PVCパイプ市場レポート：用途別、地域別、2024年～2032年

世界のPVCパイプ市場規模は2023年に2,490万トンに達しました。今後、IMARC Groupは、市場は2032年までに3,570万トンに達し、2024～2032年の成長率（CAGR）は4%になると予測しています。急速なインフラ整備、製品の耐久性や寿命に対する消費者の意識の高まり、費用対効果の高さによる製品採用の増加、農業分野での製品利用の増加、配合や製造技術における最近の技術進歩などが、市場を推進している主な要因です。

PVCパイプとは、重合塩化ビニル（PVC）モノマーからなる合成樹脂であるポリ塩化ビニルから作られた管状製品を指します。主に重合と押し出し工程を経て製造されます。PVCパイプは、飲料水システム、下水道、灌漑、地下配線、化学輸送、消火スプリンクラー、冷暖房システムなどに広く使用されています。費用対効果に優れ、耐久性に優れ、軽量であるため、設置が容易で、低メンテナンスを必要とし、長寿命であり、腐食に対する耐性を備えています。PVCパイプには、柔軟性、高い引張強度、低い熱伝導率など、いくつかの利点もあります。

汚染せずに効率的な配水を確保し、作物収量を最大化するために農業indzustryで上昇製品利用は、市場の成長を推進しています。さらに、より弾力性があり、互換性があり、耐久性のある製品を製造するための配合と製造技術における最近の技術進歩が、市場成長に寄与しています。さらに、住宅・不動産セクターの急速な拡大が、配管、廃棄物処理、その他の用途での製品需要を促進しています。これとは別に、環境的にも経済的にも有益な材料としてPVCパイプの使用を支持する、世界中のいくつかの政府による支援政策の実施は、市場成長にプラスの影響を与えています。その他の要因としては、節水への取り組みにおける製品用途の増加、広範な研究開発活動、PVCパイプの様々な利点に関する消費者の意識の高まりなどが挙げられ、市場の成長を促進すると予想されています。

PVCパイプ市場の動向と促進要因：

急速なインフラ開発活動

新興経済諸国における都市化と開発の急速なペースは、増加する人口とビジネスを支える強固なインフラの必要性を促進しています。このインフラは、建物や道路といった目に見える建築物だけでなく、上下水道、電線管、排水システムといった必要不可欠なユーティリティを含んでいます。これに伴い、耐久性、高強度、施工の容易さから、PVCパイプはこうした用途の多くに選ばれる材料になりつつあります。さらに、各国政府が予算の大部分をインフラ・プロジェクトに振り向ける中、PVCのような信頼性が高く費用対効果の高い素材への需要が高まっています。さらに、発展途上国のインフラ・プロジェクトを支援する世界銀行やその他の国際機関による財政的優遇措置の増加が、市場の成長をさらに後押ししています。

製品の耐久性と寿命に対する消費者の意識の高まり

PVCパイプの最も称賛に値する特性の1つは、その耐久性です。従来の素材と比べ、PVCは腐食に強く、地下施設の寿命を考える上で不可欠な要素です。さらに、変動する水圧、変化する土壌成分、外部環境要因による消耗は、パイプの寿命に大きく影響します。その点、PVCパイプはもともと非反応性であるため、こうした課題に対して優れた回復力を発揮し、一般的に地下で見られる化学的劣化のリスクを排除します。さらに、自治体や企業がメンテナンス・コストを削減し、サービスを中断させないための長期的な解決策を模索するにつれ、PVCパイプの需要は高まっています。これとは別に、PVCパイプは交換費用や人件費を削減するだけでなく、環境への影響を最小限に抑えることで持続可能性を促進します。

費用対効果に優れたPVCパイプの採用拡大

PVCパイプは、銅や鉄などの他の材料と比較した場合、費用対効果の面で明確な利点を提供します。これらのパイプは軽量であるため、費用対効果が高いです。さらに、設置が容易なため、人件費を削減し、プロジェクトの完了時間を短縮することができます。これとは別に、寿命が長いため、修理や交換、メンテナンスにかかる長期的なコストを最小限に抑えることができます。新興経済諸国や予算に制約のあるプロジェクトでは、このようなコスト削減が大きな違いとなり、リソースを他に割り当てることができます。その結果、意思決定者や計画担当者は、配管のニーズに対する現実的で経済的な選択肢として、ますますPVCに傾倒しています。

目次

第1章 序文

第2章 調査範囲と調査手法

• 調査目的
• 利害関係者
• データソース
  • 一次情報
  • 二次情報
• 市場推定
  • ボトムアップアプローチ
  • トップダウンアプローチ
• 調査手法

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 イントロダクション

• 概要
• 主要産業動向

第5章 世界のPVC産業

• 市場概要
• 市場実績
• 市場内訳：地域別
• 市場内訳：タイプ別
• 市場内訳：用途別
• 市場予測

第6章 世界のPVCパイプ産業

• 市場概要
• 市場実績
• COVID-19の影響
• 市場内訳：地域別
• 市場内訳：用途別
• 市場予測
• SWOT分析
  • 概要
  • 強み
  • 弱み
  • 機会
  • 脅威
• バリューチェーン分析
  • 原材料調達
  • 製造
  • マーケティング
  • 流通
  • 輸出
  • 最終用途
• ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • 概要
  • 買い手の交渉力
  • 供給企業の交渉力
  • 競合の程度
  • 新規参入業者の脅威
  • 代替品の脅威
• 市場促進要因と成功要因

第7章 PVCパイプ市場主要地域の実績

• アジア
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 北米
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 欧州
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 中東・アフリカ地域
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• ラテンアメリカ
  • 市場動向
  • 市場展望

第8章 PVCパイプ市場：用途別

• 灌漑
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 水道
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 下水道
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 配管
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 空調
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測
• 石油・ガス
  • 市場動向
  • 市場予測

第9章 競合情勢

第10章 PVCパイプの製造工程

• 製品概要
• 詳細なプロセスフロー
• 様々な種類の単位操作
• マスバランスと原材料要件

第11章 プロジェクトの詳細、必要条件、費用

• 土地要件と費用
• 建設要件と費用
• 工場機械
• 原材料の要件と支出
• 包装の要件と支出
• 輸送要件と支出
• ユーティリティの要件と支出
• 必要人員および支出
• その他の設備投資

第12章 融資と資金援助

第13章 プロジェクトの経済性

• プロジェクトの資本コスト
• 技術経済パラメータ
• サプライチェーンの各段階における製品価格とマージン
• 課税と減価償却
• 収入予測
• 支出予測
• 財務分析
• 利益分析

第14章 主要プレーヤーのプロファイル

List of Figures

• Figure 1: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
• Figure 2: Global: PVC Market: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2018-2023
• Figure 3: Global: PVC Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2023
• Figure 4: Global: PVC Market: Breakup by Type (in %), 2023
• Figure 5: Global: PVC Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2023
• Figure 6: Global: PVC Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 7: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2018-2023
• Figure 8: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2023
• Figure 9: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2023
• Figure 10: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Volume Trends (in Million Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 11: Global: PVC Pipes Industry: SWOT Analysis
• Figure 12: Global: PVC Pipes Industry: Value Chain Analysis
• Figure 13: Global: PVC Pipes Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis
• Figure 14: Asia: PVC Pipes Market (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 15: Asia: PVC Pipes Market Forecast (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 16: North America: PVC Pipes Market (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 17: North America: PVC Pipes Market Forecast (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 18: Europe: PVC Pipes Market (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 19: Europe: PVC Pipes Market Forecast (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 20: Middle East and Africa: PVC Pipes Market (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 21: Middle East and Africa: PVC Pipes Market Forecast (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 22: Latin America: PVC Pipes Market (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 23: Latin America: PVC Pipes Market Forecast (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 24: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Irrigation (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 25: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Irrigation (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 26: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Water Supply (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 27: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Water Supply (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 28: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Sewerage (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 29: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Sewerage (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 30: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Plumbing (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 31: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Plumbing (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 32: Global: PVC Pipes Market: HVAC (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 33: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: HVAC (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 34: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Oil and Gas (in '000 Tons), 2018 & 2023
• Figure 35: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Oil and Gas (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Figure 36: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Detailed Process Flow
• Figure 37: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Process: Conversion Rate of Feedstocks
• Figure 38: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Packaging Requirements
• Figure 39: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Breakup of Capital Costs (in %)
• Figure 40: PVC Pipes Industry: Profit Margins at Various Levels of the Supply Chain
• Figure 41: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Breakup of Total Production Costs (in %)

List of Tables

• Table 1: Global: PVC Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2023 and 2032
• Table 2: Global: PVC Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Table 3: Global: PVC Market Forecast: Breakup by Type (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Table 4: Global: PVC Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Table 5: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2023 and 2032
• Table 6: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Table 7: Global: PVC Pipes Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in '000 Tons), 2024-2032
• Table 8: Global: PVC Pipes Market: Competitive Structure
• Table 9: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Land and Site Development (in US$)
• Table 10: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Civil Works (in US$)
• Table 11: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Machinery (in US$)
• Table 12: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Raw Material Requirements
• Table 13: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Salaries and Wages (in US$)
• Table 14: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Costs Related to Other Capital Investments (in US$)
• Table 15: Details of Financial Assistance Offered by Financial Institutions
• Table 16: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Capital Costs (in US$)
• Table 17: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Techno-Economic Parameters
• Table 18: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Taxation and Depreciation
• Table 19: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Income Projections (in US$)
• Table 20: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Expenditure Projections (in US$)
• Table 21: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Cash Flow Analysis Without Considering the Income Tax Liability (in US$)
• Table 22: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Cash Flow Analysis on Considering the Income Tax Liability (in US$)
• Table 23: PVC Pipes Manufacturing Plant: Profit and Loss Account (in US$)

Abstract

The global PVC pipes market size reached 24.9 Million Tons in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach 35.7 Million Tons by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4% during 2024-2032. The rapid infrastructure development activities, rising consumer awareness towards product durability and longevity, growing product adoption due to its cost-effectiveness, rising product utilization in the agriculture industry, and the recent technological advancements in formulations and manufacturing techniques are some of the major factors propelling the market.

PVC pipes refer to tubular products made from polyvinyl chloride, a synthetic resin composed of polymerized vinyl chloride (PVC) monomers. They are primarily produced using polymerization and extrusion process. PVC pipes are widely used in drinking water systems, sewerage, irrigation, underground wiring, chemical transportation, fire sprinklers, and heating and cooling systems. They are cost-effective, durable, and lightweight products that are easy to install, require low maintenance, offer long service life, and provide resistance against corrosion. PVC pipes also offer several advantages, such as flexibility, high tensile strength, and low thermal conductivity.

The rising product utilization in the agriculture indzustry to ensure efficient water distribution without contamination and maximize crop yield is propelling the market growth. Additionally, the recent technological advancements in formulations and manufacturing techniques to produce more resilient, compatible, and durable products are contributing to the market growth. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of the housing and real estate sectors is facilitating product demand for plumbing, waste disposal, and other applications. Apart from this, the implementation of supportive policies by several governments across the globe endorsing the use of PVC pipes as an environmentally and economically beneficial material is positively influencing the market growth. Other factors, including increasing product application in water conservation efforts, extensive research and development (R&D) activities, and growing consumer awareness regarding various benefits of PVC pipes, are anticipated to drive the market growth.

PVC Pipes Market Trends/Drivers:

The rapid infrastructural development activities

The rapid pace of urbanization and development in emerging economies is facilitating the need for a robust infrastructure to support the growing populations and businesses. This infrastructure goes beyond visible constructions, such as buildings and roads, but it encompasses essential utilities such as water supply, sewage systems, electrical conduits, and drainage systems. In line with this, PVC pipes are becoming the material of choice for many of these applications, owing to their durability, high strength, and ease of installation. Moreover, as governments allocate significant portions of their budgets towards infrastructure projects, the demand for reliable and cost-effective materials, such as PVC, grows. Furthermore, the increasing financial incentives by The World Bank and other international organizations supporting infrastructure projects in developing countries are further bolstering the market growth.

The rising consumer awareness towards product durability and longevity

One of the most commendable attributes of PVC pipes is their durability. As compared to traditional materials, PVC is resistant to corrosion, which is an essential factor when considering the longevity of underground installations. Furthermore, the wear and tear from fluctuating water pressures, changing soil compositions, and external environmental factors can significantly affect a pipe's lifespan. In line with this, PVC pipes demonstrate excellent resilience against these challenges as they are non-reactive in nature, which eliminates the risk of chemical deterioration, typically found underground. Moreover, as municipalities and businesses seek long-term solutions to reduce maintenance costs and ensure uninterrupted service, the demand for PVC pipes escalates. Apart from this, they promote sustainability by not only reducing replacement and labor costs but also minimizing environmental impact.

The growing product adoption due to its cost-effectiveness

PVC pipes offer a distinct advantage in terms of cost-effectiveness when compared to other materials, such as copper or iron. These pipes are cost-effective, owing to their lightweight nature. Furthermore, their ease of installation also assists in reducing labor costs and reducing project completion times. Apart from this, their longevity ensures that the long-term costs arising from repairs, replacements, and maintenance are minimized. For developing economies and budget-constrained projects, these cost savings can make a substantial difference, allowing for resources to be allocated elsewhere. As a result, decision-makers and planners are increasingly leaning towards PVC as a pragmatic and economical choice for their piping needs.

PVC Pipes Industry Segmentation:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the global pvc pipes market report, along with forecasts at the global and regional levels from 2024-2032. Our report has categorized the market based on application.

Breakup by Application:

Irrigation

Water Supply

Sewerage

Plumbing

HVAC

Oil and Gas

Irrigation dominates the market

The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the application. This includes irrigation, water supply, sewerage, plumbing, HVAC, and oil and gas. According to the report, irrigation represented the largest market segment.

Irrigation is dominating the market owing to the escalating need for food production across the globe. It plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, especially in regions that experience irregular rainfall or prolonged dry seasons. Furthermore, PVC pipes are resistant to corrosion, ensuring they don't deteriorate even when exposed to various chemicals commonly used in agriculture, such as fertilizers and pesticides. This resistance ensures water delivery without contamination, thus safeguarding crop health. Apart from this, large-scale irrigation projects require extensive piping networks. PVC pipes, being economically viable compared to many alternatives, make them a preferred choice for such expansive undertakings. Moreover, their durable nature ensures minimal water wastage through leakages, which aids in enhancing irrigation efficiency.

Breakup by Region:

Asia

North America

Europe

Middle East and Africa

Latin America

Asia exhibits a clear dominance in the market, accounting for the largest PVC pipes market share

The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which includes Asia, North America, Europe, Middle East and Africa, and Latin America. According to the report, Asia represented the largest market segment.

Asia is experiencing an accelerated pace of urbanization, which necessitates new infrastructure, from water supply to sewage systems, thus driving the demand for PVC pipes. Additionally, several regional governments are investing heavily in infrastructure projects, both in urban and rural settings, which involve extensive infrastructural development where PVC pipes play a pivotal role. Apart from this, the presence of an enormous agrarian society in Asia is facilitating product demand to ensure maximum agricultural output. Apart from this, the increasing demand for PVC pipes for plumbing and sewage systems in Asia due to the rapid expansion of the housing sector is contributing to the market growth. Moreover, the widespread availability of raw materials in the region, which supports local production and reduces import dependence, is boosting the market growth.

Competitive Landscape:

Leading companies in the market are producing PVC pipes with enhanced properties, such as improved durability, ultraviolet (UV) resistance, or increased flexibility. Furthermore, many top companies are expanding their production facilities by expanding existing plants or establishing new ones in strategic locations. Apart from this, the escalating environmental concerns have prompted leading companies to focus on sustainable manufacturing processes, reducing waste, and increasing the recyclability of their products. Additionally, several key players are offering a wide range of customized PVC pipes suitable for different applications, such as irrigation, residential plumbing, and industrial uses. Moreover, they are building partnerships with local distributors, collaborating with tech companies for advanced manufacturing techniques, and forming alliances with research institutions to expand market reach and improve product quality.

The report has provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the global PVC pipes market. Detailed profiles of all major companies have also been provided. Some of the key players in the market include:

China Lesso Group Holdings Limited

Fujian Aton Advanced Materials Science & Technology Co Ltd.

Hebei Bosoar Pipe Co. Ltd.

Pipelife Austria Gmbh & Co KG

Plasticos Ferro S.L.

Recent Developments:

In August 2022, China Lesso Group Holdings Limited launched its extrusion workshop in Indonesia to accelerate its expansion in the Southeast Asian market. Under the workshop, several products are manufactured, including PVC pipes, PVC conduits, and PE water supply pipes.

In July 2022, Pipelife Austria Gmbh & Co KG collaborated with raw material supplier Inovyn to produce 100% fossil-free PVC sewage pipes for a construction project in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Key Questions Answered in This Report

• 1. What was the size of the global PVC pipes market in 2023?
• 2. What is the expected growth rate of the global PVC pipes market during 2024-2032?
• 3. What are the key factors driving the global PVC pipes market?
• 4. What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global PVC pipes market?
• 5. What is the breakup of the global PVC pipes market based on the application?
• 6. What are the key regions in the global PVC pipes market?
• 7. Who are the key players/companies in the global PVC pipes market?

Table of Contents

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

• 2.1 Objectives of the Study
• 2.2 Stakeholders
• 2.3 Data Sources
  • 2.3.1 Primary Sources
  • 2.3.2 Secondary Sources
• 2.4 Market Estimation
  • 2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
  • 2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
• 2.5 Forecasting Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Introduction

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Key Industry Trends

5 Global PVC Industry

• 5.1 Market Overview
• 5.2 Market Performance
• 5.3 Market Breakup by Region
• 5.4 Market Breakup by Type
• 5.5 Market Breakup by Application
• 5.6 Market Forecast

6 Global PVC Pipes Industry

• 6.1 Market Overview
• 6.2 Market Performance
• 6.3 Impact of COVID-19
• 6.4 Market Breakup by Region
• 6.5 Market Breakup by Application
• 6.6 Market Forecast
• 6.7 SWOT Analysis
  • 6.7.1 Overview
  • 6.7.2 Strengths
  • 6.7.3 Weaknesses
  • 6.7.4 Opportunities
  • 6.7.5 Threats
• 6.8 Value Chain Analysis
  • 6.8.1 Raw Material Procurement
  • 6.8.2 Manufacturing
  • 6.8.3 Marketing
  • 6.8.4 Distribution
  • 6.8.5 Exports
  • 6.8.6 End-Use
• 6.9 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 6.9.1 Overview
  • 6.9.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 6.9.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 6.9.4 Degree of Competition
  • 6.9.5 Threat of New Entrants
  • 6.9.6 Threat of Substitutes
• 6.10 Key Market Drivers and Success Factors

7 PVC Pipes Market: Performance of Key Regions

• 7.1 Asia
  • 7.1.1 Market Trends
  • 7.1.2 Market Forecast
• 7.2 North America
  • 7.2.1 Market Trends
  • 7.2.2 Market Forecast
• 7.3 Europe
  • 7.3.1 Market Trends
  • 7.3.2 Market Forecast
• 7.4 Middle East and Africa
  • 7.4.1 Market Trends
  • 7.4.2 Market Forecast
• 7.5 Latin America
  • 7.5.1 Market Trends
  • 7.5.2 Market Forecast

8 PVC Pipes Market by Application

• 8.1 Irrigation
  • 8.1.1 Market Trends
  • 8.1.2 Market Forecast
• 8.2 Water Supply
  • 8.2.1 Market Trends
  • 8.2.2 Market Forecast
• 8.3 Sewerage
  • 8.3.1 Market Trends
  • 8.3.2 Market Forecast
• 8.4 Plumbing
  • 8.4.1 Market Trends
  • 8.4.2 Market Forecast
• 8.5 HVAC
  • 8.5.1 Market Trends
  • 8.5.2 Market Forecast
• 8.6 Oil and Gas
  • 8.6.1 Market Trends
  • 8.6.2 Market Forecast

9 Competitive Landscape

10 PVC Pipes Manufacturing Process

• 10.1 Product Overview
• 10.2 Detailed Process Flow
• 10.3 Various Types of Unit Operations Involved
• 10.4 Mass Balance and Raw Material Requirements

11 Project Details, Requirements and Costs Involved

• 11.1 Land Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.2 Construction Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.3 Plant Machinery
• 11.4 Raw Material Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.5 Packaging Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.6 Transportation Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.7 Utility Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.8 Manpower Requirements and Expenditures
• 11.9 Other Capital Investments

12 Loans and Financial Assistance

13 Project Economics

• 13.1 Capital Cost of the Project
• 13.2 Techno-Economic Parameters
• 13.3 Product Pricing and Margins Across Various Levels of the Supply Chain
• 13.4 Taxation and Depreciation
• 13.5 Income Projections
• 13.6 Expenditure Projections
• 13.7 Financial Analysis
• 13.8 Profit Analysis

14 Key Player Profiles