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米国におけるグリーンエネルギー：再生可能な投資、容量の増加および将来の見通し

Green Energy in the US: Renewable investment, capacity growth and future outlook

発行	Business Insights
出版日	2009年10月	商品コード	102489
ページ情報	英文 173 pages
価格	US$ 2,875 換算 ¥ 231,351 (税抜) PDF by E-mail (Single User License) US$ 10,781 換算 ¥ 867,547 (税抜) PDF by E-mail (Global Site License)

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原文目次

Abstract

US electrical production capacity and generation has had historically an energy mix consisting primarily of fossil fuels including gas, coal and oil, backed up with a volume of nuclear and hydro power. With the new presidency have come new decisions. The US department of energy announced massive investment the renewable industry including $60bn in clean energy investments, which will include $11bn in a smart grid system, $2bn in developing the next generation of energy storage batteries. An announced move away from corn-based ethanol fuel and $1.8bn investment in the next generation of biofuels will stimulate the vehicular fuel industry, towards a cleaner, more efficient system. The new administration has announced intention to develop available offshore renewable energy source located on the continental shelf area. The area has vast potential and scientists estimate that 900GW of wind power may be achieved. Although still primarily a conventional thermal based country, through incentivized support in renewable energy, a new energy market is beginning to evolve. Recent addition has been made to the energy mix by way of renewable energy technologies which include power from the wind - wind turbines, and power from the sun - solar cells, and geothermal - relying on the heat that can be found at varying degrees of depth into the Earth' s surface. In the last decade newly installed renewable energy technologies are starting to gain a notable share of the market. ‘Green Energy in the US' is a new report published by Business Insights that documents the growth of this new market, showing its current status and projecting where it is likely to grow to in the foreseeable future. This report gathers the statistical data on the different types of energy generation, combines and contrasts them against each other to show the clear leaders, drivers to change and future growth.

Executive summary

Market development
The Obama effect
Wind power
Solar power
Hydropower
Geothermal power
Biomass
Ocean power
Future outlook

Chapter 1 - Market development

Summary

Overview of US electricity infrastructure
Generation and installed capacity
Sectoral distribution of generation
Sales, revenue, and average retail price

Overview of renewable energy in the US
Background
Installed capacity and growth of renewables

Drivers of renewable energy
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The production tax credit (PTC)
State level Renewable energy Portfolio Standards (RPS)
Growing public support for action on climate change
Increasing investments

Resistors of renewable energy
Failure to price CO2 emissions
Licensing and permitting issues
Environmental issues
Discontinuity in PTC
Transmission issues

Comparative economics
Global comparison

Chapter 2 - The Obama effect

Summary

Overview
New energy policy

Energy security
Crude oil and petroleum imports
Natural gas imports
Coal
Biofuel' s new direction away from corn-based ethanol
The Outer Continental Shelf Project

The Outer Continental Shelf
Resource potential

The effect of the new policy
Energy efficiency
US market impact

Growth in green energy
Total energy
Electricity
Obama' s winners and losers

Chapter 3 - Wind power

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Installed capacity and generation
Global comparison
State level analysis
Key players
The economics of wind power

Drivers of wind power
Continuity in PTC
Strong public and political support
Increasing economic competitiveness of wind power

Resistors of wind power
Lack of continuity in the PTC
Environmental issues
Transmission constraints and costs

Wind power potential and outlook
Wind power potential
Outlook for wind power

Chapter 4 - Solar power

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Installed capacity and generation
Global comparison
State level analysis
Key players
Economics

Drivers of solar power
The Federal Investment Tax Credit
ARRA impact on the solar industry
The California Solar Initiative
Increasing corporate interest in solar power
Increased venture capital funding in solar power
State level RPS targets

Resistors of solar power
Shortage of silicon
High cost

Solar power potential and outlook
Solar power potential
Outlook for solar power

Chapter 5 - Hydropower

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Installed capacity and generation
Global comparison
State level analysis
Key players
Economics

Drivers of hydropower
Licensing reforms
Inclusion of incremental hydropower under PTC
The DOE Hydropower Program

Resistors of hydropower
Licensing issues due to environmental concerns
Newly realized environmental concerns
Capital intensive but lacking incentives

Hydropower potential and outlook
Hydropower potential
Outlook for hydropower

Chapter 6 - Geothermal power

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Installed capacity and generation
Global comparison
State level analysis
Key players
Economics

Drivers of geothermal power
Introduction of PTC for geothermal
Other financial merits for geothermal
DOE' s Geothermal Technologies Program
Increased environmental concerns

Resistors of geothermal power
Short time horizon for PTC
Leasing issues
Cost constraints and transmission issues
Limited research funding

Geothermal power potential and outlook
Geothermal power potential
Outlook for geothermal power

Chapter 7 - Biomass

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Installed capacity and generation
Global comparison
Key players
Economics

Drivers of biomass
Attractive economics of co-firing
Environmentally friendly power generation
Employment generation
DOE biomass program
PTC extension and ITC inclusion

Resistors of biomass
Cost constraints
Constraints in the supply of raw material

Biomass potential and outlook
Biomass potential
Outlook for biomass

Chapter 8 - Ocean power

Summary
Overview

Current scenario
Global comparison
Key players
Economics

Drivers of ocean power
Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008
State and city government initiatives
Private investments

Resistors of ocean power
Lack of federal support
Siting and leasing issues
Cost constraints

Ocean power potential and outlook
Ocean power potential
Outlook for ocean power

Chapter 9 - Future outlook

Summary
Outlook for the US electricity sector

Outlook for renewables
The American Clean Energy and Security Act
EIA outlook
Alternative scenarios

Abbreviations
Index

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: US net generation share by energy source (Thousand MWh), 2008
Figure 1.2: US electrical total net summer capacity (GW), 2007
Figure 1.3: US net energy generation shares by sector (Thousand MWh), 2008
Figure 1.4: Crude oil spot prices ($ per barrel), 1986-2009
Figure 1.5: US net generation by energy source (Thousand KWh), 2008
Figure 1.6: US electrical generation growth by type (%), 2003-2007
Figure 2.7: US primary energy consumption by source and sector (Quadrillion Btu), 2007
Figure 2.8: The Continental Shelf
Figure 2.9: US renewable energy regional planning areas on the Outer Continental Shelf
Figure 2.10: Total US energy (Quadrillion Btu), 2008
Figure 3.11: US cumulative installed wind capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 3.12: Top 10 countries by cumulative installed wind capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 3.13: Top 10 countries by new installed capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 3.14: Leading US states by cumulative wind capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 3.15: Average cost/KWh of wind-generated electricity (US cents), 1980-2020
Figure 3.16: Impact of PTC on wind power capacity additions (MW), 2009
Figure 3.17: Wind resource map for the US
Figure 4.18: US cumulative installed solar PV capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 4.19: Top 5 countries by cumulative installed solar capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 4.20: Key markets by new installed solar capacity (%), 2008
Figure 4.21: US solar PV market (MW), 2008
Figure 4.22: Solar PV manufacturers' market shares in US (%), 2008
Figure 4.23: Technology cost reduction goals for residential PV systems ($/Wp), 2008
Figure 4.24: Solar resource map for the US
Figure 4.25: Forecasts for installed capacity and costs
Figure 5.26: US cumulative installed hydropower capacity (GW), 2007
Figure 5.27: US power generation from hydroelectric power (TWh), 2007
Figure 5.28: US total average electric power from hydroelectric plants (%)
Figure 5.29: Top 5 countries by hydroelectric power consumption (TWh), 2008
Figure 5.30: Leading US states by cumulative capacity (Thousand MWh), 2009
Figure 5.31: Ownership of hydroelectric plants in the US (MW), 2006
Figure 5.32: US DOE Hydropower Program
Figure 5.33: Feasible project US hydropower potential (MW)
Figure 5.34: US generation, hydropower vs. other renewables (TWh), 1990-2030
Figure 6.35: US cumulative installed summer capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 6.36: Top 5 countries by cumulative installed capacity (MW), 2009
Figure 6.37: Leading US states by cumulative capacity (MW), 2008
Figure 6.38: US geothermal existing plant locations
Figure 6.39: Geothermal resource map for the US
Figure 6.40: US Geothermal potential capacity by 2025 (MW)
Figure 6.41: Estimated earth temperature at 6.5 km depth in the US
Figure 7.42: US cumulative installed capacity (MW) and Net generation (Thousand KWh), 2007
Figure 7.43: US biomass net electricity generation (Thousand KWh), 2007
Figure 7.44: Biomass gasification combined-cycle electricity costs (cents/ KWh), 2000-2020
Figure 7.45: US biomass capacity projections, 2000-2020
Figure 7.46: Biomass resources in the US
Figure 8.47: Ocean energy resource map for the US
Figure 9.48: US electricity sales by sector (bn KWh), 1980-2030
Figure 9.49: US net generation by energy source (%), 2008-2030
Figure 9.50: US reference case scenario capacity outlook to 2030 (GW)
Figure 9.51: US reference case scenario outlook to 2030 (bn KWh)

List of Tables

Table 1.1: US state Renewable energy Portfolio Standards (RPS)
Table 1.2: Comparison of capital cost estimates ($/KW), 2003 and 2007
Table 1.3: Levelized cost of generation by type ($/MWh), California 2007
Table 1.4: Global comparison of cumulative installed renewable and alternative energy capacity, 2009
Table 2.5: Non renewable resources depletion, 2009
Table 2.6: Largest US state annual wind power increases (MW), 2008
Table 2.7: Largest US state cumulative wind power (MW), 2008
Table 3.8: Largest wind farms operating in the US (MW), 2008
Table 3.9: Turbine manufacturer share in the US by capacity (MW), 2008
Table 3.10: Top 20 US states for wind energy potential in the US (billion KWh)
Table 5.11: Largest hydroelectricity dams in the US (MW), 2008
Table 5.12: Costs parameters of hydro technologies
Table 5.13: Site development costs of hydro technologies
Table 6.14: Largest geothermal projects operating in the US
Table 6.15: Cost parameters of a geothermal power plant (Cost $/KW), 2008
Table 6.16: Top 10 states for geothermal energy potential in the US
Table 6.17: US new geothermal project summary, 2009
Table 8.18: Largest US projects in progress for wave and tidal energy (MW), 2009
Table 8.19: Capital cost of wave energy power plants ($m), 2007