Product Code: MM 9364
The flexible graphite market is estimated to be valued at USD 0.35 billion in 2025 and reach USD 0.45 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2025 to 2030. Thermal management and the increasing demand for reliable, high-performance gasketing and sealing solutions in various applications like oil and gas, petrochemicals, and the automotive industries drive the global flexible graphite market. The material's excellent chemical resistance and thermal stability make it ideal for harsh operating environments. Moreover, the shift towards lightweight and durable components in industrial systems further boosts the adoption of flexible graphite. Growing focus on equipment efficiency and leak prevention in high-temperature and high-pressure conditions is also propelling demand. Additionally, the expansion of industrial infrastructure in emerging economies is expected to create new growth opportunities for the market.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2021-2030 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2030 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Million/Billion), Volume (Metric Ton) |
Segments | Type, Application, End-use Industry, and Region |
Regions covered | North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and the Middle East & Africa |
"Thermal management segment to register highest CAGR from 2025 to 2030"
Effective thermal management is crucial for optimizing semiconductor cooling, enhancing battery performance, and improving data center efficiency in electric vehicles, high-performance computing, and advanced communication systems. The unique properties of flexible graphite, including its rapid heat dissipation, exceptional temperature resistance, and low thermal resistance, render it an invaluable material for applications such as chipsets, power modules, and electronic enclosures. Flexible graphite is well-suited to meet the rigorous demands of these high-performance thermal management scenarios.
"Electronics to record highest CAGR from 2025 to 2030"
The advent of flexible and wearable electronics has significantly broadened the application scope for polyimide films. These films provide an optimal combination of flexibility and durability, making them ideal substrates for flexible circuits and encapsulated displays. The growing demand for wearable technologies, flexible displays, and foldable devices has led to an increased reliance on polyimide films, which offer superior flexibility, thermal stability, and electrical performance.
Simultaneously, the demand for flexible graphite is surging due to the rapid deployment of 5G networks, advancements in artificial intelligence, the proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), and the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). As electronic devices evolve into more compact and powerful configurations, effective heat dissipation becomes critical to prevent performance degradation, enhance reliability, and prolong device lifespan.
The flexible graphite market for the electronics industry is poised for robust growth as industry players pursue increased processing speeds, miniaturization, and energy efficiency. The integration of graphite-based thermal management solutions is expected to accelerate, addressing the thermoregulation challenges posed by next-generation electronics.
"Asia Pacific flexible graphite market to register highest CAGR from 2025 to 2030"
The flexible graphite market is poised for significant growth, particularly in the Asia Pacific region, which is anticipated to lead in demand expansion during the forecast period. This surge can be attributed to the increasing requirements for electronic devices, automotive components, and applications in industrial manufacturing, driven by the rapid industrialization and economic development of countries such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea. Flexible graphite is recognized for its exceptional thermal conductivity, lightweight properties, and capacity to conform to complex geometries, making it an essential material in these dynamic sectors. Its applications as gaskets, seals, thermal management systems, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding are witnessing robust demand, underscoring its critical role in supporting modern industrial processes' technological advancement and efficiency.
Profile break-up of primary participants:
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 40%, Tier 2 - 20%, and Tier 3 - 40%
- By Designation: C-level Executives - 10%, Directors - 70%, and Others - 20%
- By Region: North America - 45%, Europe - 20%, Asia Pacific - 15%, South America- 10%, and Middle East & Africa - 10%
The flexible graphite market report is dominated by SGL Carbon (Germany), Neograf (US), Mersen Property (France), Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd. (Japan), SEPCO, Inc. (US), East Carbon (China), Rex Sealing & Packing Industries Ltd. (India), HPMS Graphite (US), Sunpass Sealing Technology (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (US), Jinsun New Material Technology (China), Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd. (Japan), Uni Klinger Limited (India), Specialty Gaskets Inc (Canada), Jiangxi Dasen Technology Co., Ltd. (China), and EGC Enterprises Inc. (US).
Research Coverage:
The report defines, segments, and projects the flexible graphite market based on application, end-use industry, type, and region. It provides detailed information regarding the major factors influencing the market's growth, such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, and industry-specific challenges. It strategically profiles key flexible graphite solution providers. It comprehensively analyzes and tracks their market shares and core competencies. It analyzes competitive developments, such as expansions, agreements, contracts, partnerships, acquisitions, collaborations, and divestments, undertaken by them in the market.
Reasons to Buy the Report:
The report is expected to help the market leaders/new entrants by providing them with the closest approximations of revenue numbers of the flexible graphite market and its segments. This report is also expected to help stakeholders understand the market's competitive landscape better, gain insights to improve the position of their businesses, and make suitable go-to-market strategies. It also enables stakeholders to understand the market's pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
- The report provides insights on the following pointers: analysis of critical drivers (Rising demand for thermal management in electronics industry), restraints (Environmental and regulatory challenges in flexible graphite processing), opportunities (Increasing use of electric vehicles (EVs) and battery technology), and challenges (High production costs and raw material dependence) influencing the growth of the flexible graphite market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights into upcoming technologies, research & development activities in the flexible graphite market.
- Market Development: The report provides comprehensive information about lucrative markets and analyses the flexible graphite demand across varied regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and flexible graphite market investments.
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like SGL Carbon (Germany), Neograf (US), Mersen Property (France), Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd. (Japan), SEPCO, Inc. (US), East Carbon (China), Rex Sealing & Packing Industries Ltd. (India), HPMS Graphite (US), Sunpass Sealing Technology (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. (US), Jinsun New Material Technology (China), Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd. (Japan), Uni Klinger Limited (India), Specialty Gaskets Inc (Canada), Jiangxi Dasen Technology Co., Ltd. (China), and EGC Enterprises Inc. (US) in the flexible graphite market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
- 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.3.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.3.5 UNIT CONSIDERED
- 1.4 STAKEHOLDERS
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.1.1 List of key secondary sources
- 2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources
- 2.1.2.2 List of primary participants
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of interviews with experts
- 2.1.2.4 Key industry insights
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 CALCULATIONS FOR SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS
- 2.3 MARKET ENGINEERING PROCESS
- 2.3.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.3.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.4 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.6 RISK ASSESSMENT
- 2.7 FACTOR ANALYSIS
- 2.8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET
- 4.2 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY REGION
- 4.3 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY TYPE
- 4.4 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 4.5 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 4.6 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.1.1 DRIVERS
- 5.1.1.1 Growing demand for high-performance gasketing & sealing solutions
- 5.1.1.2 Rising demand for thermal management in electronics industry
- 5.1.1.3 Shift toward renewable energy and fuel cell technologies
- 5.1.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.1.2.1 Availability of substitutes
- 5.1.2.2 Environmental and regulatory challenges in flexible graphite processing
- 5.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.1.3.1 Increasing use of electric vehicles (EVs) and battery technology
- 5.1.3.2 Rising adoption in aerospace & defense industry
- 5.1.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.1.4.1 High production costs and raw material dependence
- 5.1.4.2 Supply chain disruptions and geopolitical risks
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS
- 6.1 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 6.1.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 6.1.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 6.1.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 6.1.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 6.1.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 6.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 6.2.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 6.2.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 6.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 6.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 6.5 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 6.5.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.5.1.1 Flexible graphite manufacturing process
- 6.5.1.2 Graphite intercalation compound (GIC) synthesis
- 6.5.2 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.5.2.1 Carbon nanotube (CNT) integration in graphite-based composites
- 6.5.2.2 Graphene oxide (GO) coatings for flexible graphite
- 6.5.3 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.5.3.1 Roll-to-roll (R2R) processing for flexible graphite sheets
- 6.5.3.2 Thermal management system integration
- 6.6 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 6.6.1 ENHANCEMENT OF EMI SHIELDING AND ANTENNA PERFORMANCE USING FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE
- 6.6.2 ADVANCEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT
- 6.7 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 6.8 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 6.8.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 6.9 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025
- 6.10 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 6.11 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 6.11.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 250410)
- 6.11.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 250410)
- 6.12 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 6.12.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY TYPE, 2022-2025
- 6.12.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION, 2022-2025
- 6.12.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF KEY PLAYERS, BY SHEET TYPE, 2022-2025
- 6.13 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AL ON FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET
- 6.13.1 AI IN MATERIALS DISCOVERY AND FORMULATION
- 6.13.2 SMART PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND QUALITY CONTROL
- 6.13.3 MARKET FORECASTING AND DEMAND PREDICTION
- 6.14 GLOBAL MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK
- 6.15 IMPACT OF 2025 US TARIFF ON FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET
- 6.15.1 KEY TARIFF RATES
- 6.15.2 IMPACT ON MAJOR COUNTRY/REGION
- 6.15.2.1 US
- 6.15.2.2 Europe
- 6.15.2.3 Asia Pacific
- 6.16 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
7 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 GASKETS & SEALS
- 7.2.1 SUPERIOR THERMAL STABILITY, CHEMICAL INERTNESS, AND COMPRESSIBILITY TO PROPEL DEMAND
- 7.3 THERMAL MANAGEMENT
- 7.3.1 EXCEPTIONAL ANISOTROPIC THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TO FUEL DEMAND
- 7.4 EMI SHIELDING
- 7.4.1 HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND FLEXIBILITY TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 7.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS
8 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 AEROSPACE
- 8.2.1 ABILITY TO ENDURE EXTREME TEMPERATURES, CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH
- 8.3 AUTOMOTIVE
- 8.3.1 AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRIFICATION TO DRIVE DEMAND IN EV THERMAL MANAGEMENT & SEALING
- 8.4 ELECTRONICS
- 8.4.1 EXCEPTIONAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, LIGHTWEIGHT PROFILE, AND STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 8.5 INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING
- 8.5.1 ONGOING TRENDS IN AUTOMATION AND PRECISION ENGINEERING TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 8.6 OIL & GAS
- 8.6.1 RISING GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND AND EXTRACTION ACTIVITIES TO PROPEL MARKET
- 8.7 ENERGY & POWER
- 8.7.1 RISING INVESTMENTS IN CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND NEED FOR EFFICIENT THERMAL MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS TO DRIVE MARKET
- 8.8 OTHER END-USE INDUSTRIES
9 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY TYPE
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 SHEETS
- 9.2.1 CAPABILITY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE SEALING, INSULATION, AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 9.3 FOILS
- 9.3.1 GROWING USE FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY AND HYDROGEN STORAGE TO PROPEL MARKET
- 9.4 TAPES
- 9.4.1 RISING ADOPTION IN INDUSTRIAL SEALING APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET
- 9.5 OTHER TYPES
10 FLEXIBLE GRAPHITE MARKET, BY REGION
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.2.1 CHINA
- 10.2.1.1 Booming EV and electronics industries to drive market
- 10.2.2 INDIA
- 10.2.2.1 Government-led policies aimed at reducing import dependence and promoting domestic graphite production to drive market
- 10.2.3 JAPAN
- 10.2.3.1 Rising demand in electronics industry to propel market
- 10.2.4 SOUTH KOREA
- 10.2.4.1 Technological advancements and booming electronics industry to fuel market growth
- 10.2.5 AUSTRALIA
- 10.2.5.1 Government-led focus on critical minerals and battery materials to drive demand
- 10.2.6 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
- 10.3 EUROPE
- 10.3.1 GERMANY
- 10.3.1.1 High industrial manufacturing to drive demand
- 10.3.2 UK
- 10.3.2.1 Growing aerospace and automotive industries to drive market
- 10.3.3 FRANCE
- 10.3.3.1 Rapid advancements in aerospace and EV industries to propel demand
- 10.3.4 ITALY
- 10.3.4.1 Rising aircraft, space system, and automobile manufacturing to drive demand
- 10.3.5 SPAIN
- 10.3.5.1 Decarbonization and electrification goals to fuel demand
- 10.3.6 REST OF EUROPE
- 10.4 NORTH AMERICA
- 10.4.1 US
- 10.4.1.1 Increased EV production, investments in aerospace industry, and expansion of battery energy storage systems to drive market
- 10.4.2 CANADA
- 10.4.2.1 High focus on localizing supply chains to reduce dependence on imports to drive market
- 10.4.3 MEXICO
- 10.4.3.1 Rapid growth of industrial and manufacturing sectors to propel market
- 10.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 10.5.1 GCC COUNTRIES
- 10.5.1.1 Saudi Arabia
- 10.5.1.1.1 Rising demand for oil & gas sealing solutions and expanding renewable energy industry to drive market
- 10.5.1.2 UAE
- 10.5.1.2.1 Booming EV industry to fuel demand
- 10.5.1.3 Rest of GCC Countries
- 10.5.2 SOUTH AFRICA
- 10.5.2.1 Energy transition and rising demand in energy & power industry to drive market
- 10.5.3 REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 10.6 SOUTH AMERICA
- 10.6.1 BRAZIL
- 10.6.1.1 High natural graphite reserves, increasing EV investments, and growing energy storage infrastructure to drive market
- 10.6.2 ARGENTINA
- 10.6.2.1 Rising lithium battery production and push toward electric mobility to drive market
- 10.6.3 CHILE
- 10.6.3.1 Increased lithium and copper mining to drive market
- 10.6.4 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA
11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION
- 11.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN
- 11.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS
- 11.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 11.5 RANKING ANALYSIS
- 11.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
- 11.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 11.7.1 STARS
- 11.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 11.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 11.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 11.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 11.7.5.1 Company footprint
- 11.7.5.2 Region footprint
- 11.7.5.3 Application footprint
- 11.7.5.4 End-use industry footprint
- 11.7.5.5 Type footprint
- 11.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 11.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 11.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 11.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 11.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 11.8.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs
- 11.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 11.9 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 11.10 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 11.10.1 DEALS
- 11.10.2 EXPANSIONS
12 COMPANY PROFILES
- 12.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 12.1.1 SGL CARBON
- 12.1.1.1 Business overview
- 12.1.1.2 Products offered
- 12.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.1.3.1 Deals
- 12.1.1.3.2 Expansions
- 12.1.1.4 MnM view
- 12.1.1.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 12.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.2 TOYO TANSO CO., LTD.
- 12.1.2.1 Business overview
- 12.1.2.2 Products offered
- 12.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.2.4 MnM view
- 12.1.2.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 12.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.3 MERSEN PROPERTY
- 12.1.3.1 Business overview
- 12.1.3.2 Products offered
- 12.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 12.1.3.4 MnM view
- 12.1.3.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 12.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.4 NEOGRAF
- 12.1.4.1 Business overview
- 12.1.4.2 Products offered
- 12.1.4.3 MnM view
- 12.1.4.3.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 12.1.4.3.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.4.3.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.5 NIPPON CARBON CO., LTD.
- 12.1.5.1 Business overview
- 12.1.5.2 Products offered
- 12.1.5.3 MnM view
- 12.1.5.3.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 12.1.5.3.2 Strategic choices
- 12.1.5.3.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 12.1.6 EGC ENTERPRISES INC.
- 12.1.6.1 Business overview
- 12.1.6.2 Products offered
- 12.1.7 SPECIALTY GASKETS, INC.
- 12.1.7.1 Business overview
- 12.1.7.2 Products offered
- 12.1.8 SEPCO, INC.
- 12.1.8.1 Business overview
- 12.1.8.2 Products offered
- 12.1.9 REX SEALING & PACKING INDUSTRIES LTD.
- 12.1.9.1 Business overview
- 12.1.9.2 Products offered
- 12.1.10 EAST CARBON
- 12.1.10.1 Business overview
- 12.1.10.2 Products offered
- 12.1.11 JIANGXI DASEN TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
- 12.1.11.1 Business overview
- 12.1.11.2 Products offered
- 12.1.12 HPMS GRAPHITE
- 12.1.12.1 Business overview
- 12.1.12.2 Products offered
- 12.1.13 SUNPASS SEALING TECHNOLOGY (ZHEJIANG) CO., LTD.
- 12.1.13.1 Business overview
- 12.1.13.2 Products offered
- 12.1.14 JINSUN NEW MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY, LTD.
- 12.1.14.1 Business overview
- 12.1.14.2 Products offered
- 12.1.15 UNI KLINGER LIMITED.
- 12.1.15.1 Business overview
- 12.1.15.2 Products offered
- 12.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 12.2.1 MINERAL SEAL CORPORATION
- 12.2.2 SUNRISE ENTERPRISES
- 12.2.3 CHAMPION SEALS INDIA PVT LTD
- 12.2.4 SEALEN ENGINEERING LLP
13 ADJACENT AND RELATED MARKETS
- 13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 13.2 LIMITATIONS
- 13.3 INTERCONNECTED MARKETS
- 13.4 GRAPHITE MARKET
- 13.4.1 MARKET DEFINITION
- 13.4.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 13.4.3 GRAPHITE MARKET, BY PURITY
- 13.4.3.1 High purity
- 13.4.3.1.1 Demand for precision and performance across industries to boost market
- 13.4.3.2 Low purity
- 13.4.3.2.1 Need of power cost-effective industrial solutions to drive market
14 APPENDIX
- 14.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 14.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 14.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 14.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 14.5 AUTHOR DETAILS