The U.S. market for hydrogen as a chemical constituent and as an energy
source was valued at $22 billion in 2010. This market is expected to increase
at a 3% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $25.5 billion
in 2015.
The refining segment of the U.S. market was valued at $9 billion in 2010.
This market is expected to increase at an 8.4% compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) to reach a value of $13.5 billion in 2015.
Total world production of hydrogen as a chemical constituent and as an
energy source was valued at $120 billion in 2010. This market is expected to
increase at a 6.3% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $163
billion in 2015.
OVERVIEW
The purpose of this report is to measure and forecast the demand for hydrogen
as a chemical constituent and as an energy source. The report defines
individual markets and technical applications for hydrogen. In regard to
cutting-edge developments, areas such as nanotechnology and biological
processing, where considerable research dollars have been expended, are
covered.
Among the key trends in the hydrogen business are pipeline development and
plant modernization. Hundreds of millions of dollars in projects to build new
hydrogen production facilities, and new pipelines, have been announced in the
last several years. Coincidentally, though, there have been significant
cutbacks in government funding for hydrogen-related research.
THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE
Much has been said about hydrogen being the “fuel of the future”
due to its abundance as an element and its nonpolluting combustion products.
Less has been said about the fact that other forms of energy must be used to
produce the hydrogen which will be used as fuel. Most hydrogen is bound up
in compounds such as methane or water or more complex sources such as coal,
and energy is required to break the hydrogen free from these compounds, then
to separate, purify, compress, and/or liquefy the hydrogen for storage and
transportation to usage points. Widespread production, distribution and use of
hydrogen will require many innovations and investments to be made in efficient
and environmentally acceptable production systems, transportation systems,
storage systems and usage devices.
Hydrogen is primarily used in petroleum refining and as a chemical
intermediate, particularly in the manufacture of agricultural fertilizers.
Hydrogen has some utility as a fuel source in transportation, but numerous
technical and economic barriers still exist to widespread deployment of either
hydrogen-powered engines in vehicles or fuel cell-powered vehicles that use
stored hydrogen.
Hydrogen is an energy carrier, much like electricity, and therefore requires a
primary energy source to produce it. One of the primary economic barriers to
more widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel is the fact that it requires
significant energy inputs to produce hydrogen. In the U.S. virtually all
hydrogen is made from natural gas, giving rise to significant quantities of
unwanted and undesirable carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Despite the unfavorable economics for uses of hydrogen other than refining and
as a chemical intermediate, interest in it has always remained strong because
hydrogen in transportation would not directly generate greenhouse gases. And
if the hydrogen can be obtained via “renewable” resources such as
wind or solar power or even biological processing, it would truly be
emission-free.
The cheapest way to produce hydrogen is natural gas reforming or coal
gasification at a central plant. Hydrogen, particularly high purity hydrogen,
can be obtained indirectly from electricity via water electrolysis, a usually
costly process due to the high energy input. Because all current processes to
produce hydrogen generate significant amounts of CO2 emissions, large-scale
hydrogen production from natural gas and coal would be environmentally
acceptable only if combined with carbon capture and storage technologies.
During, and in many cases beyond, the forecast period of this report, some
essential technologies that could be deployed to produce hydrogen include
fossil sources with carbon sequestration (coal and natural gas), renewable
energy sources (solar, wind, and hydroelectric), biological methods (biomass
and biological), and nuclear energy.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This BCC study focuses on key hydrogen technologies and applications. It
provides data about the size and growth of both captive and merchant hydrogen
markets, company profiles, patent trends and industry trends. Cutting-edge
developments, research priorities, and potential business opportunities are a
key focus.
The report focuses on the following:
The structure of the hydrogen industry, its driving forces, competitive
aspects, market segmentation, distribution channels, pricing, and technology.
Analysis of global market trends, with data for 2009, estimates for 2010,
and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2015.
Assessment of hydrogen demand, with 5-year forecasts.
Reviews of global environmental and energy regulations.
Company profiles.
METHODOLOGY
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this
study. Research methodology was both quantitative and qualitative in nature,
the latter relying on Delphi-style forecasting techniques. Initially, a
comprehensive and exhaustive search of academic literature discussing hydrogen
applications was conducted. These secondary sources include hydrogen and fuel
cell journals and related books, trade literature, marketing literature, other
product/promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and
other publications. A patent search and analysis was conducted. Other sources
include magazines, academics, technology suppliers, technical experts, trade
association officials, government officials, and consulting companies.
INFORMATION SOURCES
As is the case with most industries and economic sectors, data resources
analyzing the applications and markets for hydrogen have become vast. There
are numerous peer reviewed, referred journals devoted solely to hydrogen
technology, not to mention environmental journals that report on larger
systems issues or strategic/economic issues in environmental management. Data
sources that were employed include press releases on company websites covering
application news, company news, marketing news, and product news as well as
brochures, product literature, magazines, technical journals, technical books,
marketing and other promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst
reports, and other hydrogen-specific business digest publications. An
extensive patent analysis was conducted to gauge technological innovation and
to determine research activity as it applies to new product development.
ANALYST' S CREDENTIALS
The author of this report, Project Analyst Kevin Gainer, holds B.A. and M.A.
degrees in quantitative economic analysis and technology forecasting and has
25 years of economic, industry intelligence, and market research experience.
He is the author of six published books and dozens of technical papers,
analyses, and studies published in conference proceedings, including many
unpublished proprietary analyses within corporations. He has worked as a
Research Editor and Project Analyst at BCC Research since 1985, and has
authored numerous BCC technology market research reports and periodicals.
Table of Contents
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION - Complimentary
OVERVIEW
THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE
SCOPE OF STUDY
INTENDED AUDIENCE
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYST' S CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
BCC ONLINE SERVICES
DISCLAIMER
Chapter- 2: SUMMARY
MAJOR FINDINGS
Table 0 : THE VALUE OF HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY
SOURCE, U.S. MARKET, 2010 THROUGH 2015
Figure 0 : HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY SOURCE, 2010
AND 2015
Chapter- 3: OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH FOCUS
OVERVIEW
APPLICATIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
HYDROGEN TODAY
NATURAL GAS AND HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN COST/BENEFIT EQUATION IN SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF HYDROGEN
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
FUTURE PROSPECTS
INVESTMENT RISK
RESEARCH FOCUSES
Chapter- 4: CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY
CURRENT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
SAFETY PROFILE, CODES, AND STANDARDS
COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS
TECHNOLOGY STATUS AND PERFORMANCE
WORLD PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
PLANT CAPITAL COSTS
FEDERAL R&D RELATING TO HYDROGEN
Table 6 : HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL BUDGET, 2004-2011
Chapter- 5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
OVERVIEW
Table 7 : TOP U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCERS BASED ON CAPACITY, 2009
Chapter- 6: MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKET
MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES
LOCATION OF THE MERCHANT PLANTS
Table 10 : MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY
IN THE U.S. AND CANADA, BY COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2010
Chapter- 7: PIPELINE DELIVERY OF HYDROGEN
PIPELINE MARKET
PIPELINE MARKET SHARES
ECONOMICS OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT
MAJOR PIPELINE ADDITIONS IN 2010
Chapter- 8: PRINCIPAL FOREIGN MARKETS
WORLD HYDROGEN MARKET OVERVIEW
EUROPEAN MARKET SHARES
EUROPEAN PIPELINE BUSINESS
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS-CHINA
SUMMARY: WORLDWIDE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES
Table 19 : WORLD RANKING OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES,
RANKED BY CAPACITY, THROUGH 2009
Table 20 : WORLD RANKINGS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES,
RANKED BY GROWTH RATE, THROUGH 2009
Chapter- 9: WORLD SYNGAS BUSINESS AND HYDROGEN
OVERVIEW
SYNGAS PRODUCTION METHODS
WORLD SYNGAS CAPACITY
INDUSTRY CHANGES
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
FEEDSTOCK DISTRIBUTION
PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION
Chapter- 10: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES
OVERVIEW
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS
HYDROGEN FROM COAL
HYDROGEN FROM NUCLEAR POWER
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES
PLASMA REFORMING
FROM WATER: ELECTROLYSIS AND THERMOLYSIS
SULFUR-IODINE CYCLE
BIOHYDROGEN ROUTES
FERMENTATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN GENERATION
BIOCATALYZED ELECTROLYSIS
LIQUEFACTION VERSUS GASIFICATION
CATALYSTS
Chapter- 11: CURRENT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION STATISTICS
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Table 22 : PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF OPERABLE PETROLEUM REFINERIES,
HYDROGEN AND OTHER PRODUCTS
Chapter- 12: HYDROGEN END-USE MARKETS
FUEL
POWER PRODUCTION SECTOR
MANUFACTURING
CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES AND FOOD PRODUCTION
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT USES
HYDROGEN AS FUEL FOR STATIONARY POWER
CLEAN UP COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL GAS AS THE HYDROGEN SOURCE
COSTS OF LARGE- SCALE STATIONARY HYDROGEN POWER GENERATING PLANTS
OVERSEAS COMMERCIAL STATUS OF FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS
MINIATURE FUEL CELLS
Chapter- 13: HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE
HYDROGEN FOR AMMONIA PRODUCTION
FERTILIZER
AMMONIA PRODUCTION CAPACITY - UNITED STATES
Table 24 : U.S. AMMONIA PRODUCTION, 2005-2009
Chapter- 14: HYDROGEN IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING
OVERVIEW
REFINERY DEMAND
ALTERNATIVES TO HYDROGEN IN DESULFURIZATION
MARKET DEMAND
HYDROGEN AND THE BURGEONING TAR SANDS BUSINESS
Chapter- 15: U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY STATE
Chapter- 16: HYDROGEN AS ENERGY FOR TRANSPORTATION
OVERVIEW
HYTHANE
HYDROGEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GASOLINE
EFFECTS ON NATURAL GAS MARKETS
STORAGE OF HYDROGEN FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS
Chapter- 17: HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION: OTHER TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH ISSUES
OVERVIEW
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
THE FREEDOM CAR INITIATIVE
HYDROGEN FUEL DISTRIBUTION OPTIONS
DISTRIBUTED NATURAL GAS REFORMING
RENEWABLE ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN FUELING
COMPETITIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS
HYDROGEN ENGINE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
FUEL CELLS, FC VEHICLES, AND THE HYDROGEN MARKET
FUEL CELL-POWERED BUSES
FUEL CELL FLEETS
HYDROGEN VEHICLE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
COST PROJECTIONS FOR HYDROGEN AS VEHICLE FUEL
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PROJECTIONS
Chapter- 18: HYDROGEN STORAGE
OVERVIEW
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
DELIVERY
RESEARCH EFFORTS
HYDROGEN DELIVERY INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES
OTHER RESEARCH PRIORITIES
METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK OPTIMIZED FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE
COMPRESSIONLESS RETAIL HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS
POLYMER-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE
ALUMINUM HYDRIDE, A HIGH-CAPACITY HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL
Chapter- 19: ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
CURRENT STATUS OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
CO-PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN WITH POWER, FUELS, AND CHEMICALS
CONCENTRATING SOLAR ENERGY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN
LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS
SPECIALIZED SEMICONDUCTORS - DIRECT USE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE SOLAR ENERGY
HYDROGEN FROM COAL
HYDROGEN AND CLEAN FUELS - CENTRAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
COAL SYNGAS
CO-PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND FT LIQUIDS
Chapter- 20: HYDROGEN AND THE FUTUREGEN PROJECT
CURRENT STATUS
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
Figure 1 : FUTUREGEN' S INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter- 21: PATENT ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW
SAMPLE PATENTS
Chapter- 22: COMPANY PROFILES
ACCENTUS PLC
ACCIONA S.A.
ACTA SPA
ADVANCED MATERIALS CORP
AIRGAS, INC.
AIR LIQUIDE
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS
ALCHEMIX CORP
ALTERNATIVE FUEL SYSTEMS (2004) INC.
ALVATEC PRODUCTION AND SALES GESMBH
AMERICAN HYDROGEN CORPORATION
AMMINEX A/S
ASPEN PRODUCTS GROUP, INC.
AVALENCE LLC
BABCOCK-HITACHI
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS
BASF
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AG
BC HYDRO
BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY BEIJING JINFENG AEROSPACE S&T
DEVELOPMENTS COMPANY
BLOOM ENERGY CORPORATION
BP P.L.C.
CERAMATEC
CHEVRON
CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH & EDUCATION INSTITUTE
CONOCO PHILLIPS
DEER PARK REFINING LTD PTNRSHP
DIVERSIFIED ENERGY CORP
DYNETEK INDUSTRIES LTD 145
ECD OVONICS
EDEN ENERGY
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS (EGS)
EPRIDA, INC.
ERGENICS
EQUISTAR CHEMICALS, LP
EXXON MOBIL
FLINT HILLS
FOSTER WHEELER AG.
FUEL CELL ENERGY, INC.
GAS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (GTI)
GENERAL ATOMICS
GENERAL HYDROGEN
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S
H2SCAN
HTC PURENERGY
HY9 CORP.
HYDROGENICS CORP.
HYTHANE
IDATECH, LLC
INNOVATEK, INC.
INTELLIGENT ENERGY
LINDE AG
MAGNA INTERNATIONAL, INC.
MAKEL ENGINEERING, INC.
MARKWEST JAVELINA
MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH, INC.
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
MO SCI CORP.
MOTIVA ENTERPRISES, LLC
NANOMIX, INC.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY
PLUG POWER, LLC
PRATT & WHITNEY
PRAXAIR, INC.
PROJECT PERFORMANCE CORPORATION
PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
QUANTUM FUEL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, INC.
RELION, INC.
SECAT, INC.
SHELL OIL
SOLAR SYSTEMS PTY., LTD.
SOTACARBO S.P.A
TECHNIP SA
TESORO CORPORATION
UHDE GMBH
VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION
WELDSHIP CORPORATION
WRB
XEBEC ADSORPTION, INC.
ZTEK CORPORATION, INC.
Chapter- 23: HYDROGEN GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
List of Tables
Summary Table : THE VALUE OF HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY
SOURCE, U.S. MARKET, 2010 THROUGH 2015
Table 1 : FUEL FLEXIBILITY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Table 10 : MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY
IN THE U.S. AND CANADA, BY COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2010
Table 11 : U.S. HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY STATE, 2009
Table 12 : U.S. HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER, 2009
Table 13 : EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER, 2009
Table 14 : HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE, 1997-2007
Table 15 : FORECAST HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE, THROUGH 2015
Table 16 : MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY
IN EUROPE, BY COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2009
Table 17 : EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY COUNTRY, 2009
Table 18 : CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN IN CHINA BY END-USER INDUSTRY, 2002 AND
2007
Table 19 : WORLD RANKING OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES,
RANKED BY CAPACITY, THROUGH 2009
Table 2 : HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DATA, 2005-2009
Table 20 : WORLD RANKINGS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES,
RANKED BY GROWTH RATE, THROUGH 2009
Table 21 : SUMMARY OF THE GASIFICATION INDUSTRY, 2010
Table 22 : PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF OPERABLE PETROLEUM REFINERIES, HYDROGEN
AND OTHER PRODUCTS
Table 23 : POWER PLANT CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS: FUEL CELLS VERSUS
CONVENTIONAL OPTIONS, 2010
Table 24 : U.S. AMMONIA PRODUCTION, 2005-2009
Table 25 : WORLD AMMONIA PRODUCTION, 2008 AND 2009
Table 26 : WORLD HYDROGEN DEMAND FOR REFINERY PROCESSING OPERATIONS,
THROUGH 2015
Table 27 : U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY STATE, 2009
Table 28 : REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY INDIVIDUAL REFINERY,
BY STATE 2000-2009
Table 29 : U.S. FUEL CELL BUS PROJECTS, 2010
Table 3 : FUNDING FOR THE HYDROGEN FUEL INITIATIVE, FISCAL YEARS 2004-2008
Table 30 : HYDROGEN PATENTS BASED ON MAJOR FIELD OF APPLICATION, NOVEMBER
2009-NOVEMBER 2010
Table 4 : GLOBAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY RAW MATERIAL, 2010
Table 5 : MANUFACTURING R&D CHALLENGES FOR DISTRIBUTED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Table 6 : HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL BUDGET, 2004-2011
Table 7 : TOP U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCERS BASED ON CAPACITY, 2009
Table 8 : U.S. MERCHANT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Table 9 : MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES, 2009
List of Figures
Summary Figure : HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY SOURCE,
2010 AND 2015
