軸性脊椎関節炎の市場：タイプ別、薬剤クラス別（抗リウマチ薬、グルココルチコイド、非ステロイド性抗炎症薬）、エンドユーザー別-2025年～2030年の世界予測

軸性脊椎関節炎市場は、2023年に53億2,000万米ドルと評価され、2024年には56億8,000万米ドルに達すると予測され、CAGR 7.42％で成長し、2030年には87億9,000万米ドルに達すると予測されています。

軸性脊椎関節炎（axSpA）は、主に脊椎と仙腸関節に影響を及ぼす慢性炎症性疾患の一種で、疼痛と進行性のこわばりをもたらします。axSpAの研究を進める必要性は、この疾患の有病率の増加、不十分な認知度、より効果的な治療法に対する需要から生じています。最終用途は、医療施設、研究機関、製薬会社などです。市場成長に影響を与える主な要因としては、疾患に対する意識の高まり、画像診断の進歩、生物製剤やバイオシミラーのイントロダクションなどが挙げられます。さらに、axSpAの病因に遺伝的・環境的要因が大きく関与していることから、個別化医療への関心が高まり、オーダーメイド治療の機会が生まれています。IL-17やJAK阻害剤を含む新規生物学的製剤の研究が進行中であり、遺伝子プロファイリングやバイオマーカー探索による治療の個別化の改善とともに、潜在的な成長の道を示しています。とはいえ、治療費の高さ、生物学的製剤の副作用の可能性、早期診断の複雑さなど、市場には限界があります。さらに、慢性疾患であるためヘルスケアシステムに負担がかかり、費用対効果の高い管理ソリューションの必要性が浮き彫りになっています。この市場に参入する企業は、副作用の少ない革新的な医薬品の開拓に投資し、ヘルスケアプロバイダーや患者への教育・啓蒙活動を拡大し、治療の長期的な有効性と安全性を評価するための臨床試験において協力的な取り組みを推進することが求められています。イノベーションは、疾患の進行をモニタリングするためのデジタルヘルスツール、診断精度におけるAIの統合、非侵襲的な治療法の開発といった分野で盛んになる可能性があります。このように、axSpA市場には課題がある一方で、患者ケアと市場ダイナミクスを再定義しうるブレークスルーの具体的な機会も同時に提供されています。

市場力学：急速に進化する軸性脊椎関節炎市場の主要市場インサイトを公開

軸性脊椎関節炎市場は、需要と供給のダイナミックな相互作用によって変貌を遂げています。このような市場力学の進化を理解することで、企業は十分な情報に基づいた投資決定、戦略的意思決定、新たなビジネスチャンスの獲得を行うことができます。これらの動向を包括的に把握することで、企業は政治的、地理的、技術的、社会的、経済的な領域にわたる様々なリスクを軽減することができ、また、消費者行動とそれが製造コストや購買動向に与える影響をより明確に理解することができます。

• 市場促進要因
  • 関節炎および関節痛の増加
  • 研究開発活動の増加
  • 関節炎の治療選択肢を拡大するための政府および民間企業による取り組み
• 市場抑制要因
  • 製品や医薬品の回収の発生
• 市場機会
  • 軸性脊椎関節炎に対する個別化治療の進歩
  • 軸性脊椎関節炎を標的とした新規生物学的製剤の出現
• 市場の課題
  • 医薬品承認プロセスに関する厳しい規制

ポーターのファイブフォース：軸性脊椎関節炎市場をナビゲートする戦略ツール

ポーターのファイブフォース」フレームワークは、市場情勢の競合情勢を把握するための重要なツールです。ポーターのファイブフォース・フレームワークは、企業の競争力を評価し、戦略的機会を探るための明確な手法を提供します。このフレームワークは、企業が市場内の勢力図を評価し、新規事業の収益性を判断するのに役立ちます。これらの洞察により、企業は自社の強みを活かし、弱みに対処し、潜在的な課題を回避することができ、より強靭な市場でのポジショニングを確保することができます。

PESTLE分析：軸性脊椎関節炎市場における外部からの影響の把握

外部マクロ環境要因は、軸性脊椎関節炎市場の業績ダイナミクスを形成する上で極めて重要な役割を果たします。政治的、経済的、社会的、技術的、法的、環境的要因の分析は、これらの影響をナビゲートするために必要な情報を提供します。PESTLE要因を調査することで、企業は潜在的なリスクと機会をよりよく理解することができます。この分析により、企業は規制、消費者の嗜好、経済動向の変化を予測し、先を見越した積極的な意思決定を行う準備ができます。

市場シェア分析軸性脊椎関節炎市場における競合情勢の把握

軸性脊椎関節炎市場の詳細な市場シェア分析により、ベンダーの業績を包括的に評価することができます。企業は、収益、顧客ベース、成長率などの主要指標を比較することで、競争上のポジショニングを明らかにすることができます。この分析により、市場の集中、断片化、統合の動向が明らかになり、ベンダーは競争が激化する中で自社の地位を高める戦略的意思決定を行うために必要な知見を得ることができます。

FPNVポジショニング・マトリックス軸性脊椎関節炎市場におけるベンダーのパフォーマンス評価

FPNVポジショニングマトリックスは、軸性脊椎関節炎市場においてベンダーを評価するための重要なツールです。このマトリックスにより、ビジネス組織はベンダーのビジネス戦略と製品満足度に基づき評価することで、目標に沿った十分な情報に基づいた意思決定を行うことができます。4つの象限によってベンダーを明確かつ正確にセグメント化し、戦略目標に最適なパートナーやソリューションを特定することができます。

戦略分析と推奨軸性脊椎関節炎市場における成功への道筋を描く

軸性脊椎関節炎市場の戦略分析は、世界市場でのプレゼンス強化を目指す企業にとって不可欠です。主要なリソース、能力、業績指標を検討することで、企業は成長機会を特定し、改善に取り組むことができます。このアプローチにより、競合情勢における課題を克服し、新たなビジネスチャンスを活かして長期的な成功を収めるための体制を整えることができます。

本レポートでは、主要な注目分野を網羅した市場の包括的な分析を提供しています：

1.市場の浸透度：現在の市場環境の詳細なレビュー、主要企業による広範なデータ、市場でのリーチと全体的な影響力の評価。

2.市場の開拓度：新興市場における成長機会を特定し、既存分野における拡大可能性を評価し、将来の成長に向けた戦略的ロードマップを提供します。

3.市場の多様化：最近の製品発売、未開拓の地域、業界の主要な進歩、市場を形成する戦略的投資を分析します。

4.競合の評価と情報：競合情勢を徹底的に分析し、市場シェア、事業戦略、製品ポートフォリオ、認証、規制当局の承認、特許動向、主要企業の技術進歩などを検証します。

5.製品開発およびイノベーション：将来の市場成長を促進すると期待される最先端技術、研究開発活動、製品イノベーションをハイライトしています。

また、利害関係者が十分な情報を得た上で意思決定できるよう、重要な質問にも答えています：

1.現在の市場規模と今後の成長予測は？

2.最高の投資機会を提供する製品、セグメント、地域はどこか？

3.市場を形成する主な技術動向と規制の影響とは？

4.主要ベンダーの市場シェアと競合ポジションは？

5.ベンダーの市場参入・撤退戦略の原動力となる収益源と戦略的機会は何か？

目次

第1章 序文

第2章 調査手法

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 市場の概要

第5章 市場洞察

• 市場力学
  • 促進要因
    • 関節炎と関節痛の発生率の上昇
    • 研究開発活動の増加
    • 関節炎の治療選択肢を拡大するための政府と民間の取り組み
  • 抑制要因
    • 製品および医薬品のリコールの発生件数
  • 機会
    • 軸性脊椎関節炎のパーソナライズケアの進歩
    • 新規生物学的製剤の出現軸性脊椎関節炎
  • 課題
    • 医薬品の承認プロセスに関する厳格な規制
• 市場セグメンテーション分析
• ポーターのファイブフォース分析
• PESTEL分析
  • 政治的
  • 経済
  • 社交
  • 技術的
  • 法律上
  • 環境

第6章 軸性脊椎関節炎の市場：タイプ別

• 強直性脊椎炎（AS）
• 非放射線学的軸性脊椎関節炎（nr-axSpA）

第7章 軸性脊椎関節炎の市場：薬剤クラス別

• 抗リウマチ薬
• グルココルチコイド
• 非ステロイド性抗炎症薬（NSAID）

第8章 軸性脊椎関節炎の市場：エンドユーザー別

• 学術調査機関
• クリニック
• 病院
• リハビリテーションセンター

第9章 南北アメリカの軸性脊椎関節炎の市場

• アルゼンチン
• ブラジル
• カナダ
• メキシコ
• 米国

第10章 アジア太平洋の軸性脊椎関節炎の市場

• オーストラリア
• 中国
• インド
• インドネシア
• 日本
• マレーシア
• フィリピン
• シンガポール
• 韓国
• 台湾
• タイ
• ベトナム

第11章 欧州・中東・アフリカの軸性脊椎関節炎の市場

• デンマーク
• エジプト
• フィンランド
• フランス
• ドイツ
• イスラエル
• イタリア
• オランダ
• ナイジェリア
• ノルウェー
• ポーランド
• カタール
• ロシア
• サウジアラビア
• 南アフリカ
• スペイン
• スウェーデン
• スイス
• トルコ
• アラブ首長国連邦
• 英国

第12章 競合情勢

• 市場シェア分析、2023年
• FPNVポジショニングマトリックス、2023年
• 競合シナリオ分析
• 戦略分析と提言

企業一覧

• Abbott Laboratories
• AbbVie Inc.
• Amgen Inc.
• Eli Lilly and Company
• Galapagos NV
• Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals
• Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Novartis AG
• Pfizer Inc.
• UCB S.A.

LIST OF FIGURES

• FIGURE 1. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET RESEARCH PROCESS
• FIGURE 2. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, 2023 VS 2030
• FIGURE 3. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 4. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 5. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 6. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 7. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 8. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 9. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 10. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 11. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 12. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 13. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 14. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 15. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 16. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 17. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 18. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2030 (%)
• FIGURE 19. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030 (USD MILLION)
• FIGURE 20. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2023
• FIGURE 21. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2023

LIST OF TABLES

• TABLE 1. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SEGMENTATION & COVERAGE
• TABLE 2. UNITED STATES DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE, 2018-2023
• TABLE 3. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 4. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 5. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 6. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET DYNAMICS
• TABLE 7. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 8. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS), BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 9. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY NON-RADIOGRAPHIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (NR-AXSPA)), BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 10. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 11. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 12. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 13. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS), BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 14. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 15. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 16. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY CLINICS, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 17. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY HOSPITAL, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 18. GLOBAL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY REHABILITATION CENTER, BY REGION, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 19. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 20. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 21. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 22. AMERICAS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 23. ARGENTINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 24. ARGENTINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 25. ARGENTINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 26. BRAZIL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 27. BRAZIL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 28. BRAZIL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 29. CANADA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 30. CANADA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 31. CANADA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 32. MEXICO AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 33. MEXICO AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 34. MEXICO AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 35. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 36. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 37. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 38. UNITED STATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY STATE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 39. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 40. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 41. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 42. ASIA-PACIFIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 43. AUSTRALIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 44. AUSTRALIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 45. AUSTRALIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 46. CHINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 47. CHINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 48. CHINA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 49. INDIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 50. INDIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 51. INDIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 52. INDONESIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 53. INDONESIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 54. INDONESIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 55. JAPAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 56. JAPAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 57. JAPAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 58. MALAYSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 59. MALAYSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 60. MALAYSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 61. PHILIPPINES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 62. PHILIPPINES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 63. PHILIPPINES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 64. SINGAPORE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 65. SINGAPORE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 66. SINGAPORE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 67. SOUTH KOREA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 68. SOUTH KOREA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 69. SOUTH KOREA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 70. TAIWAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 71. TAIWAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 72. TAIWAN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 73. THAILAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 74. THAILAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 75. THAILAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 76. VIETNAM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 77. VIETNAM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 78. VIETNAM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 79. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 80. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 81. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 82. EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 83. DENMARK AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 84. DENMARK AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 85. DENMARK AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 86. EGYPT AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 87. EGYPT AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 88. EGYPT AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 89. FINLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 90. FINLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 91. FINLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 92. FRANCE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 93. FRANCE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 94. FRANCE AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 95. GERMANY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 96. GERMANY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 97. GERMANY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 98. ISRAEL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 99. ISRAEL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 100. ISRAEL AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 101. ITALY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 102. ITALY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 103. ITALY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 104. NETHERLANDS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 105. NETHERLANDS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 106. NETHERLANDS AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 107. NIGERIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 108. NIGERIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 109. NIGERIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 110. NORWAY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 111. NORWAY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 112. NORWAY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 113. POLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 114. POLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 115. POLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 116. QATAR AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 117. QATAR AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 118. QATAR AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 119. RUSSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 120. RUSSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 121. RUSSIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 122. SAUDI ARABIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 123. SAUDI ARABIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 124. SAUDI ARABIA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 125. SOUTH AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 126. SOUTH AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 127. SOUTH AFRICA AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 128. SPAIN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 129. SPAIN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 130. SPAIN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 131. SWEDEN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 132. SWEDEN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 133. SWEDEN AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 134. SWITZERLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 135. SWITZERLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 136. SWITZERLAND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 137. TURKEY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 138. TURKEY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 139. TURKEY AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 140. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 141. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 142. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 143. UNITED KINGDOM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY TYPE, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 144. UNITED KINGDOM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY DRUG CLASS, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 145. UNITED KINGDOM AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SIZE, BY END USER, 2018-2030 (USD MILLION)
• TABLE 146. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2023
• TABLE 147. AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS MARKET, FPNV POSITIONING MATRIX, 2023

The Axial Spondyloarthritis Market was valued at USD 5.32 billion in 2023, expected to reach USD 5.68 billion in 2024, and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.42%, to USD 8.79 billion by 2030.

Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a spectrum of chronic inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the spine and the sacroiliac joints, leading to pain and progressive stiffness. The necessity of advancing research in axSpA stems from the increasing prevalence of the condition, inadequate awareness, and a demand for more effective treatments. Applications include improving diagnostic methods, refining therapeutic interventions, and tailored patient management to enhance quality of life, while end-use scope is seen in healthcare facilities, research institutes, and pharmaceutical companies. Key factors influencing market growth include rising awareness about the disease, advances in diagnostic imaging, and the introduction of biologics and biosimilars. Furthermore, the significant role of genetic and environmental factors in axSpA's etiology has stimulated interest in personalized medicine, creating opportunities for tailored therapeutics. Ongoing research into novel biologics, including IL-17 and JAK inhibitors, represents potential growth avenues, alongside improved treatment personalization through genetic profiling and biomarker exploration. Nonetheless, market limitations include high treatment costs, potential side effects of biologics, and the complexities of early diagnosis. Additionally, the chronic nature of the disease burdens healthcare systems, highlighting a need for cost-effective management solutions. Entities in this market are urged to invest in the development of innovative drugs with fewer side effects, expand education and awareness initiatives among healthcare providers and patients, and push for collaborative efforts in clinical trials to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of treatments. Innovation can thrive in areas like digital health tools for monitoring disease progression, the integration of AI in diagnostic precision, and the development of non-invasive therapies. Thus, while the axSpA market presents challenges, it simultaneously offers tangible opportunities for breakthroughs that can redefine patient care and market dynamics.

Market Dynamics: Unveiling Key Market Insights in the Rapidly Evolving Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

The Axial Spondyloarthritis Market is undergoing transformative changes driven by a dynamic interplay of supply and demand factors. Understanding these evolving market dynamics prepares business organizations to make informed investment decisions, refine strategic decisions, and seize new opportunities. By gaining a comprehensive view of these trends, business organizations can mitigate various risks across political, geographic, technical, social, and economic domains while also gaining a clearer understanding of consumer behavior and its impact on manufacturing costs and purchasing trends.

• Market Drivers
  • Rising incidences of arthritis and joint pain
  • Growing number of research and development activities
  • Efforts by government and private players to expand treatment options for arthritis
• Market Restraints
  • Incidences of product and drug recall
• Market Opportunities
  • Advances in personalized care for axial spondyloarthritis
  • Emergence of novel biologic agents targeting axial spondyloarthritis
• Market Challenges
  • Stringent regulations concerning the drug approval process

Porter's Five Forces: A Strategic Tool for Navigating the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

Porter's five forces framework is a critical tool for understanding the competitive landscape of the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market. It offers business organizations with a clear methodology for evaluating their competitive positioning and exploring strategic opportunities. This framework helps businesses assess the power dynamics within the market and determine the profitability of new ventures. With these insights, business organizations can leverage their strengths, address weaknesses, and avoid potential challenges, ensuring a more resilient market positioning.

PESTLE Analysis: Navigating External Influences in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

External macro-environmental factors play a pivotal role in shaping the performance dynamics of the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market. Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors analysis provides the necessary information to navigate these influences. By examining PESTLE factors, businesses can better understand potential risks and opportunities. This analysis enables business organizations to anticipate changes in regulations, consumer preferences, and economic trends, ensuring they are prepared to make proactive, forward-thinking decisions.

Market Share Analysis: Understanding the Competitive Landscape in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

A detailed market share analysis in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market provides a comprehensive assessment of vendors' performance. Companies can identify their competitive positioning by comparing key metrics, including revenue, customer base, and growth rates. This analysis highlights market concentration, fragmentation, and trends in consolidation, offering vendors the insights required to make strategic decisions that enhance their position in an increasingly competitive landscape.

FPNV Positioning Matrix: Evaluating Vendors' Performance in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

The Forefront, Pathfinder, Niche, Vital (FPNV) Positioning Matrix is a critical tool for evaluating vendors within the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market. This matrix enables business organizations to make well-informed decisions that align with their goals by assessing vendors based on their business strategy and product satisfaction. The four quadrants provide a clear and precise segmentation of vendors, helping users identify the right partners and solutions that best fit their strategic objectives.

Strategy Analysis & Recommendation: Charting a Path to Success in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

A strategic analysis of the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market is essential for businesses looking to strengthen their global market presence. By reviewing key resources, capabilities, and performance indicators, business organizations can identify growth opportunities and work toward improvement. This approach helps businesses navigate challenges in the competitive landscape and ensures they are well-positioned to capitalize on newer opportunities and drive long-term success.

Key Company Profiles

The report delves into recent significant developments in the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market, highlighting leading vendors and their innovative profiles. These include Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Galapagos NV, Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., and UCB S.A..

Market Segmentation & Coverage

This research report categorizes the Axial Spondyloarthritis Market to forecast the revenues and analyze trends in each of the following sub-markets:

• Based on Type, market is studied across Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)).
• Based on Drug Class, market is studied across Anti-Rheumatic Drugs, Glucocorticoids, and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
• Based on End User, market is studied across Academic Research Institutes, Clinics, Hospital, and Rehabilitation Center.
• Based on Region, market is studied across Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East & Africa. The Americas is further studied across Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and United States. The United States is further studied across California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The Asia-Pacific is further studied across Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Europe, Middle East & Africa is further studied across Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and United Kingdom.

The report offers a comprehensive analysis of the market, covering key focus areas:

1. Market Penetration: A detailed review of the current market environment, including extensive data from top industry players, evaluating their market reach and overall influence.

2. Market Development: Identifies growth opportunities in emerging markets and assesses expansion potential in established sectors, providing a strategic roadmap for future growth.

3. Market Diversification: Analyzes recent product launches, untapped geographic regions, major industry advancements, and strategic investments reshaping the market.

4. Competitive Assessment & Intelligence: Provides a thorough analysis of the competitive landscape, examining market share, business strategies, product portfolios, certifications, regulatory approvals, patent trends, and technological advancements of key players.

5. Product Development & Innovation: Highlights cutting-edge technologies, R&D activities, and product innovations expected to drive future market growth.

The report also answers critical questions to aid stakeholders in making informed decisions:

1. What is the current market size, and what is the forecasted growth?

2. Which products, segments, and regions offer the best investment opportunities?

3. What are the key technology trends and regulatory influences shaping the market?

4. How do leading vendors rank in terms of market share and competitive positioning?

5. What revenue sources and strategic opportunities drive vendors' market entry or exit strategies?

Table of Contents

1. Preface

• 1.1. Objectives of the Study
• 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
• 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
• 1.4. Currency & Pricing
• 1.5. Language
• 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Define: Research Objective
• 2.2. Determine: Research Design
• 2.3. Prepare: Research Instrument
• 2.4. Collect: Data Source
• 2.5. Analyze: Data Interpretation
• 2.6. Formulate: Data Verification
• 2.7. Publish: Research Report
• 2.8. Repeat: Report Update

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

• 5.1. Market Dynamics
  • 5.1.1. Drivers
    • 5.1.1.1. Rising incidences of arthritis and joint pain
    • 5.1.1.2. Growing number of research and development activities
    • 5.1.1.3. Efforts by government and private players to expand treatment options for arthritis
  • 5.1.2. Restraints
    • 5.1.2.1. Incidences of product and drug recall
  • 5.1.3. Opportunities
    • 5.1.3.1. Advances in personalized care for axial spondyloarthritis
    • 5.1.3.2. Emergence of novel biologic agents targeting axial spondyloarthritis
  • 5.1.4. Challenges
    • 5.1.4.1. Stringent regulations concerning the drug approval process
• 5.2. Market Segmentation Analysis
• 5.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 5.3.1. Threat of New Entrants
  • 5.3.2. Threat of Substitutes
  • 5.3.3. Bargaining Power of Customers
  • 5.3.4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 5.3.5. Industry Rivalry
• 5.4. PESTLE Analysis
  • 5.4.1. Political
  • 5.4.2. Economic
  • 5.4.3. Social
  • 5.4.4. Technological
  • 5.4.5. Legal
  • 5.4.6. Environmental

6. Axial Spondyloarthritis Market, by Type

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)
• 6.3. Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA))

7. Axial Spondyloarthritis Market, by Drug Class

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
• 7.3. Glucocorticoids
• 7.4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

8. Axial Spondyloarthritis Market, by End User

• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Academic Research Institutes
• 8.3. Clinics
• 8.4. Hospital
• 8.5. Rehabilitation Center

9. Americas Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. Argentina
• 9.3. Brazil
• 9.4. Canada
• 9.5. Mexico
• 9.6. United States

10. Asia-Pacific Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Australia
• 10.3. China
• 10.4. India
• 10.5. Indonesia
• 10.6. Japan
• 10.7. Malaysia
• 10.8. Philippines
• 10.9. Singapore
• 10.10. South Korea
• 10.11. Taiwan
• 10.12. Thailand
• 10.13. Vietnam

11. Europe, Middle East & Africa Axial Spondyloarthritis Market

• 11.1. Introduction
• 11.2. Denmark
• 11.3. Egypt
• 11.4. Finland
• 11.5. France
• 11.6. Germany
• 11.7. Israel
• 11.8. Italy
• 11.9. Netherlands
• 11.10. Nigeria
• 11.11. Norway
• 11.12. Poland
• 11.13. Qatar
• 11.14. Russia
• 11.15. Saudi Arabia
• 11.16. South Africa
• 11.17. Spain
• 11.18. Sweden
• 11.19. Switzerland
• 11.20. Turkey
• 11.21. United Arab Emirates
• 11.22. United Kingdom

12. Competitive Landscape

• 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2023
• 12.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2023
• 12.3. Competitive Scenario Analysis
• 12.4. Strategy Analysis & Recommendation

Companies Mentioned

• 1. Abbott Laboratories
• 2. AbbVie Inc.
• 3. Amgen Inc.
• 4. Eli Lilly and Company
• 5. Galapagos NV
• 6. Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals
• 7. Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
• 8. Merck & Co., Inc.
• 9. Novartis AG
• 10. Pfizer Inc.
• 11. UCB S.A.