クリーン火力発電の未来：技術開発、主要コスト、将来展望

The Future of Clean Thermal Technologies: Technology developments, key costs and the future outlook

発行	Business Insights
出版日	2009年10月	商品コード	102488
ページ情報	英文
価格	US$ 2,875 換算 ¥ 231,351 (税抜) PDF by E-mail (Single User License)

概要
原文目次
関連レポート

原文目次

Abstract

Thermal power plants burning fossil fuel account for over 50% of the electricity generated across the globe. Coal is the most popular fuel followed by natural gas and the power stations burning these fuels are the principle base load plants in many parts of the world. Unfortunately these power plants are also a major source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, emissions which are now generally considered responsible for global warming. New, advanced coal-fired technologies are being developed that aim to have zero-emission carbon emissions. These techniques may have potential both for the construction of new coal-fired power stations with zero emissions and for retrofitting to older existing power plants to convert them into zero emission plants.

Executive summary

Introduction
Conventional coal-burning technologies
Advanced and zero-emission coal burning technologies
Gas burning power generation technologies
Carbon sequestration
Environmental and legislative issues
The economics of clean thermal technologies
The future of clean thermal technologies

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Summary
The power sector and global warming
The report

Chapter 2 - Conventional coal burning technologies

Introduction
Coal-fired power generation
Pulverized coal power plants
Fluidized bed power plants
Emission control
Dust and particulate material
Sulfur dioxide
Mercury
Nitrogen oxides
CO2
Emission limits

Chapter 3 - Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies

Introduction
Pre-combustion capture
Integrated gasification combined cycle
Oxyfuel combustion
Retrofitting and capture ready plants
Effects of carbon capture on plant performance

Chapter 4 - Gas burning power generation technologies

Introduction

Generating power from natural gas
Gas-fired boilers
Gas reciprocating engines
Gas turbines
Combined cycle power plants
Advanced gas turbine cycles
Micro turbines
Fuel cells

Gas turbine emission control
Carbon monoxide
Unburned hydrocarbons
Particulate material
Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon capture

Chapter 5 - Carbon sequestration

Introduction
The size of the problem
CO2 transportation
Carbon sequestration
Geological sequestration
Ocean sequestration
Risks
Monitoring and legislative issues

Chapter 6 - Environmental and legislative issues

Introduction
Emissions and emission limits
Carbon emissions
Cap-and-trade systems
Monitoring
Legislative issues associated with carbon sequestration

Chapter 7 - Future outlook

Introduction
Capital costs of thermal power plants
The levelized cost of electricity
The cost of carbon

Chapter 8 - The prospects for clean thermal technologies

Introduction
The growth in fossil fuel for power generation
The competitiveness of thermal power generation
Market opportunities
Index

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
Figure 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh), 2006-2030
Figure 3.3: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
Figure 4.4: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
Figure 4.5: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
Figure 4.6: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
Figure 5.7: National power plant CO2 intensity (kgCO2/MWh)
Figure 5.8: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
Figure 5.9: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
Figure 6.10: World Bank guidelines for emissions from power plants
Figure 6.11: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million tonnes), 1990-2030
Figure 7.12: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US (2007 $/kW)
Figure 7.13: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating capacity ($/kW)
Figure 7.14: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired power plants ($/kW)
Figure 7.15: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage demonstration project in China (€ m)
Figure 7.16: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
Figure 7.17: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
Figure 7.18: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
Figure 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in the UK (£/MWh)
Figure 8.20: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power plants (%), 2006-2030
Figure 8.21: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
Figure 8.22: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
Figure 8.23: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
Figure 8.24: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450 scenario (GW)
Figure 8.25: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
Figure 8.26: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in California ($/MWh)
Figure 8.27: Key thermal power plant and emission control market drivers and resistors

List of Tables

Table 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
Table 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh), 2006-2030
Table 2.3: Typical pulverized coal fired power plant operating conditions and efficiency
Table 2.4: Comparison of wet and dry FGD
Table 3.5: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
Table 4.6: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
Table 4.7: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
Table 4.8: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
Table 5.9: National power plant CO2 emissions from ten largest emitters
Table 5.10: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
Table 5.11: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
Table 6.12: Typical daily production from a 500MW coal-fired power plant
Table 6.13: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million tonnes), 1990-2030
Table 6.14: EU guidelines for power plant emissions
Table 7.15: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US (2007 $/kW)
Table 7.16: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating capacity ($/kW)
Table 7.17: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired power plants ($/kW)
Table 7.18: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage demonstration project in China (€ m)
Table 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
Table 7.20: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
Table 7.21: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
Table 7.22: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in the UK (£/MWh)
Table 8.23: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power plants (%), 2006-2030
Table 8.24: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
Table 8.25: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
Table 8.26: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
Table 8.27: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450 scenario (GW)
Table 8.28: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
Table 8.29: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in California ($/MWh)