視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの世界市場に関する洞察、2030年までの予測

当レポートは、視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト (Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired) 市場について調査しており、市場規模や動向・需要の予測、成長要因および課題の分析、タイプ・用途・企業・地域別の内訳、競合情勢、主要企業のプロファイルなどの情報を提供しています。

目次

第1章 レポート概要

• 調査範囲
• 市場分析：タイプ別
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模成長率：タイプ別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • Cloud-based
  • Local Deployment
• 市場：用途別
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • Totally Blind
  • Half Blind
  • Others
• 前提条件と制限
• 調査目的
• 対象期間

第2章 世界の市場成長トレンド

• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場展望 (2019-2030)
• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場成長トレンド：地域別
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：地域別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模実績：地域別 (2019-2024)
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模予測：地域別 (2025-2030)
• 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場動向
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 業界動向
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場の促進要因
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場の課題
  • 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場の抑制要因

第3章 競合情勢：主要企業別

• 世界規模の売上高 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト ：競合別
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの収益：企業別 (2019-2024)
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの収益シェア：企業別 (2019-2024)
• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：企業タイプ別 (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
• 世界の主要企業 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト, 売上高ランキング, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場集中度
  • 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場集中度 (CR5 and HHI)
  • 世界の上位10・上位5企業： 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの収益 2023
• 世界の主要企業 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 本社 および提供地域
• 世界の主要企業 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト, 製品およびアプリケーション
• 世界の主要企業 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト, 業界参入時期
• M&A, 拡張計画

第4章 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 内訳データ：タイプ別

• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模実績：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模予測：タイプ別 (2025-2030)

第5章 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 内訳データ：用途別

• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模実績：用途別 (2019-2024)
• 世界の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場規模予測：用途別 (2025-2030)

第6章 北米

• 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模 (2019-2030)
• 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2025-2030)
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：タイプ別 (2019-2030)
• 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2019-2024)
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2025-2030)
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別 (2019-2030)
• 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別 (2019-2024)
  • 北米の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場 シェア 国別 (2025-2030)
  • 米国
  • カナダ

第7章 欧州

• 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模 (2019-2030)
• 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2025-2030)
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：タイプ別 (2019-2030)
• 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2019-2024)
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2025-2030)
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別 (2019-2030)
• 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別 (2019-2024)
  • 欧州の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別 (2025-2030)
  • ドイツ
  • フランス
  • 英国
  • イタリア
  • ロシア
  • 北欧

第8章 中国

• 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模 (2019-2030)
• 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2025-2030)
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：タイプ別 (2019-2030)
• 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2019-2024)
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2025-2030)
  • 中国の視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別 (2019-2030)

第9章 アジア（中国を除く）

• アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模 (2019-2030)
• アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2025-2030)
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：タイプ別 (2019-2030)
• アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2019-2024)
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2025-2030)
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別 (2019-2030)
• アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：地域別
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：地域別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：地域別 (2019-2024)
  • アジア地域 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：地域別 (2025-2030)
  • 日本
  • 韓国
  • 台湾
  • 東南アジア
  • インド
  • オーストラリア

第10章 中近東・アフリカ・中南米

• 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模 (2019-2030)
• 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2019-2024)
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：タイプ別 (2025-2030)
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：タイプ別 (2019-2030)
• 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2019-2024)
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：用途別 (2025-2030)
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフトの市場シェア：用途別 (2019-2030)
• 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別 (2019-2024)
  • 中近東・アフリカ・中南米 視覚障害者向け画面読み上げソフト 市場規模：国別 (2025-2030)
  • ブラジル
  • メキシコ
  • トルコ
  • サウジアラビア
  • イスラエル
  • 湾岸協力理事会諸国

第11章 主要企業のプロファイル

• Acess Ingenuity
• Amedia Corporation
• Apple
• Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems)
• Dolphin Computer Access
• Essilor (Humanware)
• Ezhermatic SA de CV
• Freedom Scientific
• Kochi System Development
• Lingit (Lingspeak)
• LVI Low Vision International
• Microsoft
• Serotek
• Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton)
• VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec)

第12章 アナリストによる分析/結論

第13章 付録

List of Tables

Table 1. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 2. Key Players of Cloud-based

Table 3. Key Players of Local Deployment

Table 4. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 5. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 6. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 7. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Region (2019-2024)

Table 8. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 9. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Region (2025-2030)

Table 10. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Trends

Table 11. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Drivers

Table 12. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Challenges

Table 13. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Restraints

Table 14. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue by Players (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 15. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Players (2019-2024)

Table 16. Global Top Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired as of 2023)

Table 17. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023

Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2019-2024)

Table 19. Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Headquarters and Area Served

Table 20. Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Product and Application

Table 21. Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Date of Enter into This Industry

Table 22. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 23. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 24. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2024)

Table 25. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 26. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2030)

Table 27. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 28. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2024)

Table 29. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 30. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2030)

Table 31. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 32. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 33. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 34. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 35. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 36. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 37. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 38. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 39. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 40. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 41. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 42. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 43. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 44. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 45. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 46. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 47. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 48. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 49. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 50. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 51. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 52. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 53. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 54. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 55. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 56. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 57. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 58. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 59. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 60. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country (US$ Million): 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Table 61. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 62. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)

Table 63. Acess Ingenuity Company Details

Table 64. Acess Ingenuity Business Overview

Table 65. Acess Ingenuity Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 66. Acess Ingenuity Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 67. Acess Ingenuity Recent Development

Table 68. Amedia Corporation Company Details

Table 69. Amedia Corporation Business Overview

Table 70. Amedia Corporation Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 71. Amedia Corporation Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 72. Amedia Corporation Recent Development

Table 73. Apple Company Details

Table 74. Apple Business Overview

Table 75. Apple Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 76. Apple Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 77. Apple Recent Development

Table 78. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Company Details

Table 79. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Business Overview

Table 80. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 81. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 82. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Recent Development

Table 83. Dolphin Computer Access Company Details

Table 84. Dolphin Computer Access Business Overview

Table 85. Dolphin Computer Access Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 86. Dolphin Computer Access Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 87. Dolphin Computer Access Recent Development

Table 88. Essilor (Humanware) Company Details

Table 89. Essilor (Humanware) Business Overview

Table 90. Essilor (Humanware) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 91. Essilor (Humanware) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 92. Essilor (Humanware) Recent Development

Table 93. Ezhermatic SA de CV Company Details

Table 94. Ezhermatic SA de CV Business Overview

Table 95. Ezhermatic SA de CV Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 96. Ezhermatic SA de CV Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 97. Ezhermatic SA de CV Recent Development

Table 98. Freedom Scientific Company Details

Table 99. Freedom Scientific Business Overview

Table 100. Freedom Scientific Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 101. Freedom Scientific Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 102. Freedom Scientific Recent Development

Table 103. Kochi System Development Company Details

Table 104. Kochi System Development Business Overview

Table 105. Kochi System Development Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 106. Kochi System Development Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 107. Kochi System Development Recent Development

Table 108. Lingit (Lingspeak) Company Details

Table 109. Lingit (Lingspeak) Business Overview

Table 110. Lingit (Lingspeak) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 111. Lingit (Lingspeak) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 112. Lingit (Lingspeak) Recent Development

Table 113. LVI Low Vision International Company Details

Table 114. LVI Low Vision International Business Overview

Table 115. LVI Low Vision International Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 116. LVI Low Vision International Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 117. LVI Low Vision International Recent Development

Table 118. Microsoft Company Details

Table 119. Microsoft Business Overview

Table 120. Microsoft Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 121. Microsoft Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 122. Microsoft Recent Development

Table 123. Serotek Company Details

Table 124. Serotek Business Overview

Table 125. Serotek Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 126. Serotek Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 127. Serotek Recent Development

Table 128. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Company Details

Table 129. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Business Overview

Table 130. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 131. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 132. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Recent Development

Table 133. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Company Details

Table 134. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Business Overview

Table 135. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Product

Table 136. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)

Table 137. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Recent Development

Table 138. Research Programs/Design for This Report

Table 139. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table 140. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List of Figures

Figure 1. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

Figure 2. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 3. Cloud-based Features

Figure 4. Local Deployment Features

Figure 5. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)

Figure 6. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 7. Totally Blind Case Studies

Figure 8. Half Blind Case Studies

Figure 9. Others Case Studies

Figure 10. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Report Years Considered

Figure 11. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2019-2030

Figure 12. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size, (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030

Figure 13. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Region: 2023 VS 2030

Figure 14. Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Players in 2023

Figure 15. Global Top Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired as of 2023)

Figure 16. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue in 2023

Figure 17. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 18. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)

Figure 19. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

Figure 20. North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 21. United States Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 22. Canada Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 23. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 24. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)

Figure 25. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

Figure 26. Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 27. Germany Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 28. France Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 29. U.K. Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 30. Italy Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 31. Russia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 32. Nordic Countries Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 33. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 34. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)

Figure 35. China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

Figure 36. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 37. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)

Figure 38. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

Figure 39. Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Region (2019-2030)

Figure 40. Japan Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 41. South Korea Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 42. China Taiwan Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 43. Southeast Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 44. India Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 45. Australia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 46. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 47. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)

Figure 48. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

Figure 49. Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Country (2019-2030)

Figure 50. Brazil Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 51. Mexico Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 52. Turkey Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 53. Saudi Arabia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 54. Israel Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 55. GCC Countries Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size YoY Growth (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)

Figure 56. Acess Ingenuity Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 57. Amedia Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 58. Apple Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 59. Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 60. Dolphin Computer Access Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 61. Essilor (Humanware) Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 62. Ezhermatic SA de CV Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 63. Freedom Scientific Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 64. Kochi System Development Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 65. Lingit (Lingspeak) Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 66. LVI Low Vision International Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 67. Microsoft Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 68. Serotek Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 69. Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 70. VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Revenue Growth Rate in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)

Figure 71. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure 72. Data Triangulation

Figure 73. Key Executives Interviewed

This research report focuses on the Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market. It analyzes market size, trends and demand forecasts, as well as growth factors and challenges. The report provides market data breakdowns by type, application, company, and region, in addition to competitive landscape and key company profiles.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Report Overview

• 1.1 Study Scope
• 1.2 Market Analysis by Type
  • 1.2.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 1.2.2 Cloud-based
  • 1.2.3 Local Deployment
• 1.3 Market by Application
  • 1.3.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 1.3.2 Totally Blind
  • 1.3.3 Half Blind
  • 1.3.4 Others
• 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
• 1.5 Study Objectives
• 1.6 Years Considered

2 Global Growth Trends

• 2.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Perspective (2019-2030)
• 2.2 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Growth Trends by Region
  • 2.2.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 2.2.2 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Historic Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
  • 2.2.3 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Region (2025-2030)
• 2.3 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Dynamics
  • 2.3.1 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Industry Trends
  • 2.3.2 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Drivers
  • 2.3.3 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Challenges
  • 2.3.4 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Restraints

3 Competition Landscape by Key Players

• 3.1 Global Revenue Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired by Players
  • 3.1.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
  • 3.1.2 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
• 3.2 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
• 3.3 Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Ranking by Revenue, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
• 3.4 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Concentration Ratio
  • 3.4.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  • 3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Revenue in 2023
• 3.5 Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Head office and Area Served
• 3.6 Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Product and Application
• 3.7 Global Key Players of Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired, Date of Enter into This Industry
• 3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Breakdown Data by Type

• 4.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Historic Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
• 4.2 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)

5 Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Breakdown Data by Application

• 5.1 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Historic Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
• 5.2 Global Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)

6 North America

• 6.1 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (2019-2030)
• 6.2 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type
  • 6.2.1 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
  • 6.2.2 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
  • 6.2.3 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 6.3 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application
  • 6.3.1 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
  • 6.3.2 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
  • 6.3.3 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 6.4 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country
  • 6.4.1 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 6.4.2 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  • 6.4.3 North America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Country (2025-2030)
  • 6.4.4 United States
  • 6.4.5 Canada

7 Europe

• 7.1 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (2019-2030)
• 7.2 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type
  • 7.2.1 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
  • 7.2.2 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
  • 7.2.3 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 7.3 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application
  • 7.3.1 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
  • 7.3.2 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
  • 7.3.3 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 7.4 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country
  • 7.4.1 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 7.4.2 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  • 7.4.3 Europe Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
  • 7.4.4 Germany
  • 7.4.5 France
  • 7.4.6 U.K.
  • 7.4.7 Italy
  • 7.4.8 Russia
  • 7.4.9 Nordic Countries

8 China

• 8.1 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (2019-2030)
• 8.2 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type
  • 8.2.1 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
  • 8.2.2 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
  • 8.2.3 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 8.3 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application
  • 8.3.1 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
  • 8.3.2 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
  • 8.3.3 China Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)

9 Asia (excluding China)

• 9.1 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (2019-2030)
• 9.2 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type
  • 9.2.1 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
  • 9.2.2 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
  • 9.2.3 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 9.3 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application
  • 9.3.1 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
  • 9.3.2 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
  • 9.3.3 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 9.4 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region
  • 9.4.1 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 9.4.2 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
  • 9.4.3 Asia Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Region (2025-2030)
  • 9.4.4 Japan
  • 9.4.5 South Korea
  • 9.4.6 China Taiwan
  • 9.4.7 Southeast Asia
  • 9.4.8 India
  • 9.4.9 Australia

10 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America

• 10.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size (2019-2030)
• 10.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type
  • 10.2.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
  • 10.2.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
  • 10.2.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
• 10.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application
  • 10.3.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
  • 10.3.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
  • 10.3.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
• 10.4 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country
  • 10.4.1 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
  • 10.4.2 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
  • 10.4.3 Middle East, Africa, and Latin America Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
  • 10.4.4 Brazil
  • 10.4.5 Mexico
  • 10.4.6 Turkey
  • 10.4.7 Saudi Arabia
  • 10.4.8 Israel
  • 10.4.9 GCC Countries

11 Key Players Profiles

• 11.1 Acess Ingenuity
  • 11.1.1 Acess Ingenuity Company Details
  • 11.1.2 Acess Ingenuity Business Overview
  • 11.1.3 Acess Ingenuity Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.1.4 Acess Ingenuity Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.1.5 Acess Ingenuity Recent Development
• 11.2 Amedia Corporation
  • 11.2.1 Amedia Corporation Company Details
  • 11.2.2 Amedia Corporation Business Overview
  • 11.2.3 Amedia Corporation Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.2.4 Amedia Corporation Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.2.5 Amedia Corporation Recent Development
• 11.3 Apple
  • 11.3.1 Apple Company Details
  • 11.3.2 Apple Business Overview
  • 11.3.3 Apple Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.3.4 Apple Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.3.5 Apple Recent Development
• 11.4 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems)
  • 11.4.1 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Company Details
  • 11.4.2 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Business Overview
  • 11.4.3 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.4.4 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.4.5 Cambium Learning Group (Kurzweil Educational Systems) Recent Development
• 11.5 Dolphin Computer Access
  • 11.5.1 Dolphin Computer Access Company Details
  • 11.5.2 Dolphin Computer Access Business Overview
  • 11.5.3 Dolphin Computer Access Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.5.4 Dolphin Computer Access Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.5.5 Dolphin Computer Access Recent Development
• 11.6 Essilor (Humanware)
  • 11.6.1 Essilor (Humanware) Company Details
  • 11.6.2 Essilor (Humanware) Business Overview
  • 11.6.3 Essilor (Humanware) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.6.4 Essilor (Humanware) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.6.5 Essilor (Humanware) Recent Development
• 11.7 Ezhermatic SA de CV
  • 11.7.1 Ezhermatic SA de CV Company Details
  • 11.7.2 Ezhermatic SA de CV Business Overview
  • 11.7.3 Ezhermatic SA de CV Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.7.4 Ezhermatic SA de CV Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.7.5 Ezhermatic SA de CV Recent Development
• 11.8 Freedom Scientific
  • 11.8.1 Freedom Scientific Company Details
  • 11.8.2 Freedom Scientific Business Overview
  • 11.8.3 Freedom Scientific Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.8.4 Freedom Scientific Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.8.5 Freedom Scientific Recent Development
• 11.9 Kochi System Development
  • 11.9.1 Kochi System Development Company Details
  • 11.9.2 Kochi System Development Business Overview
  • 11.9.3 Kochi System Development Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.9.4 Kochi System Development Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.9.5 Kochi System Development Recent Development
• 11.10 Lingit (Lingspeak)
  • 11.10.1 Lingit (Lingspeak) Company Details
  • 11.10.2 Lingit (Lingspeak) Business Overview
  • 11.10.3 Lingit (Lingspeak) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.10.4 Lingit (Lingspeak) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.10.5 Lingit (Lingspeak) Recent Development
• 11.11 LVI Low Vision International
  • 11.11.1 LVI Low Vision International Company Details
  • 11.11.2 LVI Low Vision International Business Overview
  • 11.11.3 LVI Low Vision International Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.11.4 LVI Low Vision International Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.11.5 LVI Low Vision International Recent Development
• 11.12 Microsoft
  • 11.12.1 Microsoft Company Details
  • 11.12.2 Microsoft Business Overview
  • 11.12.3 Microsoft Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.12.4 Microsoft Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.12.5 Microsoft Recent Development
• 11.13 Serotek
  • 11.13.1 Serotek Company Details
  • 11.13.2 Serotek Business Overview
  • 11.13.3 Serotek Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.13.4 Serotek Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.13.5 Serotek Recent Development
• 11.14 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton)
  • 11.14.1 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Company Details
  • 11.14.2 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Business Overview
  • 11.14.3 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.14.4 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.14.5 Upward Spiral Software (TalkButton) Recent Development
• 11.15 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec)
  • 11.15.1 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Company Details
  • 11.15.2 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Business Overview
  • 11.15.3 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Introduction
  • 11.15.4 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Revenue in Screen Reading Software for Visually Impaired Business (2019-2024)
  • 11.15.5 VisioBraille GmbH (BAUM Retec) Recent Development

12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Research Methodology
  • 13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
    • 13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
    • 13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
    • 13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  • 13.1.2 Data Source
    • 13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
    • 13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
• 13.2 Author Details
• 13.3 Disclaimer