 3. North America Railway Seats Market Overview
• Figure 4. Metro/Subway Segment held the Largest Share of Railway Seats Market in 2022
• Figure 5. US held the Largest Share of Railway Seats Market
• Figure 6. North America: PEST Analysis
• Figure 7. Expert Opinion
• Figure 8. Railway Seats Market Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
• Figure 9. Railway Seats Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 10. Railway Seats Market Revenue Share, By Train Type (2022 and 2030)
• Figure 11. Metro/Subway: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 12. Monorail: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 13. Suburban: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 14. Trams: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 15. Railway Seats Market Revenue Share, By Seat Type (2022 and 2030)
• Figure 16. Regular: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 17. Recliner: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 18. Folding: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 19. Dining: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 20. Smart: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 21. North America Railway Seats Market Breakdown, by Country, 2022 & 2030 (%)
• Figure 22. US Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 23. Canada Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 24. Mexico Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• Figure 25. Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic in North America Markets

The North America Railway Seats Market is expected to reach US$ 682.27 million by 2030; it is estimated to register a CAGR of 5.6% from 2022 to 2030.

North America reported an increase in the number of passengers traveling by train in recent years. According to Amtrak, the number of rail passengers increased by 89% from 10.8 million in 2020 to 22.9 million in 2021. The overall ridership hit about 85% of pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels from March 2022 to September 2022. Further, Amtrak also announced that rail ridership and revenue are expected to rise above 90% of pre-pandemic levels by September 2023. Similarly, as per VIA Rail Canada Inc., rail ridership increased by 118.4%, reaching 1.7 million passengers in 2022 compared to 2021. Also, passenger revenues increased by US$ 198.8 million (168.2%) compared to 2021.

According to Amtrak, trains produce less CO2 emissions on average per passenger than airplanes and passenger cars. Traveling by train emits around 83% fewer greenhouse gases than driving passenger cars and up to 73% fewer than traveling by airline. Also, rail travel can be one of the most time-saving and relaxing modes of transport in North America. In some cities in America, people spend more than 80 hours a year in traffic due to longer traffic congestion. Therefore, many people are inclined toward rail transportation since it is an environment-friendly, time-saving, and comfortable mode of transport, which is fueling the growth of the North America railway seats market.

The rail companies in North America focus on providing modern, relaxing, and comfortable travel experience to passengers. Also, as customers expect a premium rail experience, the companies are refurbishing the train interior, including replacing the old seats with new and relaxing ones. In July 2022, Metrolink announced its first refurbished train car is into service in California. The company claimed that the train car would offer a comfortable and safe experience to passengers. This train car is the first of 50 that will be renovated in the future. The train cars comprise improved features, including vinyl seating; non-carpeted flooring; enhanced air filtration; and UV lighting for bacteria, air pollutants, and virus protection. In November 2021, Alstom announced the signing of an agreement with Metrolinx to overhaul 94 BiLevel commuter rail cars in Canada. This contract is valued at ~ US$ 134.10 million (CAD 171 million). Under this contract, Alstom will renovate an interior. The renovation will include installing updated outlets with USB ports, replacing customer seating, cosmetic updates to paneling and flooring, and upgrading washrooms and service-proven LED lighting. Thus, the growing focus of rail companies on refurbishing their train interior is expected to raise the demand for comfortable railway seats, propelling the North America railway seats market growth during the forecast period.

The railway seat market in North America is witnessing significant growth and transformation owing to key factors such as substantial investments in infrastructure development, technological advancements, and evolving passenger preferences. The region's railway sector is experiencing a renaissance, with major rail operators and authorities undertaking ambitious projects to modernize and expand their networks. In May 2023, Amtrak, a US-based passenger railroad service provider, invested an impressive US$ 50 billion in modern rolling stock and infrastructure developments. This ambitious initiative aims to reshape the once-perceived "old" and "antiquated" image of Amtrak, ushering in a new era of rail travel. Collaborating with various stakeholders, including state and local governments and rail partners, Amtrak is leading one of the largest capital programs in the nation's history. This transformative effort is expected to create new opportunities for the railway seat market, as the demand for modern and comfortable seating solutions aligns with the upgraded rail infrastructure.

The California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA) is also making strides in developing high-speed rail in the region. With projects such as the completion of the Elkhorn Avenue overcrossing in Fresno County, CHSRA lays the groundwork for future electrified high-speed rail. As construction advances, the demand for modern and comfortable railway seats is expected to grow, benefiting the economies by generating thousands of construction jobs during the development. In July 2023, Brightline's successful completion of the Orlando expansion is another significant milestone in Florida's intercity rail system. The project's economic impact, generating over 10,000 jobs and US$ 6.4 billion in economic value, presents promising opportunities for the railway seat market. With the launch of service between Central and South Florida approaching, the demand for modern and comfortable railway seats is likely to increase, benefiting both passengers and the local economy.

Seats designed for monorail systems, operating on elevated tracks with minimal land requirements, offer scenic views and eco-friendly transportation in urban and suburban areas. The monorail segment of the railway seat market is experiencing growth owing to the increasing adoption of monorail systems in urban and suburban areas. The driving factor for this type of seating is rapid urbanization and the need for efficient and eco-friendly mass transit solutions. Monorails offer several advantages over traditional modes of transportation, including their ability to navigate tight spaces, minimal land requirements, and reduced environmental impact. Firstly, monorails usually operate on elevated tracks, providing passengers scenic views and a unique travel experience. Secondly, monorail seats' compact and streamlined design optimizes space utilization, accommodating more passengers.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, North America experienced significant urbanization trends and increasing commuter traffic in major cities. As more people relied on railways for daily transportation, there was a higher demand for comfortable and ergonomic seats to enhance passenger experience during daily commutes. Railway operators and manufacturers strongly emphasized improving passenger comfort and experience to attract and retain customers. Upgrading seating arrangements with features such as adjustable headrests, ample legroom, and cushioned seats became a priority to meet passengers' expectations and ensure satisfaction during short and long journeys. The pre-COVID scenario witnessed continuous advancements in railway seat technology. Manufacturers integrated modern features such as built-in charging ports, entertainment systems, and Wi-Fi connectivity to cater to the growing need for connectivity and entertainment during train travel. Innovative materials and designs were adopted to ensure durability and ease of maintenance.

Reasons to Buy:

• Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the North America railway seats market
• Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies
• The key findings and recommendations such as specific country and segmental insight highlights crucial progressive industry trends in the North America railway seats market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies
• Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets
• Scrutinize in-depth market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it
• Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing, and distribution

Table Of Contents

1. Introduction

• 1.1 Study Scope
• 1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
• 1.3 Market Segmentation
  • 1.3.1 Railway Seats Market - By Train Type
  • 1.3.2 Railway Seats Market - By Seat Type
  • 1.3.3 Railway Seats Market- By Region

2. Key Takeaways

3. Research Methodology

• 3.1 Coverage
• 3.2 Secondary Research
• 3.3 Primary Research

4. Railway Seats Market Landscape

• 4.1 Market Overview
• 4.2 PEST Analysis
  • 4.2.1 North America
• 4.3 Ecosystem Analysis
• 4.4 Expert Opinion

5. Railway Seats Market - Key Market Dynamics

• 5.1 Market Drivers
  • 5.1.1 Growing Investments in Railway Infrastructure
  • 5.1.2 Rising Preference for Railway as Mode of Transportation
• 5.2 Market Restraints
  • 5.2.1 High Capital Cost
• 5.3 Market Opportunities
  • 5.3.1 Growing Production of New Trains
• 5.4 Future Trends
  • 5.4.1 Increasing Interior Refurbishment of Train
• 5.5 Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints

6. Railway Seats Market - North America Analysis

• 6.1 North America: Railway Seats Market Overview
• 6.2 North America: Railway Seats Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
• 6.3 Market Positioning -Key Players

7. Railway Seats Market Analysis - By Train Type

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 Railway Seats Market, By Train Type (2022 and 2030)
• 7.3 Metro/Subway
  • 7.3.1 Overview
  • 7.3.2 Metro/Subway: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 7.4 Monorail
  • 7.4.1 Overview
  • 7.4.2 Monorail: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 7.5 Suburban
  • 7.5.1 Overview
  • 7.5.2 Suburban: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 7.6 Trams
  • 7.6.1 Overview
  • 7.6.2 Trams: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

8. Railway Seats Market Analysis - By Seat Type

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 Railway Seats Market, By Seat Type (2022 and 2030)
• 8.3 Regular
  • 8.3.1 Overview
  • 8.3.2 Regular: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 8.4 Recliner
  • 8.4.1 Overview
  • 8.4.2 Recliner: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 8.5 Folding
  • 8.5.1 Overview
  • 8.5.2 Folding: Railway Seats Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 8.6 Dining
  • 8.6.1 Overview
  • 8.6.2 Dining: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
• 8.7 Smart
  • 8.7.1 Overview
  • 8.7.2 Smart: Railway Seats Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)

9. North America Railway Seats Market - Regional Analysis

• 9.1 Overview
  • 9.1.1 North America Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast To 2030
    • 9.1.1.1 US Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030
      • 9.1.1.1.1 US Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Train Type
      • 9.1.1.1.2 US Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Seat Type
    • 9.1.1.2 Canada Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030
      • 9.1.1.2.1 Canada Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Train Type
      • 9.1.1.2.2 Canada Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Seat Type
    • 9.1.1.3 Mexico Railway Seats Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030
      • 9.1.1.3.1 Mexico Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Train Type
      • 9.1.1.3.2 Mexico Railway Seats Market Breakdown, By Seat Type

10. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on North America Railway Seats Market

• 10.1 North America: Impact Assessment of Covid-19 Pandemic

11. Industry Landscape

• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Market Initiative
• 11.2 New Product Development
• 11.3 Merger and Acquisition

12. Company Profiles

• 12.1 Freedman Seating Co
  • 12.1.1 Key Facts
  • 12.1.2 Business Description
  • 12.1.3 Products and Services
  • 12.1.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.1.6 Key Developments
• 12.2 Seats Inc
  • 12.2.1 Key Facts
  • 12.2.2 Business Description
  • 12.2.3 Products and Services
  • 12.2.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.2.6 Key Developments
• 12.3 Franz Kiel GmbH
  • 12.3.1 Key Facts
  • 12.3.2 Business Description
  • 12.3.3 Products and Services
  • 12.3.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.3.6 Key Developments
• 12.4 American Seating Inc
  • 12.4.1 Key Facts
  • 12.4.2 Business Description
  • 12.4.3 Products and Services
  • 12.4.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.4.6 Key Developments
• 12.5 United Safety & Survivability Corp
  • 12.5.1 Key Facts
  • 12.5.2 Business Description
  • 12.5.3 Products and Services
  • 12.5.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.5.6 Key Developments
• 12.6 PowerRail Holdings Inc
  • 12.6.1 Key Facts
  • 12.6.2 Business Description
  • 12.6.3 Products and Services
  • 12.6.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.6.6 Key Developments
• 12.7 Baultar Concept Inc
  • 12.7.1 Key Facts
  • 12.7.2 Business Description
  • 12.7.3 Products and Services
  • 12.7.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.7.6 Key Developments
• 12.8 Compin Group SA
  • 12.8.1 Key Facts
  • 12.8.2 Business Description
  • 12.8.3 Products and Services
  • 12.8.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.8.6 Key Developments
• 12.9 Guangdong Huatie Tongda High-speed Railway Equipment Corp
  • 12.9.1 Key Facts
  • 12.9.2 Business Description
  • 12.9.3 Products and Services
  • 12.9.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.9.6 Key Developments
• 12.10 Transcal Holdings Ltd
  • 12.10.1 Key Facts
  • 12.10.2 Business Description
  • 12.10.3 Products and Services
  • 12.10.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.10.6 Key Developments
• 12.11 Grammer AG
  • 12.11.1 Key Facts
  • 12.11.2 Business Description
  • 12.11.3 Products and Services
  • 12.11.4 Financial Overview
  • 12.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.11.6 Key Developments

13. Appendix

• 13.1 About The Insight Partners
• 13.2 Word Index