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商品コード
1571987

手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの世界市場

Palm Vein Biometrics


出版日
ページ情報
英文 196 Pages
納期
即日から翌営業日
適宜更新あり
価格
価格表記: USDを日本円(税抜)に換算
本日の銀行送金レート: 1USD=144.06円
手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの世界市場
出版日: 2024年10月18日
発行: Global Industry Analysts, Inc.
ページ情報: 英文 196 Pages
納期: 即日から翌営業日
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  • 概要
  • 目次
概要

手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの世界市場は2030年までに41億米ドルに到達

2023年に11億米ドルと推定される手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの世界市場は、分析期間2023-2030年にCAGR 20.3%で成長し、2030年には41億米ドルに達すると予測されます。本レポートで分析したセグメントの1つであるBFSIアプリケーションは、CAGR 20.8%を記録し、分析期間終了時には20億米ドルに達すると予測されます。教育アプリケーション分野の成長率は、分析期間のCAGRで18.0%と推定されます。

米国市場は3億1,100万米ドルと推定、中国はCAGR19.3%で成長予測

米国の手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス市場は、2023年に3億1,100万米ドルと推定されます。世界第2位の経済大国である中国は、分析期間2023-2030年のCAGR19.3%で、2030年までに6億2,150万米ドルの市場規模に達すると予測されています。その他の注目すべき地域別市場としては、日本とカナダがあり、分析期間中のCAGRはそれぞれ18.0%と16.9%と予測されています。欧州では、ドイツがCAGR約13.7%で成長すると予測されています。

世界の手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス市場- 主要動向と促進要因のまとめ

なぜ手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスが好ましい認証方法として台頭しているのか?

手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは、近赤外線を利用して手の静脈パターンを捉える非接触型認証技術であり、安全で信頼性の高いバイオメトリクス認証方法として急速に普及しています。この技術は、精度が高く、偽造に強く、非侵入型であることが評価され、セキュリティと利便性が最優先されるアプリケーションに最適です。指紋や顔認証とは異なり、手のひら静脈パターンは皮膚の下にあるため、複製や改ざんが困難です。手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは、銀行、ヘルスケア、政府サービスなど、安全な本人確認が重要な分野で採用が進んでいます。手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは非接触型であるため、衛生面への懸念からタッチレス認証システムへの移行が進むパンデミック後の世界では、特に魅力的なものとなっています。

セキュリティとプライバシーへの懸念は、どのように手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの需要を牽引しているのでしょうか?

サイバー脅威とID詐欺が増加する時代において、セキュリティへの懸念が手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス採用の大きな原動力となっています。この技術は、指紋認証や顔認証のような従来のバイオメトリックシステムに比べて、より高いレベルのセキュリティを提供します。手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは、簡単に複製できないユニークな内部パターンを提供し、詐欺やなりすましに対する強固な保護を保証します。さらに、指紋や顔の特徴のような外部の特徴とは異なり、アクセスや複製が困難なバイオメトリックデータを使用することで、プライバシーの懸念に対処します。手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは、銀行、ヘルスケア、政府機関など、データセキュリティが重要視される分野において、本人確認とアクセス制御のための高度に安全で信頼性の高いソリューションとして認められています。

ヘルスケア業界はどのように手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの採用をリードしているのでしょうか?

ヘルスケア業界は、安全で正確な非接触型患者識別システムに対するニーズから、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの採用を牽引してきました。病院や医療施設では、手のひら静脈スキャナーを使用して患者の身元を認証し、医療記録が正しい個人に正確にリンクされるようにし、不正請求を防止しています。この技術はまた、衛生的な非接触型ソリューションを提供し、特にCOVID-19パンデミックの状況において、臨床環境における感染症伝播のリスクを軽減します。ヘルスケアにおける手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの使用は、患者の安全性を高め、業務効率を改善し、HIPAA(医療保険の相互運用性と説明責任に関する法律)のような厳格なデータ保護規制へのコンプライアンスを保証します。ヘルスケア施設では患者記録のデジタル化が進み、電子医療システムへの依存度が高まっていますが、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは機密性の高い患者データを安全に管理する方法を提供します。

手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス市場の成長の原動力は?

手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス市場の成長は、いくつかの要因によってもたらされます。特に銀行、ヘルスケア、政府機関などの分野で、安全で非接触な認証方法に対するニーズが高まっていることが、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス・システムの需要を大幅に押し上げています。データプライバシーへの関心の高まりや、サイバー犯罪の増加に直面した際の強固なID保護の必要性により、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスは魅力的なソリューションとなっています。さらに、パンデミック後の衛生と安全性の重視により、タッチレス技術へのシフトが加速し、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクスの採用をさらに促進しています。センサー技術やバイオメトリクス・ソフトウェアの技術的進歩も、手のひら静脈スキャナーの精度と信頼性を向上させ、さまざまな産業での利用を拡大しています。企業や機関がセキュリティとプライバシーを優先し続ける中、手のひら静脈バイオメトリクス市場は持続的な成長が見込まれています。

調査対象企業の例(全46件)

  • BioEnable Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
  • Fujitsu Ltd.
  • IdentyTech Solutions Ltd.
  • iDLink Systems Pte Ltd.
  • Imprivata, Inc.
  • M2SYS Technology
  • Mantra Softech(India)Pvt., Ltd.
  • Matrix Security Solutions

目次

第1章 調査手法

第2章 エグゼクティブサマリー

  • 市場概要
  • 主要企業
  • 市場動向と促進要因
  • 世界市場の見通し

第3章 市場分析

  • 米国
  • カナダ
  • 日本
  • 中国
  • 欧州
  • フランス
  • ドイツ
  • イタリア
  • 英国
  • その他欧州
  • アジア太平洋
  • その他の地域

第4章 競合

目次
Product Code: MCP13849

Global Palm Vein Biometrics Market to Reach US$4.1 Billion by 2030

The global market for Palm Vein Biometrics estimated at US$1.1 Billion in the year 2023, is expected to reach US$4.1 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 20.3% over the analysis period 2023-2030. BFSI Application, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 20.8% CAGR and reach US$2.0 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Education Application segment is estimated at 18.0% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$311.0 Million While China is Forecast to Grow at 19.3% CAGR

The Palm Vein Biometrics market in the U.S. is estimated at US$311.0 Million in the year 2023. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$621.5 Million by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 19.3% over the analysis period 2023-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 18.0% and 16.9% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 13.7% CAGR.

Global Palm Vein Biometrics Market – Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

Why Is Palm Vein Biometrics Emerging as a Preferred Authentication Method?

Palm vein biometrics, a contactless identification technology that uses near-infrared light to capture the unique vein patterns in an individual's hand, is rapidly gaining traction as a secure and reliable biometric authentication method. This technology is valued for its high accuracy, resistance to forgery, and non-intrusive nature, making it ideal for applications where security and convenience are paramount. Unlike fingerprint or facial recognition, palm vein patterns are located beneath the skin, making them difficult to replicate or tamper with. Palm vein biometrics is being increasingly adopted in sectors such as banking, healthcare, and government services, where secure identity verification is crucial. The contactless nature of palm vein biometrics has made it particularly appealing in the post-pandemic world, where hygiene concerns are driving the shift toward touchless authentication systems.

How Are Security and Privacy Concerns Driving Demand for Palm Vein Biometrics?

In an era of increasing cyber threats and identity fraud, security concerns are a major driver behind the adoption of palm vein biometrics. This technology provides a higher level of security compared to traditional biometric systems like fingerprint or facial recognition, which can sometimes be spoofed or compromised. Palm vein biometrics offers a unique, internal pattern that is not easily replicated, ensuring robust protection against fraud and identity theft. Moreover, it addresses privacy concerns by using biometric data that is harder to access and reproduce, unlike external traits such as fingerprints or facial features. In sectors like banking, healthcare, and government, where data security is critical, palm vein biometrics is being recognized as a highly secure and reliable solution for identity verification and access control.

How Is the Healthcare Industry Leading the Adoption of Palm Vein Biometrics?

The healthcare industry has been a major driver in the adoption of palm vein biometrics due to its need for secure, accurate, and contactless patient identification systems. Hospitals and medical facilities are using palm vein scanners to authenticate patient identities, ensuring that medical records are accurately linked to the right individual and preventing fraudulent claims. This technology also offers a hygienic, contactless solution, reducing the risk of transmitting infections in clinical environments—a crucial consideration, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of palm vein biometrics in healthcare enhances patient safety, improves operational efficiency, and ensures compliance with strict data protection regulations like HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). As healthcare facilities increasingly digitize patient records and rely on electronic health systems, palm vein biometrics offers a secure way to manage sensitive patient data.

What Is Driving Growth in the Palm Vein Biometrics Market?

The growth in the palm vein biometrics market is driven by several factors. The increasing need for secure and contactless authentication methods, particularly in sectors like banking, healthcare, and government, has significantly boosted demand for palm vein biometric systems. The growing focus on data privacy and the need for robust identity protection in the face of rising cybercrime have made palm vein biometrics an attractive solution. Additionally, the post-pandemic emphasis on hygiene and safety has accelerated the shift toward touchless technologies, further driving the adoption of palm vein biometrics. Technological advancements in sensor technology and biometric software have also improved the accuracy and reliability of palm vein scanners, expanding their use in various industries. As businesses and institutions continue to prioritize security and privacy, the palm vein biometrics market is expected to experience sustained growth.

Select Competitors (Total 46 Featured) -

  • BioEnable Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
  • Fujitsu Ltd.
  • IdentyTech Solutions Ltd.
  • iDLink Systems Pte Ltd.
  • Imprivata, Inc.
  • M2SYS Technology
  • Mantra Softech (India) Pvt., Ltd.
  • Matrix Security Solutions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Global Economic Update
    • Palm Vein Biometrics - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2024 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2024 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Demand for Secure and Accurate Identification Systems Drives Growth in the Palm Vein Biometrics Market
    • Increasing Focus on Contactless Authentication and Hygiene Spurs Adoption of Palm Vein Biometrics in Security Applications
    • Technological Advancements in Biometric Scanning Improve the Accuracy and Speed of Palm Vein Recognition Systems
    • Growing Demand for Biometric Solutions in Banking and Financial Services Expands Market Opportunities for Palm Vein Biometrics
    • Rising Concerns Over Data Security and Identity Theft Strengthen the Business Case for Palm Vein Biometrics in Fraud Prevention
    • Increasing Adoption of Biometric Authentication in Healthcare Drives Demand for Palm Vein Biometrics in Patient Identification
    • The Growing Focus on Workplace Security and Access Control Fuels Adoption of Palm Vein Biometrics in Corporate and Government Settings
    • Technological Innovations in Multimodal Biometrics, Combining Fingerprint and Palm Vein Scanning, Boost Security Applications
    • Rising Demand for Non-Invasive and Hygienic Biometric Systems Expands Market Potential for Palm Vein Recognition in Public Spaces
    • Expansion of Cloud-Based and Remote Authentication Solutions Fuels Growth in Palm Vein Biometrics for Online Security
    • Increased Use of Palm Vein Biometrics in Border Control and Immigration Management Strengthens the Market in Government Applications
    • Technological Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning Improve the Speed and Accuracy of Palm Vein Recognition Systems
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Palm Vein Biometrics Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for BFSI by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 5: World 7-Year Perspective for BFSI by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 6: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Education by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 7-Year Perspective for Education by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Healthcare by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World 7-Year Perspective for Healthcare by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 10: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Manufacturing by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 11: World 7-Year Perspective for Manufacturing by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 12: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Security by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 7-Year Perspective for Security by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World 7-Year Perspective for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2024 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 16: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 17: USA 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 18: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: Canada 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 20: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: Japan 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 22: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 23: China 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 24: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2024 & 2030
    • TABLE 26: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 28: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 29: France 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 30: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: Germany 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 32: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: Italy 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 34: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 35: UK 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 36: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: Rest of Europe 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Palm Vein Biometrics Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2024 (E)
    • TABLE 38: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: Asia-Pacific 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030
  • REST OF WORLD
    • TABLE 40: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Thousand for the Years 2023 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 41: Rest of World 7-Year Perspective for Palm Vein Biometrics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for BFSI, Education, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Security and Other End-Uses for the Years 2024 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION