塩素の世界市場：2024～2031年

世界の塩素の市場規模は、2023年に275億米ドルに達し、2024～2031年の予測期間中にCAGR 3.7%で成長し、2031年には364億米ドルに達すると予測されています。

塩素市場は、塩素ベースの製品に対する需要の増加、環境ガイドラインの進化、生産手順の技術的改善など様々な要因によって、近年著しい発展を遂げています。人口の増加と水系感染症に関する問題が水処理インフラへの投資に拍車をかけ、塩素需要を押し上げています。

塩素製造の技術的進歩は、効率的な製造手順を可能にしています。その結果、塩素の製造は持続可能でコスト効率の高いものとなっています。例えば、Covestro AGは2022年に、塩素の製造に必要な電力を最大25％削減する方法を仲間と共同で開発しました。このような技術革新により、塩素製造はより環境に優しいものとなっています。

アジア太平洋は塩素マーケットプレースで最も重要な市場の1/3以上を占めています。中国やインドをはじめとする新興国市場では、都市化が進み、淡水へのニーズが高まっており、塩素市場の需要を牽引しています。2.4％の土地資源と4％の水資源を持つインドは、世界人口の18％近くを支えています。人口動態や農業の課題に加え、農業の持続可能性にも問題が生じています。

この問題に対処するため、土地の生産性を高め、二酸化炭素排出量を削減しながらサプライチェーンを最適化するための協調的な取り組みが進められています。大規模な取り組みのひとつに、灌漑システムに塩ビパイプを混ぜるというものがあるが、これは水を維持する上で最も効果的であるだけでなく、塩素ベースの水処理ソリューションのグリーン流通にも貢献しています。この先進的な方法は、農業の持続可能性に取り組むだけでなく、塩素マーケットプレースが、環境に配慮した方法で、発展途上にある水処理への要望を支援するという極めて重要な役割を担っていることを裏付けています。

ダイナミクス

成長する建設産業

塩素に関連するPVCや製品は、建設産業で大量に使用されています。建築・インフラ部門では、PVCパイプ、継手、その他さまざまな建築資材が大量に使用されています。建設とインフラ開発活動が主に塩素需要を牽引しています。Oxford Economicsのデータによると、2022年の建設工事は9兆7,000億米ドルに上ります。

建設産業の世界の急成長は、予測期間中の同分野の成長を後押しします。これに加えて、民間企業による建設関連事業への投資が増加し、市場成長を大きく後押ししています。2022年、インドを拠点とする総合管理ワークスペース事業者Table Space Technologiesは、23～24年度に1億2,000万米ドルを投資し、約450万平方フィートの事業拡大を計画していると発表しました。

さらに、建設業に関連する製品やサービスに対する年間支出は米国で10兆米ドルに上り、世界で最も大きな金融セクターのひとつとなっています。建設資材は、住宅、道路、橋、空港、公共施設の建設を含むインフラプロジェクトに大量に必要とされます。先進地域と発展途上地域の両方におけるインフラの成長は、PVCやその他の塩素関連製品の需要を押し上げています。塩素の需要は、インフラ整備と拡大が原動力となっています。

廃水処理への投資の増加

新興国における急速な都市化と工業化により、廃水発生量が増加しており、環境への排出や再利用の前に処理が必要となっています。こうした戦略で通常使用される殺菌剤は塩素です。水の処理のために、多くの当局関連団体や組織が排水処理のために多額の投資を行っています。

2023年2月、米国エネルギー省（DOE）の化石エネルギー・炭素管理局（FECM）とDOEの国立エネルギー技術研究所（NETL）は、生産水や廃水の特性評価、浄化、制御に集中的に取り組む研究開発イニシアチブに1,800万米ドル以上を資金提供する計画を発表しました。

同様に、世界水の日に、欧州投資銀行（EIB）は、スコピエの廃水処理プラントのために、北マケドニア政府と7,000万米ドルの資金供与を発表しました。これは、米国とマケドニアが、世界水の日（World Water Day）であることを示すものです。これは、西バルカン投資枠組（WBIF）以下ではEU最大の資金提供であり、約50万人の住環境を改善するための欧州委員会の経済投資計画の一部です。2022年3月、ムンバイの飲料水および都市廃水管理を担当するグレーター・ムンバイ市（MCGM）は、インド・ムンバイのウォルリにある容量500MLDの廃水処理施設の設計・建設・運営を目的とする7億米ドルの大型契約をスエズに発注しました。

長距離輸送の難しさ／関連する環境への配慮

塩素は気体として輸送されるが、毒性と腐食性があるため危険です。輸送中の事故や不適切な処理によって漏洩や放出が起こり、環境や人体に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があります。しかし、さまざまな国が塩素の輸送に関して厳しい規制を設けています。米国運輸省は、船、トラック、パイプ、鉄道で輸送される塩素に対して厳しい規制を設けています。

さらに、企業がこれらの危険を減らすためには、適切な安全手順、規制の遵守、従業員へのトレーニングを提供することが極めて重要です。塩素輸送の問題に対処するためには、地域住民、当局、環境保護団体などの利害関係者を巻き込み、交流することが不可欠です。関係を確立し、安全性と環境問題が効果的に考慮されるようにすることは、一般市民の認識、透明性、意思決定プロセスへの関与によって実現可能です。

目次

第1章 調査手法と調査範囲

第2章 定義と概要

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 市場力学

• 影響要因
  • 促進要因
    • 建設産業の成長
    • 廃水処理への投資拡大
  • 抑制要因
    • 長距離輸送の難しさ／関連する環境への配慮
  • 機会
  • 影響分析

第5章 産業分析

• ポーターのファイブフォース分析
• サプライチェーン分析
• 価格分析
• 規制分析
• ロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響分析
• DMIの見解

第6章 COVID-19分析

第7章 用途別

• EDC/PVC
• イソシン酸塩
• クロロメタン
• 溶剤
• エピクロロヒドリン
• 有機化学品
• 無機化学品
• C1・C2芳香族
• その他

第8章 エンドユーザー別

• 紙・パルプ
• 農薬
• 医薬
• 化学
• プラスチック
• 上下水道
• 食品・飲料
• その他

第9章 地域別

• 北米
  • 米国
  • カナダ
  • メキシコ
• 欧州
  • ドイツ
  • 英国
  • フランス
  • イタリア
  • スペイン
  • その他の欧州
• 南米
  • ブラジル
  • アルゼンチン
  • その他の南米
• アジア太平洋
  • 中国
  • インド
  • 日本
  • オーストラリア
  • その他のアジア太平洋
• 中東・アフリカ

第10章 競合情勢

• 競合シナリオ
• 市況/シェア分析
• M&A分析

第11章 企業プロファイル

• Covestro AG
• Ercros SA
• Formosa Plastics Corporation
• Tata Chemicals Limited
• Nouryon.
• Tosoh Corporation.
• INEOS
• Olin Corporation
• Chemplast Sanmar
• Formosa Plastics Corp

第12章 付録

Overview

Global Chlorine Market reached US$ 27.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 36.4 billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Chlorine market has witnessed significant development and in recent years, driven by means of various factors along with increasing demand for chlorine-based products, evolving environmental guidelines and technological improvements in production procedures. Growing populace and issues about waterborne illnesses have spurred investments in water treatment infrastructure, boosting chlorine demand.

Technological advancements in chlorine manufacturing are allowing for efficient manufacturing procedures. The improvements result in decreased power intake and waste era, making the manufacturing of chlorine extra sustainable and cost-powerful. For instance, Covestro AG, in collaboration with its companions, developed a procedure in 2022 that reduces the electricity required for chlorine production by using up to twenty-five percentage. Such innovations make chlorine manufacturing extra environmentally friendly.

Asia-Pacific dominates the chlorine marketplace, capturing the most important marketplace proportion of over 1/3rd. With the developing urbanization and the growing need for fresh water in international locations including China and India is driving the demand for chlorine market. With 2.4% land resource and 4% water resource, India supports nearly 18% of the world's population. In addition to this, demographic and agricultural challenges, issues have arisen concerning the sustainability of agricultural practices.

In order to address this trouble, concerted efforts are underway to enhance land productiveness and optimize supply chains while reducing the carbon footprint. One large initiative entails the mixing of PVC pipes into discipline irrigation systems, which now not most effective aids in maintaining water however also contributes to the green distribution of chlorine-based totally water treatment solutions. The progressive method now not handiest addresses agricultural sustainability however also similarly solidifies the pivotal position of the chlorine marketplace in helping the place's developing water remedy wishes in an environmentally responsible manner.

Dynamics

Growing Construction Industry

A significant amount of PVC and products related to chlorine are utilised by the construction industry. The building and infrastructure sectors make a great deal of PVC pipes, fittings and various other building materials. Construction and infrastructure development activities primarily drive chlorine demand. According to the data given by Oxford Economics, construction work done in 2022 is US$ 9.7 trillion.

Rapid growth in the construction industry globally helps to boost segment growth over the forecast period. In addition to this rise in investments made by private players in construction related activities significantly drive the market growth. In 2022, Indian based totally managed workspace operator, Table Space Technologies, has announced its plans to make investments US$ 120 million in FY23-24 to extend their presence by about 4.5 million sq.Feet.

Further with an annual spending of US US$10 trillion on products and services related to the construction industry, it's miles one of the greatest monetary sectors in the world. Construction substances are required in large quantities for infrastructure projects which include building homes, roads, bridges, airports and utilities. The growth of infrastructure in both developed and developing regions boosts demand for PVC and other products related to chlorine. The demand for chlorine is driven by infrastructure development and expansion.

Growing Investments in Waste Water Treatment

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in rising economies have led increased wastewater generation, necessitating treatment before being discharged into the environment or reused. Chlorine is a usually used disinfectant in those strategies. For the treatment of water many authorities associated associations and organizations are investing heavily for the treatment of waste water.

On February 2023, U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) and the DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) announced their plans to fund greater than US$ 18 million for research and development initiatives that concentrate on the characterization, remedy and control of produced water or wastewater.

Similarly, On World Water Day, the European Investment Bank (EIB) introduced US$ 70 million funding grant with the North Macedonian government for a wastewater treatment plant in Skopje. The marks the u . S . A .'s biggest EU funding provide below the Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF) and is a part of the European Commission's Economic and Investment Plan to improve dwelling situations for round 500,000 humans.Further significant development in the field of wastewater management in Asia-Pacific also signifies the market. On March 2022, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), responsible for potable and municipal wastewater management in Mumbai, has recently awarded Suez a substantial US$ 700 million contract which aims to design, construct and operation of a 500 MLD capacity Wastewater Treatment Facility in Worli, Mumbai, India intended to serve a population equivalent to 2.5 million.

Difficulties with Long Distance Transportation/Associated Environmental Considerations

Chlorine is transported as a gas, which is hazardous due to its toxic and corrosive properties. Accidents or improper treatment during transport might result in leaks or releases, which can have an adverse effect on the environment and human health. Moroever various countries made stringent regulations on transportatio of chlorine. U.S. Department of Transportation has made stringent regulations on chlorine which is transported by boat, truck, pipe or rail.

Further for companies to reduce these hazards, it is crucial to offer proper safety procedures, compliance with regulations and training for employees. It is essential to engage and interact with stakeholders, such as local residents, authorities and environmental organizations, in order to address difficulties with chlorine transportation. Establishing a relationship and ensuring that safety and environmental issues are effectively taken into consideration are made achievable through public awareness, transparency and engagement in decision-making processes.

Segment Analysis

The global chlorine market is segmented based on end-user, application and region.

Rising Demand From Pharmaceuticals in the Developed Regions boosts the Chlorine Market

Chlorine plays a pivotal role within the pharmaceutical zone. Approximately eighty five percentage of all prescription drugs rely upon chlorine, encompassing crucial drugs for heart sickness, most cancers, AIDS and malaria remedy. Chlorine-primarily based compounds locate software as disinfectants and disinfectant solutions in clinics, medical facilities and pharmaceutical production centers.

Rising consumption of chlorine derivatives in the pharmaceutical area is pushed by using the growing demand for stringent cleanliness and infection manipulate measures, in particular in mild of triumphing globally fitness issues. Furthermore, the production of lively pharmaceutical substances (APIs) hinges on chlorine derivatives. Chlorine is strategically included into healing molecules to adjust their houses, bolster stability and make sure confident therapeutic effects.

In addition, chlorine market's boom within the Pharmaceutical is intricately related to the demand for those APIs. Rising investments in API production are poised to be a extensive catalyst for the chlorine marketplace. A noteworthy improvement on this regard passed off in June 2023 whilst Danish employer Novo Nordisk unveiled plans to invest a giant US$ 2.3 billion, starting off in 2023, to extend an current lively pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing facility in Denmark. The growth is geared towards assembly the future portfolio requirements in the realm of significant persistent illnesses, in addition underlining the essential position of chlorine inside the pharmaceutical region.

Geographical Penetration

Asia-Pacific market has witnessed a significant push towards sustainability and the reduction of environmental impact

Asia-Pacific leads the global chlorine marketplace, with China and India due to rising demand for PVC in industries like packaging, creation and automobile, as well as the developing want for wastewater treatment in the place. The region's industrial growth, particularly in sectors like chemical substances, plastics and manufacturing, has led to a tremendous call for for chlorine.

Growing investments by groups in those industries are analyzed to pressure the market increase inside the forecast period. In 2023, US-primarily based distinctiveness chemical organisation Lubrizol Corporation introduced its plans to invest over US$ a hundred and fifty million across several tasks in its portfolio inside the U.S. of america.

Further chlorine acts as a critical detail inside the Pharmaceutical, used within the production of numerous pills and medicinal drugs. It's regularly used inside the synthesis of energetic pharmaceutical elements (APIs) and other pharmaceutical compounds. Growing investments in pharma sectors is also analyzed to drive the chlorine market. For instance the authorities of India is putting in place US$ 1.3 billion fund to supply more APIs in U.S. Rising investments as such will power the marketplace boom within the forecast duration.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players include Covestro AG, Ercros SA, Formosa Plastics Corporation, Tata Chemicals Limited, Nouryon, Tosoh Corporation, INEOS, Olin Corporation, Chemplast, Sanmar, Formosa Plastics Corp

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Chlorine market underwent huge changes for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, with disruptions in supply chains and evolving demand dynamics. Pandemic extended the adoption of greener chlorine production technologies and triggered stricter regulatory standards for water exceptional and disinfection. Despite challenges including rate volatility and safety worries in production facilities, the pandemic underscored chlorine's critical function in ensuring public fitness and sustainability. Looking ahead, the marketplace is predicted to preserve evolving, with a focal point on easy water materials, pharmaceutical programs and sustainable production strategies.

Further chlorine marketplace confronted disruptions in supply chains due to lockdowns, travel restrictions and labor shortages. The affected the manufacturing and transportation of chlorine and its derivatives, main to fluctuations in deliver and pricing. While a few sectors, inclusive of water remedy and healthcare, witnessed multiplied demand for chlorine-based totally merchandise to make certain clean water and disinfection, different sectors like production and car experienced decreased call for, impacting the general market dynamics.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact

Russian - Ukraine conflict had a major impact on the chlorine market. Russia and Ukraine are major producers of chlorine, accounting for approximately 20% of world manufacturing. The struggle has disrupted manufacturing and exports from those nations, causing shortages and rising expenses. The ripple impact of chlorine shortage is thru chlorine-the use of industries together with water remedy, papermaking and plastics manufacturing. War also impacts the shipping of chlorine precursors which include saline and chlorine gas.

In addition to economic and health impacts, chlorine deficiency can also have environmental outcomes. Wastewater is handled with chlorine, so a loss of chlorine can result in elevated water infection. Chlorine is also used as a disinfectant so a lack of chlorine can cause an increase inside the use of different chemicals, that may have a poor effect at the environment.

By Application

• EDC/PVC
• Isocynates
• Chloromethanes
• Solvents
• Epichlorohydrin
• Organic Chemicals
• Inorganic Chemicals
• C1 and C2 Aromatics
• Others

By End-User

• Textile
• Pulp & Paper
• Agrochemical
• Pharmaceutical
• Chemical
• Plastic
• Water & Wastewater
• Food & Beverage
• Others

By Region

• North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • Rest of Europe
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Rest of South America
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific
• Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

• On February 2023, Covestro and LANXESS, two chemical companies, have joined forces to enhance the eco-friendliness of their basic chemical production at their facility located in Lower Rhine, Germany. LANXESS is now procuring chlorine, caustic soda and hydrogen from Covestro's production sites in Leverkusen and Krefeld-Uerdingen, which are certified under ISCC PLUS. Additionally, Covestro has committed to supplying LANXESS with approximately one-third of its products using hydroelectric energy from verified sources.
• On June 2022, OxyVinyls, the chemical division of Occidental Petroleum, announced its plans to invest around US$ 1.1 billion for expansion and modernization project at its chlor-alkali plant in La Porte, Texas.
• On July 2021, Olin Corporation entered into a strategic partnership with ASHTA Chemicals, Inc. to acquire chlorine produced at ASHTA's facility in Ashtabula, Ohio. The collaboration was aimed at the expansion of Olin Corporation's chlorine business. The types of partnerships are contributing to the rapid growth of the global market.The major global players include PCC Group, Vynova Group, Lords Chloro Alkali Limited., Swastik Chemicals., DCW Ltd., Nobian, Westlake Corporation, Steelman Gases Pvt. Ltd., Shree Arbuda Chemical Industries and Innova Corporate (India).

Why Purchase the Report?

• To visualize the global chlorine market segmentation based on end-user, application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
• Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
• Excel data sheet with numerous data points of chlorine market-level with all segments.
• PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
• Application mapping available as Excel consisting of key Applications of all the major players.

The global chlorine market report would provide approximately 83 tables, 58 figures and 203 Pages.

Target Audience 2024

• Manufacturers/ Buyers
• Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
• Research Professionals
• Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

• 1.1. Research Methodology
• 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Snippet by Application
• 3.2. Snippet by End-User
• 3.3. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

• 4.1. Impacting Factors
  • 4.1.1. Drivers
    • 4.1.1.1. Growing Construction Industry
    • 4.1.1.2. Growing Investments in Waste Water Treatment
  • 4.1.2. Restraints
    • 4.1.2.1. Difficulties with Long Distance Transportation/Associated Environmental Considerations
  • 4.1.3. Opportunity
  • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

• 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
• 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
• 5.3. Pricing Analysis
• 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
• 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
• 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

• 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
  • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
  • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
  • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
• 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
• 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
• 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
• 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
• 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Application

• 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
• 7.2. EDC/PVC*
  • 7.2.1. Introduction
  • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
• 7.3. Isocynates
• 7.4. Chloromethanes
• 7.5. Solvents
• 7.6. Epichlorohydrin
• 7.7. Organic Chemicals
• 7.8. Inorganic Chemicals
• 7.9. C1 and C2 Aromatics
• 7.10. Others

8. By End-User

• 8.1. Introduction
  • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
  • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
• 8.2. Pulp & Paper*
  • 8.2.1. Introduction
  • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
• 8.3. Agrochemical
• 8.4. Pharmaceutical
• 8.5. Chemical
• 8.6. Plastic
• 8.7. Water & Wastewater
• 8.8. Food & Beverage
• 8.9. Others

9. By Region

• 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
  • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
• 9.2. North America
  • 9.2.1. Introduction
  • 9.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
  • 9.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.2.5.1. U.S.
    • 9.2.5.2. Canada
    • 9.2.5.3. Mexico
• 9.3. Europe
  • 9.3.1. Introduction
  • 9.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
  • 9.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.3.5.1. Germany
    • 9.3.5.2. UK
    • 9.3.5.3. France
    • 9.3.5.4. Italy
    • 9.3.5.5. Spain
    • 9.3.5.6. Rest of Europe
• 9.4. South America
  • 9.4.1. Introduction
  • 9.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
  • 9.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.4.5.1. Brazil
    • 9.4.5.2. Argentina
    • 9.4.5.3. Rest of South America
• 9.5. Asia-Pacific
  • 9.5.1. Introduction
  • 9.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
  • 9.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
    • 9.5.5.1. China
    • 9.5.5.2. India
    • 9.5.5.3. Japan
    • 9.5.5.4. Australia
    • 9.5.5.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
• 9.6. Middle East and Africa
  • 9.6.1. Introduction
  • 9.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
  • 9.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
  • 9.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

10. Competitive Landscape

• 10.1. Competitive Scenario
• 10.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
• 10.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

11. Company Profiles

• 11.1. Covestro AG*
  • 11.1.1. Company Overview
  • 11.1.2. Application Portfolio and Description
  • 11.1.3. Financial Overview
  • 11.1.4. Recent Developments
• 11.2. Ercros SA
• 11.3. Formosa Plastics Corporation
• 11.4. Tata Chemicals Limited
• 11.5. Nouryon.
• 11.6. Tosoh Corporation.
• 11.7. INEOS
• 11.8. Olin Corporation
• 11.9. Chemplast Sanmar
• 11.10. Formosa Plastics Corp

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

12. Appendix

• 12.1. About Us and Services
• 12.2. Contact Us