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PAGベースオイルの世界市場

PAG Base Oils

出版日
ページ情報
英文 244 Pages
納期
即日から翌営業日
適宜更新あり
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価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=146.99円
PAGベースオイルの世界市場
出版日: 2024年10月18日
発行: Global Industry Analysts, Inc.
ページ情報: 英文 244 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
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概要

PAGベースオイルの世界市場は2030年までに23億米ドルに達する見込み

2023年に18億米ドルと推定されるPAGベースオイルの世界市場は、分析期間2023-2030年にCAGR 3.8%で成長し、2030年には23億米ドルに達すると予測されます。本レポートで分析したセグメントの一つである水溶性PAGオイルは、CAGR3.4%を記録し、分析期間終了時には11億米ドルに達すると予測されます。水不溶性PAGオイルセグメントの成長率は、分析期間中CAGR 4.1%と推定されます。

米国市場は4億7,520万米ドルと推定される一方、中国はCAGR 3.7％で成長すると予測される

米国のPAGベースオイル市場は、2023年に4億7,520万米ドルと推定されます。世界第2位の経済大国である中国は、分析期間2023-2030年のCAGRを3.7%として、2030年までに3億6,630万米ドルの市場規模に達すると予測されています。その他の注目すべき地域別市場としては、日本とカナダがあり、分析期間中のCAGRはそれぞれ3.5％と3.0％と予測されています。欧州では、ドイツがCAGR 3.9%で成長すると予測されています。

世界のPAGベースオイル市場- 主要動向と促進要因のまとめ

PAGベースオイルが高性能潤滑油の必須成分として脚光を浴びているのはなぜか？

ポリアルキレングリコール（PAG）ベースオイルは、そのユニークな化学的特性、卓越した潤滑性、高い熱安定性により、高性能潤滑油の必須成分として脚光を浴びています。PAGベースオイルは、エチレンオキサイドとプロピレンオキサイドの重合から生まれた合成油で、従来の鉱物油やポリアルファオレフィン（PAO）のような合成基油に比べ、明確な利点を提供します。PAGベースオイルは、優れた粘度指数、高い引火点、優れた耐酸化性と耐熱劣化性で知られています。これらの特性は、コンプレッサー、ギアシステム、油圧作動油のような極端な温度、高圧、過酷な使用条件を伴う用途に理想的です。

また、PAG分子固有の極性は、強力な潤滑特性を付与し、可動部の摩擦や摩耗を低減することで、機械の寿命を延ばし、運転効率を向上させます。さらに、PAGベースオイルは高い水溶性を示すため、水質汚染が懸念される用途や、環境規制により生分解性で無害な潤滑剤が求められる用途に適しています。自動車、航空宇宙、産業機械、冷凍などの業界では、厳しい条件下でも信頼性の高い性能を発揮するPAGベースの潤滑油が使用されています。エネルギー効率の向上、メンテナンスコストの削減、機器の長寿命化を実現する高度な潤滑ソリューションを求める産業が増え続ける中、PAGベースオイルの需要は大きく伸びると予想されます。

技術の進歩はPAGベースオイル市場をどのように変えているか？

技術の進歩は、新しい配合の開発を可能にし、製品性能を向上させ、特殊潤滑油の用途を拡大することで、PAGベースオイル市場を変革しています。この分野における最も重要な技術革新のひとつは、特定の用途向けに特性をカスタマイズしたPAGベースオイルの開発です。重合時のエチレンオキシドとプロピレンオキシドの比率を変えることで、メーカーは、さまざまな産業特有の要件を満たす正確な粘度、溶解特性、熱特性を持つPAGベースオイルを作ることができます。このような配合の柔軟性により、高温コンプレッサー、工業用ギアシステム、移動機器や据置型機器で使用される油圧作動油など、特定の環境で最適な性能を発揮する潤滑油を作り出すことができます。

もう一つの革新的な動向は、性能特性を向上させるために高度な添加剤技術をPAGベースオイルに統合することです。摩耗防止剤、酸化防止剤、腐食防止剤などの添加剤は、耐久性と保護特性を向上させるためにPAGベースの処方に組み込まれています。例えば、高度な耐摩耗添加剤を使用することで、ギアやベアリングの表面損傷を防ぎ、ダウンタイムを減らして機器の寿命を延ばすことができます。酸化防止剤の添加は、PAGオイルの熱安定性と耐酸化性を向上させ、高温用途に適しています。目的とする添加剤でPAGベースオイルを改良することができるため、幅広い産業用途や自動車用途で優れた性能と効率を発揮する次世代潤滑油の開発が可能になっています。

持続可能性と環境規制への関心の高まりも、PAGベースオイル市場の技術革新を促進しています。PAGベースオイルは、本質的に生分解性があり、毒性が低いため、環境リスクをもたらす可能性のある従来の鉱物油やその他の合成潤滑油に代わる魅力的な選択肢となっています。メーカー各社は、REACH（化学物質の登録、評価、認可、制限）や欧州エコラベルといった厳しい環境基準に適合するPAG製剤を作るための研究開発に投資しています。PAGベースオイルの生産におけるバイオベースの原料の使用は、これらの製品の環境への影響をさらに軽減し、持続可能性を促進する業界の取り組みをサポートするため、支持を集めています。これらの技術が進化し続けることで、PAGベースオイルはより汎用性が高く、環境に優しく、現代の工業用潤滑油や自動車用潤滑油の多様なニーズに応えることができるのです。

PAGベースオイルの採用において、環境規制や持続可能性の目標はどのような役割を果たしていますか？

環境規制と持続可能性の目標は、環境フットプリントの削減と規制要件への準拠を求める産業界において、PAGベースオイルの採用を推進する上で極めて重要な役割を果たしています。PAGベースオイルは、優れた生分解性と低毒性で知られており、環境への影響が懸念される用途に適しています。海洋、林業、農業など、偶発的な流出が大きな環境破壊を引き起こす可能性のある分野では、環境に優しい潤滑油の使用が、規制によってますます義務付けられています。PAGベースオイルは、米国環境保護庁（EPA）や欧州連合（EU）などの規制機関が定める環境対応型潤滑油（EAL）の要件を満たしており、高性能な潤滑を維持しながらコンプライアンスを達成したい企業にとって魅力的な選択肢となっています。

持続可能性への関心の高まりも、自動車や産業用途におけるPAGベースオイルの採用に影響を与えています。温室効果ガスの排出を削減し、エネルギー効率を促進するための世界の取り組みにより、エネルギー消費の削減と機器の性能向上に貢献できる潤滑油への需要が高まっています。PAGベースの潤滑油は、摩擦と摩耗を低減し、機械や車両におけるエネルギー使用量と二酸化炭素排出量の削減につながることが示されています。自動車用途では、PAGオイルはエアコンシステムのコンプレッサー液として使用されており、その高い熱安定性と潤滑性は、システム効率を向上させ、冷媒漏れを減少させ、燃費向上と排出ガス削減に向けた業界の取り組みを支えています。

さらに、高温・高負荷用途でのPAGベースオイルの使用は、産業界が潤滑油の消費と無駄を最小限に抑えるのに役立っています。その優れた酸化安定性と熱分解抵抗性により、サービスインターバルが長くなり、オイル交換の頻度を減らし、廃棄またはリサイクルする必要のある使用済みオイルの量を減らすことができます。このオイル寿命の延長は、メンテナンス・コストを削減するだけでなく、オイル廃棄に伴う環境への影響も軽減します。企業が持続可能性と規制遵守を優先し続ける中、環境面での利点と高性能潤滑の両方を提供するPAGベースオイルの需要は、大きく伸びると予想されます。

PAGベースオイル世界市場の成長を促進する要因は？

PAGベースオイルの世界市場の成長は、高性能潤滑剤に対する需要の増加、エネルギー効率と持続可能性への注目の高まり、産業用途の拡大など、いくつかの要因によって牽引されています。主な成長要因の1つは、過酷な条件に耐え、さまざまな産業や自動車環境で信頼性の高い性能を発揮する高性能潤滑油への需要の高まりです。PAGベースオイルは、コンプレッサー、油圧システム、ギアボックスなど、高温、高圧、厳しい使用環境を伴う用途での使用が増加しています。優れた潤滑性、優れた熱安定性、低い揮発性を提供する能力は、これらの要求の厳しい用途に理想的であり、製造、自動車、発電などの産業での採用を支えています。

エネルギー効率と持続可能性への注目が高まっていることも、市場成長の主な要因です。PAGベースの潤滑剤は摩擦や摩耗を低減し、機械や自動車のエネルギー効率の向上と二酸化炭素排出量の削減につながることが示されています。産業界がエネルギー消費の削減と環境への影響の最小化に努める中、PAGベースオイルのようなエネルギー効率の高い潤滑油の使用が勢いを増しています。さらに、海洋、林業、農業の用途で環境受容型潤滑油（EAL）の採用が増加していることも、PAGベースオイルの需要を後押ししています。PAGベースオイルは生分解性が高く、毒性が低いため、環境に敏感な場所での使用に適しています。PAGベースオイルは、性能を犠牲にすることなく持続可能性の目標をサポートすることができるため、環境責任と経営効率のバランスを求める企業に選ばれています。

PAGベースオイルの産業用途の広がりも、市場の成長に寄与しています。PAGベースオイルは、コンプレッサーやギヤシステムでの使用に加え、金属加工における急冷剤、製造装置における油圧作動油、食品加工におけるチェーン潤滑油としても使用されています。高い水溶性や優れた熱伝導性など、そのユニークな化学的特性は、従来のオイルが効果的に機能しないような特殊な用途に適しています。PAGベースオイルの多用途性は、お客様のニーズに合わせた潤滑ソリューションを提供することで、多様な産業での採用をサポートし、市場の可能性を広げています。

さらに、現在進行中の研究開発（R&D）の努力は、性能特性を向上させた新しいPAG配合の創造につながっています。メーカー各社は、熱安定性、耐酸化性、各種シール材との適合性を向上させ、より厳しい環境での使用に適したPAGベースオイルの開発に注力しています。耐火性油圧作動油や環境に優しい金属加工油に使用される水溶性PAGの開発は、市場成長の新たな機会を生み出しています。このような進歩は、PAGベースオイルの適用範囲を拡大し、革新的な潤滑ソリューションを求める産業界の関心を集めています。

さらに、自動車用途、特に電気自動車（EV）やハイブリッド車でのPAGベースオイルの使用の増加が、市場ダイナミクスに影響を与えています。PAGオイルは、高い熱伝導性、低摩擦特性、電気部品との適合性から、EVのトランスミッション液や冷却液として使用されています。EV市場の成長は、電気ドライブトレイン特有の要件をサポートし、車両全体の効率に貢献できる高度な潤滑油に対する新たな需要を生み出しています。自動車産業が進化を続け、EVの需要が増加するにつれて、自動車用潤滑油におけるPAGベースオイルの使用は増加すると予想されます。

さらに、工業化の影響と新興市場における製造活動の成長が、PAGベースオイル市場に新たな機会を生み出しています。アジア太平洋、ラテンアメリカ、中東諸国では、産業基盤の拡大とインフラ整備への投資により、高性能潤滑油の需要が増加しています。これらの地域におけるPAGベースオイルの採用は、エネルギー効率の改善、メンテナンスコストの削減、持続可能な産業慣行の推進といった取り組みによって支えられています。このような要因が重なり、PAGベースオイルの世界市場は、技術の進歩、産業用途の拡大、さまざまな部門におけるエネルギー効率と持続可能性の重視の高まりによって、力強い成長を遂げようとしています。

調査対象企業の例（全42件）

  • Denso Corporation
  • Exxon Mobil Corporation
  • Fuchs Petrolub SE
  • Hornett Bros & Co Ltd.
  • I.L.C. S.R.L.
  • Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
  • Morris Lubricants
  • Phillips 66 Company
  • Royal Dutch Shell PLC
  • TSI Supercool

目次

第1章 調査手法

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場概要
  • 主要企業
  • 市場動向と促進要因
  • 世界市場の見通し

第3章 市場分析

  • 米国
  • カナダ
  • 日本
  • 中国
  • 欧州
  • フランス
  • ドイツ
  • イタリア
  • 英国
  • その他欧州
  • アジア太平洋
  • その他の地域

第4章 競合

目次
Product Code: MCP16667

Global PAG Base Oils Market to Reach US$2.3 Billion by 2030

The global market for PAG Base Oils estimated at US$1.8 Billion in the year 2023, is expected to reach US$2.3 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 3.8% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Water Soluble PAG Oils, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 3.4% CAGR and reach US$1.1 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Water Insoluble PAG Oils segment is estimated at 4.1% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$475.2 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 3.7% CAGR

The PAG Base Oils market in the U.S. is estimated at US$475.2 Million in the year 2023. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$366.3 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 3.7% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 3.5% and 3.0% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 3.9% CAGR.

Global PAG Base Oils Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

Why Are PAG Base Oils Gaining Prominence as an Essential Component in High-Performance Lubricants?

Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base oils are gaining prominence as an essential component in high-performance lubricants due to their unique chemical properties, exceptional lubricity, and high thermal stability. PAG base oils are synthetic oils derived from the polymerization of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and they offer distinct advantages over conventional mineral oils and other synthetic base oils like polyalphaolefins (PAOs). PAG base oils are known for their excellent viscosity index, high flash points, and superior resistance to oxidation and thermal degradation. These properties make them ideal for use in applications that involve extreme temperatures, high pressures, and harsh operating conditions, such as in compressors, gear systems, and hydraulic fluids.

The inherent polar nature of PAG molecules also imparts strong lubricating properties, reducing friction and wear in moving parts, which extends the life of machinery and improves operational efficiency. Additionally, PAG base oils exhibit high water solubility, making them a preferred choice for applications where water contamination is a concern or where environmental regulations require biodegradable and non-toxic lubricants. Industries such as automotive, aerospace, industrial machinery, and refrigeration rely on PAG-based lubricants for their ability to provide reliable performance under demanding conditions. As industries continue to seek advanced lubrication solutions that improve energy efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and enhance equipment longevity, the demand for PAG base oils is expected to grow significantly.

How Are Technological Advancements Transforming the PAG Base Oils Market?

Technological advancements are transforming the PAG base oils market by enabling the development of new formulations, improving product performance, and expanding the range of applications for these specialty lubricants. One of the most significant innovations in this space is the development of customized PAG base oils with tailored properties for specific applications. By varying the ratios of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide during polymerization, manufacturers can create PAG base oils with precise viscosities, solubility characteristics, and thermal properties that meet the unique requirements of different industries. This flexibility in formulation allows for the creation of lubricants that offer optimal performance in specific environments, such as high-temperature compressors, industrial gear systems, and hydraulic fluids used in mobile and stationary equipment.

Another transformative trend is the integration of advanced additive technologies into PAG base oils to enhance their performance characteristics. Additives such as anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors are being incorporated into PAG-based formulations to improve their durability and protective properties. For example, the use of advanced anti-wear additives helps prevent surface damage in gears and bearings, reducing downtime and extending equipment life. The addition of antioxidants improves the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of PAG oils, making them more suitable for high-temperature applications. The ability to modify PAG base oils with targeted additives is enabling the development of next-generation lubricants that deliver superior performance and efficiency in a wide range of industrial and automotive applications.

The growing focus on sustainability and environmental regulations is also driving innovation in the PAG base oils market. PAG base oils are inherently biodegradable and have low toxicity, making them an attractive alternative to conventional mineral oils and other synthetic lubricants that may pose environmental risks. Manufacturers are investing in research and development to create PAG formulations that comply with stringent environmental standards such as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) and the European Ecolabel. The use of bio-based raw materials in the production of PAG base oils is gaining traction, as it further reduces the environmental impact of these products and supports the industry’s efforts to promote sustainability. As these technologies continue to evolve, they are making PAG base oils more versatile, environmentally friendly, and capable of meeting the diverse needs of modern industrial and automotive lubrication applications.

What Role Do Environmental Regulations and Sustainability Goals Play in Driving the Adoption of PAG Base Oils?

Environmental regulations and sustainability goals are playing a pivotal role in driving the adoption of PAG base oils as industries seek to reduce their environmental footprint and comply with regulatory requirements. PAG base oils are known for their excellent biodegradability and low toxicity, making them a preferred choice for applications where environmental impact is a concern. In sectors such as marine, forestry, and agriculture, where accidental spills can cause significant environmental damage, the use of environmentally friendly lubricants is increasingly being mandated by regulations. PAG base oils meet the requirements of environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) as defined by regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union, making them an attractive option for companies looking to achieve compliance while maintaining high-performance lubrication.

The rising focus on sustainability is also influencing the adoption of PAG base oils in automotive and industrial applications. With global initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote energy efficiency, there is growing demand for lubricants that can contribute to lower energy consumption and improved equipment performance. PAG-based lubricants have been shown to reduce friction and wear, leading to lower energy usage and reduced carbon emissions in machinery and vehicles. In automotive applications, PAG oils are used as compressor fluids in air conditioning systems, where their high thermal stability and lubricity improve system efficiency and reduce refrigerant leakage, supporting the industry’s efforts to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

Moreover, the use of PAG base oils in high-temperature and high-load applications is helping industries minimize lubricant consumption and waste. Their superior oxidative stability and resistance to thermal breakdown allow for longer service intervals, reducing the frequency of oil changes and the amount of used oil that needs to be disposed of or recycled. This extended oil life not only lowers maintenance costs but also reduces the environmental impact associated with oil disposal. As companies continue to prioritize sustainability and regulatory compliance, the demand for PAG base oils that offer both environmental benefits and high-performance lubrication is expected to grow significantly.

What Factors Are Driving the Growth of the Global PAG Base Oils Market?

The growth in the global PAG base oils market is driven by several factors, including the increasing demand for high-performance lubricants, the rising focus on energy efficiency and sustainability, and the expanding range of industrial applications. One of the primary growth drivers is the growing demand for high-performance lubricants that can withstand extreme conditions and provide reliable performance in a variety of industrial and automotive settings. PAG base oils are being increasingly used in applications that involve high temperatures, high pressures, and challenging operating environments, such as compressors, hydraulic systems, and gearboxes. Their ability to offer superior lubricity, excellent thermal stability, and low volatility makes them ideal for these demanding applications, supporting their adoption in industries such as manufacturing, automotive, and power generation.

The rising focus on energy efficiency and sustainability is another key factor contributing to market growth. PAG-based lubricants have been shown to reduce friction and wear, leading to improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions in machinery and vehicles. As industries strive to lower their energy consumption and minimize their environmental impact, the use of energy-efficient lubricants such as PAG base oils is gaining momentum. In addition, the increasing adoption of environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) in marine, forestry, and agriculture applications is driving demand for PAG base oils, as they offer high biodegradability and low toxicity, making them suitable for use in environmentally sensitive areas. The ability of PAG base oils to support sustainability goals without compromising on performance is making them a preferred choice for companies seeking to balance environmental responsibility with operational efficiency.

The expanding range of industrial applications for PAG base oils is also contributing to market growth. In addition to their use in compressors and gear systems, PAG base oils are being used as quenchants in metalworking, as hydraulic fluids in manufacturing equipment, and as chain lubricants in food processing. Their unique chemical properties, such as high water solubility and excellent thermal conductivity, make them suitable for specialized applications where conventional oils may not perform as effectively. The versatility of PAG base oils in providing tailored lubrication solutions is supporting their adoption in a diverse range of industries and expanding their market potential.

Moreover, ongoing research and development (R&D) efforts are leading to the creation of new PAG formulations with enhanced performance characteristics. Manufacturers are focusing on developing PAG base oils with improved thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and compatibility with various seal materials, making them suitable for use in more challenging environments. The development of water-soluble PAGs for use in fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and environmentally friendly metalworking fluids is creating new opportunities for market growth. These advancements are helping expand the application scope of PAG base oils and attracting interest from industries looking for innovative lubrication solutions.

Additionally, the increasing use of PAG base oils in automotive applications, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles, is influencing market dynamics. PAG oils are being used as transmission fluids and cooling fluids in EVs due to their high thermal conductivity, low friction properties, and compatibility with electrical components. The growth of the EV market is creating new demand for advanced lubricants that can support the unique requirements of electric drivetrains and contribute to overall vehicle efficiency. As the automotive industry continues to evolve and the demand for EVs increases, the use of PAG base oils in automotive lubrication is expected to rise.

Furthermore, the impact of industrialization and the growth of manufacturing activities in emerging markets are creating new opportunities for the PAG base oils market. Countries in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East are witnessing increased demand for high-performance lubricants as they expand their industrial base and invest in infrastructure development. The adoption of PAG base oils in these regions is being supported by initiatives to improve energy efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and promote sustainable industrial practices. As these factors converge, the global PAG base oils market is poised for robust growth, driven by technological advancements, expanding industrial applications, and the increasing emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability across various sectors.

Select Competitors (Total 42 Featured) -

  • Denso Corporation
  • Exxon Mobil Corporation
  • Fuchs Petrolub SE
  • Hornett Bros & Co Ltd.
  • I.L.C. S.R.L.
  • Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
  • Morris Lubricants
  • Phillips 66 Company
  • Royal Dutch Shell PLC
  • TSI Supercool

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • PAG Base Oils - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Increasing Adoption of PAG Base Oils in Automotive and Industrial Applications Expands Addressable Market
    • Innovations in Synthetic Base Oil Formulations Strengthen Business Case for Market Growth
    • Case Overview: Growth in Use of PAG Base Oils in Compressors and Gear Lubrication Bodes Well for Market Expansion
    • Rising Focus on Enhancing Lubricant Efficiency and Thermal Stability Drives Market Adoption
    • Increasing Use of PAG Base Oils in Environmentally Friendly and Biodegradable Lubricants Expands Market Scope
    • Rising Adoption of PAG Base Oils in Metalworking and Hydraulic Fluids Expands Addressable Market
    • Technological Innovations in Water-Soluble and Water-Miscible PAG Base Oils Propel Market Adoption
    • Focus on Enhancing Corrosion Resistance and Oxidation Stability Drives Market Demand
    • Increasing Use of PAG Base Oils in Textile and Paper Machinery Lubrication Expands Market Scope
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World PAG Base Oils Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Water Soluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for Water Soluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 16-Year Perspective for Water Soluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Water Insoluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Water Insoluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 16-Year Perspective for Water Insoluble PAG Oils by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Industrial Tooling and Equipment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Industrial Tooling and Equipment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 16-Year Perspective for Industrial Tooling and Equipment by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: World 16-Year Perspective for HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 17: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Automotive by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: World Historic Review for Automotive by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: World 16-Year Perspective for Automotive by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 20: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: USA Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: USA 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 23: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: USA Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: USA 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 26: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: Canada Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: Canada 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 29: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: Canada Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Canada 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 32: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Japan Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: Japan 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 35: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: Japan Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Japan 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 38: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: China Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: China 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 41: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: China Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: China 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 44: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: Europe Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: Europe 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 47: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: Europe Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: Europe 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 50: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Europe Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Europe 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 53: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: France Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: France 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 56: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: France Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: France 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 59: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Germany Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Germany 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 62: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: Germany Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: Germany 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 65: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: Italy Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: Italy 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 68: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: Italy Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: Italy 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 71: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: UK Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: UK 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 74: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: UK Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: UK 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 77: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Rest of Europe Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 80: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Rest of Europe Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • PAG Base Oils Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 83: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 86: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF WORLD
    • TABLE 89: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: Rest of World Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: Rest of World 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Water Soluble PAG Oils and Water Insoluble PAG Oils for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 92: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: Rest of World Historic Review for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2022 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: Rest of World 16-Year Perspective for PAG Base Oils by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Industrial Tooling and Equipment, HVAC and Refrigeration Equipment and Automotive for the Years 2014, 2024 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION