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表紙：生分解性紙・プラスチック包装の世界市場：2023年～2030年
市場調査レポート
商品コード
1382541

生分解性紙・プラスチック包装の世界市場：2023年～2030年

Global Biodegradable Paper and Plastic Packaging Market - 2023-2030
出版日: | 発行: DataM Intelligence | ページ情報: 英文 187 Pages | 納期: 約2営業日

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生分解性紙・プラスチック包装の世界市場：2023年～2030年
出版日: 2023年11月17日
発行: DataM Intelligence
ページ情報: 英文 187 Pages
納期: 約2営業日
ご注意事項 :
本レポートは最新情報反映のため適宜更新し、内容構成変更を行う場合があります。ご検討の際はお問い合わせください。
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  • 目次
概要

概要

世界の生分解性紙・プラスチック包装市場は、2022年に145億米ドルとなり、2023年～2030年の予測期間中にCAGR9.6%で成長し、2030年までに234億米ドルに達すると予測されています。

従来のプラスチック包装の遍在は、壮大な危機を招いています。そのような非生分解性プラスチックは、分解に数百年かかることもあり、生態系や海を汚染し、野生生物に重大な脅威を与えています。環境問題が最重要視される今、世界の包装業界は大きな変革期を迎えています。生分解性包装は、持続可能な包装ソリューションの探求におけるゲームチェンジャーとして登場しました。

生分解性包装市場の成長は有望だが、課題がないわけではないです。生分解性素材のコストは従来のプラスチックよりも高くなる可能性があり、これらの素材を堆肥化してリサイクルするためのインフラにはまだ限界があります。さらに、生分解性包装の性能と保存性を確保することは、依然として研究開発の焦点となっています。

デンプンベースのプラスチックは、市場シェアの1/3以上を占めています。同様に、アジア太平洋地域は生分解性紙・プラスチック包装市場を独占しており、1/3以上の最大市場シェアを獲得しています。政府の奨励策、環境問題への関心、材料技術の進歩が、この地域の成長の主な理由となっています。

ダイナミクス

高まるプラスチック汚染削減需要

プラスチック汚染は世界の問題であり、政府、環境団体、一般市民から大きな関心を集めています。生分解性包装市場の主な促進要因は、非生分解性素材を環境に優しい代替品に置き換えることでプラスチック汚染を軽減したいという要望です。オーシャンコンサーバンシー（海洋保護団体）の統計によると、海岸清掃で回収される品目のトップ10にプラスチック袋と食品包装紙が入っています。

プラスチック汚染が海洋生物や生態系に及ぼす有害な影響から、行動を起こすことが求められています。生分解性包装は、プラスチック廃棄物とその環境への影響を減らす有望な解決策と考えられています。このように、プラスチック汚染削減に対する需要の高まりは、市場の主な促進要因となっています。

材料科学における技術の進歩

材料科学と技術の先進パッケージングは、生分解性包装ソリューションの開発において極めて重要な役割を果たしています。生分解性プラスチックやバイオベースの紙などの材料の革新により、メーカーは環境と性能の両方の基準を満たす包装を作ることができるようになっています。その顕著な例のひとつが、コーンスターチやサトウキビなどの再生可能資源に由来するバイオプラスチックの開発です。

このようなバイオプラスチックは、袋から容器に至るまで、幅広い包装資材の製造に使用できます。上記の製品は生分解性であるため、従来のプラスチックに代わる魅力的な代替品となります。さらに、製造工程の進歩により、生分解性パッケージングの製造はよりコスト効率よくなり、従来の素材との価格差は縮まっています。

企業の持続可能性への取り組み

多くの大手企業は、持続可能性をビジネス戦略の中核として取り入れています。その中には、生分解性包装を採用することで環境フットプリントを削減する取り組みも含まれています。このような取り組みは、企業の責任感を示すだけでなく、企業の持続可能性への取り組みに基づいて購買の意思決定を行う消費者の共感を得ることにもつながっています。

例えば、マクドナルドは2020年に、2025年までに包装資材の100％を再生可能資源、リサイクル資源、認証資源から調達することを目指す、新たな包装戦略を発表しました。前述の戦略には、多くの製品で生分解性素材への移行が含まれています。このように、企業の持続可能性への取り組みは、市場の成長を確保する上で重要な役割を果たしています。

代替品と比べた限定的な耐久性

生分解性包装は環境中で分解されるように設計されており、プラスチック廃棄物の削減という点ではプラスに働きます。しかし、この特性は、特に長い賞味期限や湿気やその他の環境要因からの保護を必要とする製品にとっては、制限にもなりえます。

例えば、包装が製品の鮮度保持に重要な役割を果たす食品業界では、生分解性包装の限られた耐久性が大きな制約となる可能性があります。FAO（国連食糧農業機関）の報告書によると、一部の生分解性包装資材の賞味期限が短いため、食品廃棄物が増加し、環境面での利点が相殺される可能性があります。

高い生産コスト

生分解性包装業界における最も大きな阻害要因の一つは、従来のプラスチック包装に比べて製造コストが高いことです。PLA（ポリ乳酸）やPHA（ポリヒドロキシアルカノエート）などの生分解性素材は再生可能資源に由来するもの、その製造工程は複雑でエネルギー集約型であることが多く、製造コストの上昇につながっています。

米国農務省（USDA）によると、生分解性プラスチックの製造コストは、従来のプラスチックのそれよりも最大50％高くなる可能性があります。前述のコスト差は、特に価格に敏感な市場において、生分解性包装への移行を目指す企業にとって大きな障壁となる可能性があります。

目次

第1章 調査手法と調査範囲

第2章 定義と概要

第3章 エグゼクティブサマリー

第4章 市場力学

  • 影響要因
    • 促進要因
      • プラスチック汚染削減に対する需要の高まり
      • 材料科学における技術の進歩
      • 企業の持続可能性への取り組み
    • 抑制要因
      • 代替品と比べた耐久性の低さ
    • 機会
    • 影響分析

第5章 業界分析

  • ポーターのファイブフォース分析
  • サプライチェーン分析
  • 価格分析
  • 規制分析

第6章 COVID-19分析

第7章 材料別

  • プラスチック
    • セルロース系プラスチック
    • ポリ乳酸（PLA）
    • ポリヒドロキシアルカノエート（PHA）
    • デンプン系プラスチック
    • その他
  • 紙

第8章 エンドユーザー別

  • 食品・飲料
  • ケータリングサービス用品
  • パーソナルケア
  • ヘルスケア
  • その他

第9章 地域別

  • 北米
    • 米国
    • カナダ
    • メキシコ
  • 欧州
    • ドイツ
    • 英国
    • フランス
    • イタリア
    • ロシア
    • その他欧州
  • 南米
    • ブラジル
    • アルゼンチン
    • その他南米
  • アジア太平洋地域
    • 中国
    • インド
    • 日本
    • オーストラリア
    • その他アジア太平洋地域
  • 中東・アフリカ

第10章 競合情勢

  • 競合シナリオ
  • 市況/シェア分析
  • M&A分析

第11章 企業プロファイル

  • Riverside Paper Co. Inc.
    • 会社概要
    • 製品ポートフォリオと説明
    • 財務概要
    • 主な発展
  • SmartSolve Industries
  • Ozsoy Plastik
  • Ultra Green Sustainable Packaging
  • Hosgor Plastik
  • Eurocell S.r.l
  • Tetra Pak International SA
  • Kruger Inc.
  • Amcor PLC
  • Mondi
  • International Paper Company
  • Smurfit Kappa

第12章 付録

目次
Product Code: PAC7468

Overview

Global Biodegradable Paper and Plastic Packaging Market reached US$ 14.5 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 23.4 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 9.6% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The omnipresence of traditional plastic packaging has precipitated a crisis of epic proportions. Such non-biodegradable plastics can take hundreds of years to decompose, polluting ecosystems and oceans and posing a significant threat to wildlife. In an era where environmental concerns are paramount, the global packaging industry is undergoing a profound transformation. Biodegradable packaging has emerged as a game-changer in the quest for sustainable packaging solutions.

While the growth of the biodegradable packaging market is promising, it's not without challenges. The cost of biodegradable materials can be higher than traditional plastics and there are still infrastructure limitations for composting and recycling these materials. Additionally, ensuring the performance and shelf-life of biodegradable packaging remains a focus for research and development.

The starch based plastic, accounts for over 1/3rd of the market share. Similarly, the Asia-Pacific dominates the biodegradable paper and plastic packaging market, capturing the largest market share of over 1/3rd. Government incentives, environmental concerns and advancements in material technology all act as major reasons behind the region's growth.

Dynamics

Growing Demand for Plastic Pollution Reduction

Plastic pollution is a global concern that has garnered significant attention from governments, environmental organizations and the public. A key driver of the biodegradable packaging market is the desire to mitigate plastic pollution by replacing non-biodegradable materials with eco-friendly alternatives. Statistics from Ocean Conservancy show that plastic bags and food wrappers are among the top ten items collected during beach cleanups.

The harmful effects of plastic pollution on marine life and ecosystems have prompted a call for action. Biodegradable packaging is seen as a promising solution to reduce plastic waste and its environmental impact. Thus, growing demand for plastic pollution reduction act as major driver for the market.

Technological Advancements in Material Science

Advancements in material science and technology have played a pivotal role in the development of biodegradable packaging solutions. Innovations in materials such as biodegradable plastics and bio-based paper have enabled manufacturers to create packaging that meets both environmental and performance criteria. One notable example is the development of bioplastics, which are derived from renewable resources such as cornstarch or sugarcane.

Such bioplastics can be used to produce a wide range of packaging materials, from bags to containers. The biodegradable nature of the above mentioned prodcuts makes them an attractive alternative to traditional plastics. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing processes have made it more cost-effective to produce biodegradable packaging, narrowing the price gap with conventional materials.

Corporate Sustainability Initiatives

Many leading corporations are embracing sustainability as a core part of their business strategy. The respective fact includes a commitment to reducing their environmental footprint by adopting biodegradable packaging. Such initiatives not only demonstrate corporate responsibility but also resonate with consumers who are increasingly making purchasing decisions based on a company's sustainability efforts.

For example, in 2020, McDonald's announced a new packaging strategy aimed at sourcing 100% of its packaging from renewable, recycled or certified sources by 2025. The aforementioned strategy includes a transition to biodegradable materials in many of its products. Thus, corporate sustainability initiatives play a vital role in ensuring the growth of the market.

Limited Durability Compared to Alternatives

Biodegradable packaging is designed to break down in the environment, which is a positive feature in terms of reducing plastic waste. However, this property can also be a limitation, especially for products that require long shelf lives or protection against moisture and other environmental factors.

For instance, in the food industry, where packaging plays a crucial role in preserving product freshness, the limited durability of biodegradable packaging can be a significant constraint. According to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the shorter shelf life of some biodegradable packaging materials can lead to increased food waste, offsetting some of the environmental benefits.

High Cost of Production

One of the most significant restraints in the biodegradable packaging industry is the higher cost of production compared to traditional plastic packaging. While biodegradable materials such as PLA (Polylactic Acid) and PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) are derived from renewable resources, their production processes are often more complex and energy-intensive, leading to higher manufacturing costs.

According to U.S. Department of Agriculture (US$A), the production cost of biodegradable plastics can be up to 50% higher than that of conventional plastics. The aforementioned cost differential can be a major barrier for businesses looking to transition to biodegradable packaging, especially in price-sensitive markets.

Segment Analysis

The global biodegradable paper and plastic packaging market is segmented based on material, end-user and region.

Environmental Consequences of Plastic Pollution

Plastic pollution has become a global crisis, with millions of tons of plastic waste ending up in our oceans, landfills and natural ecosystems. As the world grapples with the environmental consequences of plastic pollution, there is a growing interest in sustainable and biodegradable packaging solutions. Starch-based plastics have emerged as a promising alternative in the quest for eco-friendly packaging materials.

The market potential for starch-based plastics in the global biodegradable paper and plastic packaging sector is substantial. Consumers are increasingly demanding sustainable and environmentally responsible products and companies are responding by incorporating starch-based plastics into their packaging solutions.

Furthermore, the ongoing research and development efforts in the field of bioplastics are likely to lead to innovations that improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of starch-based plastics. As a result, these materials are expected to become even more competitive in the packaging industry. As the market for starch-based plastics continues to expand, it offers a promising solution to reduce the environmental impact of traditional plastics in the packaging industry.

Geographical Penetration

Growing Environmental Consciousness Among Consumers and Global Shift Towards Biodegradable Packaging

The global push for sustainability and eco-consciousness has led to a significant transformation in the packaging industry. One of the key trends driving this transformation is the increasing adoption of biodegradable packaging materials. Among these materials, biodegradable paper and plastic packaging have gained significant attention.

Many Asia-Pacific countries have introduced stringent regulations and policies to curb plastic pollution. For instance, India implemented a nationwide ban on single-use plastics, driving the demand for biodegradable alternatives. Similarly, China, one of the world's largest plastic consumers, has initiated measures to reduce plastic waste and promote biodegradable packaging solutions.

Moreover, growing environmental consciousness among consumers has significantly impacted the market. Consumers are increasingly demanding eco-friendly packaging options, pushing manufacturers and retailers to adopt biodegradable materials. The shift in consumer behavior has spurred innovation and investment in biodegradable packaging solutions in the Asia-Pacific.

Therefore, Asia-Pacific is likely to continue playing a pivotal role in the global shift towards biodegradable packaging. As sustainability remains a top priority for businesses and consumers alike, the demand for biodegradable packaging materials in the region is expected to persist and even accelerate in the coming years.

Competitive Landscape

major global players in the market include: Riverside Paper Co. Inc., SmartSolve Industries, Ozsoy Plastik, Ultra Green Sustainable Packaging, Hosgor Plastik, Eurocell S.r.l, Tetra Pak International SA, Kruger Inc., Amcor PLC, Mondi, International Paper Company and Smurfit Kappa.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Even before the pandemic, there was a growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions. Consumers were becoming increasingly conscious of the environmental impact of traditional plastic packaging, leading to a surge in demand for biodegradable alternatives. Government sources, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S., reported that in the years leading up to 2020, the demand for sustainable packaging was steadily rising.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects on various industries globally and the packaging industry is no exception. While the pandemic created challenges for businesses and supply chains, it also accelerated certain trends, particularly in sustainable packaging. Lockdowns, supply chain disruptions and shifts in consumer behavior had a significant impact on packaging demand and preferences.

In the initial months of the pandemic, there was a surge in demand for essential products like food and hygiene items. The respective fact has led to an increased use of traditional plastic packaging, particularly single-use plastics, as consumers and businesses prioritized safety and hygiene over sustainability. Regulations and policies aimed at reducing plastic waste and promoting eco-friendly alternatives became more common across the world.

Nonetheless, the pandemic heightened consumer awareness of health, safety and the environment. As the situation improved and people adjusted to the new normal, there was a renewed focus on sustainability. Consumers began to favor products with eco-friendly packaging. Further, the biodegradable packaging industry responded to the challenges posed by the pandemic by introducing innovative solutions.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted global supply chains, particularly in the chemicals and plastics industries. Both Russia and Ukraine were key players in the production of petrochemicals and plastics, with Ukraine, in particular, being a significant exporter. The conflict disrupted production and exports, leading to a shortage of raw materials, including those required for biodegradable plastics.

Further, the disruption in the supply of key raw materials, such as biodegradable polymers derived from petrochemicals, has caused prices to surge. Manufacturers of biodegradable packaging materials have faced increased production costs, which in turn have affected pricing in the market. The respective fact has put pressure on businesses looking to adopt or expand their use of biodegradable packaging.

Nonetheless, while the Russia-Ukraine war has presented challenges to the biodegradable packaging market, it has also underscored the importance of diversifying supply chains and investing in sustainable materials. As the conflict continues, businesses in the packaging industry are exploring alternative sources for biodegradable materials and investing in research and development to create more sustainable packaging solutions.

The demand for biodegradable packaging is likely to continue growing as consumers and governments globally prioritize sustainability. The aforementioned fact presents opportunities for businesses to develop innovative biodegradable products that not only meet environmental goals but also cater to the evolving preferences of conscious consumers.

By Material

  • Plastic
    • Starch Based plastic
    • Cellulose Based Plastics
    • Polylactic Acid (PLA)
    • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  • Paper

By End-User

  • Food and Beverage
  • Catering Service wares
  • Personal and Home Care
  • Healthcare
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In 2021, Mondi, a major packaging and paper manufacturer launched its EcoSolutions range of biodegradable and recyclable packaging. The respective range of products are designed to reduce environmental impact while maintaining the quality and functionality that consumers expect from packaging.
  • Smurfit Kappa unveiled its "Better Planet Packaging" initiative in 2020. The company is committed to creating sustainable packaging solutions using biodegradable materials. The products in the respective initiatives include innovative paper-based packaging designed to replace single-use plastics.
  • In 2021, Danimer Scientific launched Nodax, a biodegradable plastic that breaks down naturally in the environment. The product has gained attention for its potential to replace traditional plastics in various packaging applications.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global biodegradable paper and plastic packaging market segmentation based on material, end-user and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of biodegradable paper and plastic packaging market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global biodegradable paper and plastic packaging market report would provide approximately 57 tables, 50 figures and 187 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Material
  • 3.2. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.3. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Growing Demand for Plastic Pollution Reduction
      • 4.1.1.2. Technological Advancements in Material Science
      • 4.1.1.3. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Limited Durability Compared to Alternatives
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Material

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Material
  • 7.2. Plastic*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 7.2.3. Cellulose Based Plastics
    • 7.2.4. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
    • 7.2.5. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 7.2.6. Starch Based Plastic
    • 7.2.7. Others
  • 7.3. Paper

8. By End-User

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 8.2. Food and Beverage*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Catering Service wares
  • 8.4. Personal and Home Care
  • 8.5. Healthcare
  • 8.6. Others

9. By Region

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 9.2. North America
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 9.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.2.5.1. U.S.
      • 9.2.5.2. Canada
      • 9.2.5.3. Mexico
  • 9.3. Europe
    • 9.3.1. Introduction
    • 9.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 9.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.3.5.1. Germany
      • 9.3.5.2. UK
      • 9.3.5.3. France
      • 9.3.5.4. Italy
      • 9.3.5.5. Russia
      • 9.3.5.6. Rest of Europe
  • 9.4. South America
    • 9.4.1. Introduction
    • 9.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 9.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.4.5.1. Brazil
      • 9.4.5.2. Argentina
      • 9.4.5.3. Rest of South America
  • 9.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 9.5.1. Introduction
    • 9.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 9.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 9.5.5.1. China
      • 9.5.5.2. India
      • 9.5.5.3. Japan
      • 9.5.5.4. Australia
      • 9.5.5.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 9.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 9.6.1. Introduction
    • 9.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 9.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 9.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

10. Competitive Landscape

  • 10.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 10.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 10.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

11. Company Profiles

  • 11.1. Riverside Paper Co. Inc. *
    • 11.1.1. Company Overview
    • 11.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 11.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 11.1.4. Key Developments
  • 11.2. SmartSolve Industries
  • 11.3. Ozsoy Plastik
  • 11.4. Ultra Green Sustainable Packaging
  • 11.5. Hosgor Plastik
  • 11.6. Eurocell S.r.l
  • 11.7. Tetra Pak International SA
  • 11.8. Kruger Inc.
  • 11.9. Amcor PLC
  • 11.10. Mondi
  • 11.11. International Paper Company
  • 11.12. Smurfit Kappa

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

12. Appendix

  • 12.1. About Us and Services
  • 12.2. Contact Us