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市場調査レポート
リチウム電池およびリチウム電池材料の米国市場
Lithium Batteries: Markets and Materials
| 発行 |
BCC Research |
| 出版日 |
2009年10月 |
商品コード |
102125 |
| ページ情報 |
英文 413 pages |
| 価格 |
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Abstract
THIS REPORT:
- Provides a comprehensive overview of the U.S. market for lithium batteries
and their materials
- Offers information on primary and secondary lithium battery technology and
markets, including portable products, medical products, secondary
applications, military/aerospace, automotive and motive power
- Contains U.S. market forecasts for lithium batteries and materials, with
trends and forecasts for growth through 2014
- Describes the principal electrode materials and active elements for
lithium batteries, including aluminum metal, cobalt compounds, conductive
polymers, rare earth compounds and vanadium compounds
- Highlights industry structure and competitive aspects
- Profiles leading and emerging companies.
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Originally, the term "battery" referred to a number of individual
electrochemical cells; therefore, a single cell, like the familiar cylindrical
flashlight power source, was not considered a battery at all. Now, a battery
refers to any electrochemical storage mechanism.
A battery has five components: two active elements (a cathode and an anode), a
separator, and an electrolyte medium for carrying ions between the reactants
through the separator and a container. One reactant or electrode has a net
negative charge and is called the anode. In lithium batteries, the anode
material is lithium, or in a few cases, a lithium - aluminum alloy. In some
cases, the anode is metallic lithium; in other instances, including lithium -
ion cells, the anode consists of an ionic lithium compound. The other reactant
electrode, with a positive charge, is called the cathode. The cathode usually
is a metallic compound. The electrolyte is usually similar to the cathode to
promote ion transfer. Finally, the battery is contained in a case that
provides dimensional stability and a positive and negative electrode or
battery cap for discharging (or recharging) the cell. A number of separate
electrochemical cells are combined within the same case to create a battery.
Until about 20 years ago, the battery market was seen as mature, with demand
closely related to sales of either automobiles or various consumer products.
Since then, improved lithium batteries have helped spark a dramatic change in
this relationship. Just as lithium batteries replaced nickel - based and
primary batteries for many applications, traditional lithium - ion battery
designs are beginning to be replaced by advanced lithium - ion chemistries
like lithium phosphate, lithium - iron phosphate, lithium - sulfur, and
lithium - polymer systems.
Lithium batteries were first developed in the 1960s and were first
commercialized in the early 1970s, but did not receive wide consumer use until
1981. There are now six commercial and developmental lithium battery types,
nearly 30 commercialized electrode couples, and more than 1,000 specific
designs. The latest generation of lithium batteries includes very large cells
suitable for powering vehicles or storing significant amounts of utility power
as well as very small thin - film cells capable of powering micro -
electromechanical systems (MEMS).
In fact, improved lithium batteries have allowed the commercialization of
entire new classes of portable products, including laptop computers, cellular
phones, and portable music players. Lithium batteries have been used in
prototype and precommercial, plug - in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs), and eventually may be commercialized to provide
automobile starting power, or to supplement internal combustion for fuel -
cell power in next generation fuel - cell vehicles (FEVs).
During the 1990s, lithium batteries posted double - digit growth. Between 2000
and 2005, there was a period of steady sales or incremental growth (as opposed
to the double - digit growth of the 1990s). Lithium battery sales then picked
up through 2008. As prices fell, this was especially true for unit sales.
Since mid - 2008, sales and market value have plummeted due to the global
recession.
Lithium batteries are linked to serious failure modes, including now -
notorious incidents during which they set portable computers on fire. In at
least one reported case, a meltdown occurred in an airliner; although a
catastrophe was averted, it was a close call. New designs and better quality
control reduce this risk but give pause to some designers and open the door to
competing energy - storage systems.
With this background in mind, this study summarizes the global primary and
secondary lithium battery markets. This provides the basis for a detailed
analysis of global lithium battery material technology and markets.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
The second half of 2008 and the first half of 2009 were the most significant
months in the history of lithium batteries.
- First, several of lithium batteries' largest and highest growth markets
entered a period of retraction. Even as "must - have" portable products, like
iPhones, grew in popularity, battery - powered laptop and cell phone sales
fell.
- This was due to global recessionary forces, including unemployment,
difficulty obtaining consumer credit, and lower commercial demand. At the same
time, gasoline prices peaked and fell from a high of more than $4 per gallon
to less than $2 per gallon. Combined with the recession, this resulted in
deeply lower demand for fuel - efficient vehicles, especially hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs). There were major concerns about the future of developmental
plug - in EVs. Two leading would - be plug - in sources (GM and Chrysler)
filed for bankruptcy.
- On the other hand, government intervention more than offset some of these
issues, especially for the early - stage U.S. lithium battery industry. First,
the newly elected administration of President Barack Obama announced plans to
fund billions of dollars in U.S. lithium battery development. Next, the
administration canceled billions of dollars' worth of funding for Bush - era
fuel - cell - and hydrogen - power - vehicle development funding. This has
not yet affected non - U.S. fuel - cell - vehicle development and, indeed,
several U.S. manufacturers of fuel cell vehicles have vowed to continue.
However, it certainly helped reduce the impact of one of the lithium - battery
- powered vehicle' s greatest competitors. The Obama administration also
implemented new CAFE fuel - efficiency standards that will provide a
significant incentive for wider HEV and EV use. Finally, the U.S is working
toward an industrial policy to help reduce the effects of global warming.
- Meanwhile, the Bolivian government is negotiating with several companies
from several nations with the aim of developing the vast Bolivian lithium salt
deposits. If this results in working mines, any anticipated global demand
would be satisfied. Meanwhile, other lithium resources are preparing to come
on line. The possibility that widely commercialized lithium EV batteries would
create a lithium battery shortage now seems unlikely.
- Since most lithium batteries are currently manufactured in Japan or China,
many leading lithium battery companies are concentrated in the Far East.
Lithium battery material companies include South American, U.S., and Canadian
companies. Most lithium salts currently come from Chile, but Bolivia has vast
reserves that could soon be developed. Lithium battery research and
development takes place worldwide, but especially in the Far East, the United
States, Europe (especially France), and Canada. In 2008 and 2009, there has
been an aggressive move toward the wide commercialization of large - vehicle -
size, lithium - ion cells. Even without government incentives, U.S. companies
were preparing to manufacture and/or assemble large numbers of lithium
batteries. Now, U.S. companies are proposing lithium battery projects worth
billions of dollars. At the same time, there are more and more multinational
lithium battery partnerships, including partnerships between U.S. and European
or Far Eastern companies.r Doing the Study (Continued)
- None of these developments were considered likely in early 2008. Previous
forecasts and analyses did not consider them or treated them as relatively
unlikely pessimistic or optimistic scenarios.
This BCC Research study is based on the new consensus.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
This report begins with a discussion of primary and secondary lithium battery
technologies and markets.
The following lithium battery markets are analyzed:
- Portable products
- Computing
- Communications
- Tools
- Others
- Medical products
- Implantable
- Not implantable
- Stationary applications
- Computer memory preservation
- Uninterruptible power supplies
- Military/Aerospace
- Primary
- Secondary
- Developmental
- Automotive and motive power
- Industrial electric vehicles (traction)
- Plug - ins and hybrid vehicle motive power (EVs and HEVs)
- Automotive starting, lighting, and ignition
- Automotive security
The report then concentrates on lithium battery materials:
- Electrode materials and active elements
- Aluminum metal
- Cobalt compounds
- Conductive polymers
- Copper compounds
- Electrolytic manganese dioxide
- Halogens
- Fullerenes
- Inorganic carbon
- Lithium metal and compounds
- Nickel metal and compounds
- Rare earth compounds
- Sulfur compounds
- Vanadium compounds
- Lithium battery electrolytes
- Battery separators
These market sectors are defined, leading global companies are identified, and
the markets analyzed (including a 5 - year market projection).
Lithium battery companies are identified and profiled. Each profile includes
points of contact and a discussion of structure, description, and activity.
METHODOLOGY
This report is based on both primary and secondary research methodologies,
including literature reviews, patent examinations, and discussions with
commercial and government sources. Throughout the report, past market data is
expressed in current dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant
2009 dollars. Historic markets and the projected market for 2014 are provided.
Most market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no
unanticipated technical advances and no unexpected legislation. Pessimistic,
consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several developmental
markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars.
This publication provides informative material of a professional nature. It
does not constitute managerial, legal, or accounting advice, nor should it
serve as a corporate policy guide or an endorsement of any given product or
company. The information is intended to be as accurate as possible at the time
it was written and was undertaken on a best - effort basis. The views
expressed are those of the author' s and they do not make any warranty,
expressed or implied, for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the
information, or for the interpretation of data or its use by others.
Projections involve risks and uncertainties and are not limited to, but
include, technical risks associated with technology development, government
regulatory approvals, and access to capital. The author assumes no
responsibility for any losses or damages that might result due to reliance on
this material.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report provides a unique analysis of the global lithium battery and
associated materials market, and will be of interest to manufacturers and
users of these batteries. This report will be especially useful to material
miners, compounders, and fabricators. It also will be valuable to those
involved in battery development and marketing, as well as those offering
competing power sources. BCC Research wishes to thank those companies,
government agencies, and university researchers that contributed information
for this report.
INFORMATION SOURCES
This report' s author prepared these studies as well. Although many segments of
the industry are well documented, much of this information is based on
informed estimates or predictions, not hard facts. The distinction between
these estimates and hard facts can be vital, and wherever possible, sources
are identified.
Table of Contents
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary 7
- STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY (CONTINUED) 3
- SCOPE OF THE REPORT 4
- METHODOLOGY 5
- INTENDED AUDIENCE 6
- INFORMATION SOURCES 6
- ANALYST CREDENTIALS 6
- RELATED BCC REPORTS 6
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7
- DISCLAIMER 7
Chapter-2: SUMMARY 2
- SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 8
- SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR LITHIUM BATTERY SALES, 2004-2014
($ MILLIONS) 9
Chapter-3: LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES 164
- LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND 10
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 10
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 10
- TABLE 1 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 11
- TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 12
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 12
- TABLE 2 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 12
- TABLE 2 (CONTINUED) 13
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 13
- TABLE 3 CONSUMER PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 13
- TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 14
- TABLE 4 INDUSTRIAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 14
- TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 15
- TABLE 5 MILITARY/AEROSPACE PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS 15
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 16
- Lithium - Carbon Monofluoride Batteries 16
- Lithium - Copper Oxyphosphate Batteries 16
- Lithium - Copper Oxide Batteries 16
- Lithium - Iodine Batteries 17
- Lithium - Iron Sulfide Batteries 17
- Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 17
- Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries (Continued) 18
- Lithium - Silver Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 19
- Lithium - Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 19
- Lithium - Sulfuryl Chloride Batteries 20
- Lithium - Thionyl Chloride Batteries 20
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 21
- TABLE 6 PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 21
- ACR Electronics 22
- Applied Power, Inc. 22
- Duracell International 22
- EaglePicher Corp. 23
- Ener1, Inc. (EnerDel) 24
- Energizer Holdings 24
- GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 25
- Greatbatch, Inc. 26
- Medtronic, Inc. 26
- MiniMax Energy Technology 26
- Moltech Corp. 27
- Panasonic (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.) 27
- Panasonic (America) 27
- Panasonic Batteries 28
- Rayovac Corp. (Spectrum Brands) 28
- SAFT (Johnson Controls - Saft-Advanced Power Solutions) 29
- Saft America, Inc. 29
- Solicore 30
- Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 31
- Sanyo Electric Co. USA 31
- Sony Corp. 32
- Sony (USA) 32
- Tadiran Batteries (SAFT) 32
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. 33
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 34
- Varta AG (Varta Batteries, Inc). 35
- Varta Microbattery (USA) 35
- Yardney (Lithion, Ener - Tek) 36
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 37
- Primary Lithium Battery Market Fundamentals 37
- TABLE 7 PRIMARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 37
- TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 38
- Portable Product Primary Lithium Batteries 38
- Medical Product Primary Lithium Batteries 39
- Stationary Product Primary Lithium Batteries 39
- Military/Aerospace Primary Lithium Batteries 39
- Automotive/Motive Primary Lithium Batteries 40
- BASIS FOR PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 40
- TABLE 8 GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE, 2008 40
- PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 41
- TABLE 9 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 41
- FIGURE 1 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, 2004-2014
($ MILLIONS) 42
- TABLE 10 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 42
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERIES 43
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SUMMARY 43
- TABLE 11 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 43
- TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 44
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 45
- TABLE 12 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPOSITIONS 45
- TABLE 12 (CONTINUED) 46
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY TYPES 46
- Lithium/Aluminum - Polymer Batteries 46
- Lithium/Aluminum - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 46
- Lithium/Aluminum - Vanadium Pentoxide Batteries 47
- Lithium - Cobalt Oxide Batteries 47
- Lithium - Copper Chloride Batteries 47
- Lithium - Ion and Lithium - Ion Polymer Batteries 47
- Lithium - Ion Compared to Lithium - Ion Polymer 48
- Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 49
- Lithium - Ion as Smart Batteries 50
- Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 51
- Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 51
- Lithium - Ion ... (Continued) 52
- TABLE 13 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM (SBS) STAKEHOLDERS 53
- High - Temperature Lithium - Iron Sulfide Batteries 53
- TABLE 14 HIGH - TEMPERATURE LITHIUM - IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R&D 54
- High - Temperature ... (Continued) 54
- Rechargeable Lithium - Manganese Dioxide Batteries 55
- Lithium - Molybdenum Disulfide Batteries 56
- Lithium - Niobium Selenide Batteries 56
- Rechargeable Lithium - Sulfur Dioxide Batteries 57
- Lithium - Titanium Disulfide Batteries 57
- Lithium - Titanium Disulfide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 57
- Lithium - Vanadium Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Batteries 57
- Thin - Film Batteries 58
- Thin - Film Batteries (Continued) 59
- TABLE 15 THIN - FILM MICRO - BATTERY COMPANIES 60
- Rechargeable Lithium - Air Batteries 60
- Rechargeable ... (Continued) 61
- Rechargeable Lithium - ... (Continued) 62
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 62
- TABLE 16 SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY COMPANIES 63
- TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 64
- TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 65
- A123Systems 65
- TABLE 17 A123 BATTERY COMPARED TO OTHER HIGH - CAPACITY BATTERY SYSTEMS 66
- TABLE 18 A123 BATTERY PULSE DURATION AND POWER DENSITY 67
- A123Systems (Continued) 68
- A123Systems (Continued) 69
- Advanced Battery Systems 70
- Advanced Battery Technologies, Inc. (ABAT) 70
- Advanced ... (Continued) 71
- Apple Computer, Inc. 72
- Applied Power, Inc. 73
- Arotech Corp. (Epsilor & Electric Fuel) 73
- Arthur D. Little, Inc. 74
- Avestor (Hydro - Quebec and Kerr McGee) 74
- Avestor ... (Continued) 75
- BAE Systems 76
- Battery - Biz 77
- Battery Clinic, Inc. 77
- Battery Technology, Inc. (BTI) 77
- Robert Bosch GmbH (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd) 78
- Robert Bosch ... (Continued) 79
- Bollore Group 80
- Bollore Group (continued) 81
- Boston - Power 82
- Boundless Corp. 83
- Bren - Tronics 83
- BYD Batteries 84
- Cadex 85
- Cell - Con 85
- China BAK Battery, Inc. 85
- China BAK Battery, Inc. (Continued) 86
- China BAK Battery, Inc. (Continued) 87
- Cobasys (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.) 88
- Cobasys (SB LiMotive Co. Ltd.) (Continued) 89
- Continental Corporation 90
- China Sun (Dalian Xinyang High - Tech Development Co.) 90
- Covalent Associates, Inc. 91
- Cymbet Corp. 91
- EaglePicher Corp. 92
- EaglePicher .... (Continued) 93
- EIC Laboratories 94
- Electro Energy 94
- Electrovaya (Electrofuel) 95
- Electrovaya ... (Continued) 96
- Ener1, Inc. (EnerDel) 97
- Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 98
- Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 99
- Ener1, Inc. ... (Continued) 100
- Enerize Corp. (FiFe Batteries) 101
- FIFE Batteries Ltd. 101
- Energizer Holdings 102
- E - One Moli Energy 103
- NEC 103
- NEC (Continued) 104
- Evonik Industries AG 105
- Excellatron Solid State 106
- Farasis Energy 106
- Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. 107
- Furukawa Battery Co. 107
- General Motors 107
- General Motors Continued) 108
- General Motors Continued) 109
- GP Batteries (Gold Peak International) 110
- Greatbatch, Inc. 110
- Harding Energy, Inc. 111
- Hitachi Maxell Corp. 111
- Honeywell Batteries 112
- Hong Kong Highpower Technology 112
- HYB Battery Co., Ltd. (Hua - Yue - Bao Battery) 113
- Huanyu Battery 113
- Hymotion (A123Systems) 113
- IBM Corp. 114
- Industrial Battery Engineering 115
- Industries International, Inc. (INDI) 115
- Infinite Power Solutions 116
- Innergy Power Corp. (Portable Energy Products, Inc.) 116
- International Battery 117
- Johnson Controls (Johnson Controls - Saft Advanced Power Solutions) 118
- Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 119
- Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 120
- Johnson Controls ... (Continued) 121
- K2 122
- Keystone Battery Corp. 123
- Kokam America, Inc. 123
- Lithium Power Technologies 123
- Lithium Technology Corp. (LTC) 124
- GAIA Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH 124
- GAIA ... Continued) 125
- GAIA ... Continued) 126
- GAIA ... Continued) 127
- MaxPower, Inc. 128
- Medtronic, Inc. 128
- Microchip Technology, Inc. 129
- MiniMax Energy Technology 129
- Mitsubishi International 129
- Mitsubishi ... (Continued) 130
- Moltech Corp. 131
- Multiplier Industries 132
- Nanoexa 132
- NEC Corp. (E - One Moli Energy) 133
- NEC ... (Continued) 134
- Nexergy (Promark Electronics, DC Battery Products, Tauber) 135
- Nissan Motor Co. 135
- Nissan ... (Continued) 136
- Oak Ridge Micro - Energy, Inc. 137
- Panasonic (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.) 138
- Panasonic (America) 138
- Panasonic Batteries 139
- PolyPlus Battery Company 139
- Quallion LLC 140
- Rayovac Corp. (Spectrum Brands) 141
- Renata Batteries 142
- Ricardo, Inc. 142
- Saft (Johnson Controls - Saft Advanced Power Solutions) 143
- Saft America, Inc. 143
- Saft America, Inc. (Continued) 144
- Saft America, Inc. (Continued) 145
- Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. 146
- Sanyo Electric Co. USA 146
- SETO Holdings, Inc. 147
- Sion Power 147
- Solicore, Inc. 148
- Sony Corp. 149
- Sony (USA) 149
- Sony ... (Continued) 150
- Sony (USA) (Continued) 151
- TABLE 19 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BATTERY AND NEXELION 152
- SRI International 153
- Toshiba 153
- TABLE 20 SCIB SPECIFICATIONS 154
- TIAX 155
- Tracer Technologies 156
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. 156
- Ultralife ... (Continued) 157
- Valence Technology, Inc. 158
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 159
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 160
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 161
- Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (Continued) 162
- Varta AG (Varta Batteries, Inc). 163
- Varta Microbattery (USA) 163
- Yardney (Lithion, Ener - Tek) 164
- Yuasa, Inc. (GS Yuasa Corp., Yuasa Battery America, Inc., Yuasa - Exide)
165
- Yuasa ... (Continued) 166
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 167
- Secondary Lithium Battery Market Fundamentals And Basis For Forecast 167
- TABLE 21 SECONDARY LITHIUM MARKET SUMMARY 167
- Portable Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
- Medical Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
- Stationary Product Secondary Lithium Batteries 168
- Military/Aerospace Secondary Lithium Batteries 169
- Automotive/Motive Secondary Lithium Batteries 170
- BASIS FOR SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 171
- TABLE 22 2008 SECONDARY GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY VOLUME AND VALUE (MILLIONS)
171
- SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTION 171
- TABLE 23 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 172
- FIGURE 2 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE,
2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 172
- TABLE 24 GLOBAL PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TECHNOLOGY,
2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 173
Chapter-4: LITHIUM BATTERY MARKETS 44
- LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY 174
- TABLE 25 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SECTORS 174
- LITHIUM BATTERY PORTABLE PRODUCT MARKETS 175
- Portable Computing Product Market 175
- Portable Computing Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 175
- TABLE 26 PORTABLE COMPUTER DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 176
- TABLE 26 (CONTINUED) 177
- Portable Computing Product Market Projection 177
- TABLE 27 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE COMPUTING LITHIUM BATTERIES
BY TYPE, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 177
- Portable Communications Product Market 177
- Portable Communications Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 177
- Portable Communications ... (Continued) 178
- Portable Communications ... (Continued) 179
- TABLE 28 PORTABLE COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET
DEVELOPMENTS 180
- Portable Communications Product Market Projection 181
- TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE COMMUNICATIONS LITHIUM
BATTERIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 181
- Portable Tool Markets 181
- Portable Tool Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 181
- Portable Tool ... (Continued) 182
- TABLE 30 PORTABLE TOOL PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 183
- Basis for Portable Tool Battery Market Projection 184
- TABLE 31 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PORTABLE TOOL LITHIUM BATTERIES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 184
- Other Portable Product Markets 184
- Other Portable Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection
185
- Portable Toy and Novelty Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 185
- Portable Toy...(Continued) 186
- Portable Toy...(Continued) 187
- TABLE 32 PORTABLE TOY AND NOVELTY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
188
- Portable Entertainment Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 188
- Portable Entertainment...(Continued) 189
- TABLE 33 PORTABLE ENTERTAINMENT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 190
- Portable Scientific Product Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 191
- TABLE 34 PORTABLE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET
DEVELOPMENTS 192
- Digital Video and Still Camera Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 193
- Portable Camera Product Market Drivers and Technology Factors 193
- TABLE 35 DIGITAL VIDEO AND STILL CAMERA DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET
DEVELOPMENTS 194
- TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 195
- Other Portable Product Market Projections 195
- TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER PORTABLE PRODUCT LITHIUM
BATTERIES BY TYPE THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 195
- LITHIUM BATTERY MEDICAL PRODUCTS MARKET SUMMARY 195
- Medical Products Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 195
- Medical Products ... (Continued) 196
- Medical Products ... (Continued) 197
- Medical Products ... (Continued) 198
- TABLE 37 PORTABLE MEDICAL PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
199
- Medical Product Market Projection 199
- TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MEDICAL LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 199
- LITHIUM BATTERY STATIONARY APPLICATION MARKET SUMMARY 200
- Computer Memory Preservation Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 200
- Computer Memory Preservation Market Projection 200
- TABLE 39 PROJECTED GLOBAL COMPUTER MEMORY PRESERVATION LITHIUM BATTERY
VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 200
- Uninterruptible Power Supply Market 200
- Uninterruptible Power Supply Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market
Projection 200
- Uninterruptible Power Supply Market Projections 201
- TABLE 40 PROJECTED GLOBAL UPS LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE BY TYPE THROUGH 2014
($ MILLIONS) 202
- LITHIUM BATTERY MILITARY/AEROSPACE MARKET 202
- Military/Aerospace Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 202
- TABLE 41 SELECTED PORTABLE BATTERY - POWERED MILITARY PRODUCT ROLES 203
- Portable Military Product Market Drivers and Technology Factors 203
- Portable Military...(Continued) 204
- TABLE 42 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS
205
- TABLE 42 (CONTINUED) 206
- Military Electric Vehicles Scenario 207
- Battery - Powered Fighting Vehicle Scenario 207
- Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Revival Scenario 208
- Military/Aerospace Market Projections 208
- TABLE 43 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MILITARY & AEROSPACE LITHIUM BATTERIES
BY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 209
- LITHIUM BATTERY AUTOMOTIVE AND MOTIVE POWER MARKET SUMMARY 209
- Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market 209
- Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market Fundamentals and Basis for
Market Projection 209
- Industrial Electric Vehicles (Traction) Market Projections 210
- TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR INDUSTRIAL EV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 211
- Electric Vehicle, Plug - in and HEV Market 211
- EV, PHEV and HEV Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 211
- EV, PHEV...(Continued) 212
- EV, PHEV...(Continued) 213
- EV, PHEV...(Continued) 214
- EV, PHEV...(Continued) 215
- EV and HEV Market Projections 216
- TABLE 45 MARKET FORECAST FOR GLOBAL EV AND HEV LITHIUM BATTERIES BY TYPE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 216
- Automotive Market 216
- Automotive Market Fundamentals and Basis for Market Projection 216
- Automotive Market Projections 217
- TABLE 46 MARKET FORECAST FOR GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE LITHIUM BATTERIES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 217
Chapter-5: LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 112
- LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL BACKGROUND 218
- TYPES OF LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS 218
- TYPES OF LITHIUM BATTERY ... (CONTINUED) 219
- TABLE 47 LITHIUM BATTERY CATHODE MATERIALS 220
- TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 221
- TABLE 48 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 221
- TABLE 48 (CONTINUED) 222
- TABLE 49 LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR MATERIALS 222
- TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 223
- ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND ACTIVE ELEMENTS 223
- Electrode Material and Active Element Background 223
- Electrode Material and Active Element Companies 224
- TABLE 50 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIAL COMPANIES 224
- TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 225
- TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 226
- 3M 227
- Acheson Colloids, Inc. (Henkel) 227
- Admiralty Resources 228
- Advance NanoPower, Inc. 228
- Air Products 229
- Ajay SQM Group 229
- Akzo Nobel 230
- Alfa Aesar - Johnson Matthey Co. 230
- Allan Chemical Corp. 230
- Allchem Industries, Inc. 231
- Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc. 231
- Altair ... (Continued) 232
- Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc. (Continued) 232
- Altair ... (Continued) 233
- American Lithium Minerals 234
- Amber Synthetics (AmSyn) 235
- Applied Nanomaterials, Inc (ApNano) 236
- Advanced Research Chemicals (ARC) 236
- Arkema 237
- Ashland Chemicals 237
- Avalon Rare Metals 238
- BASF Corp. 238
- Baytubes (Bayer MaterialScience) 239
- Belmont Metals, Inc. 239
- Bikita Minerals 239
- Borchers France S.A. 240
- Cabot Corp. 240
- Caledonia Mining Corp. 241
- Cannon - Muskegon Corp. 241
- CarboLex, Inc. 241
- Chambishi Metals, plc 242
- Chemetall Foote Corp. (Sociedad Chilena de Litio, Ltda., SCL) 242
- Chempro 243
- Climax Molybdenum 243
- Columbus Chemical Industries 244
- Conoco 244
- Corn. Van Loocke N.V. 244
- Coyne Chemical 244
- CTT 245
- CVRD/Inco, Ltd. 245
- Darton Commodities, Ltd. 245
- Delta EMD 246
- Dexmet Corp. 246
- Dow Chemical Co. 246
- Elementis Pigments - Durham 247
- Eurotungstene Poudres S.A. 247
- Ferro Corp. 247
- FMC Corp. 247
- Frontier Carbon Corp. (FCC) 248
- Fusite (Division of Emerson Electric Co.) 249
- GFS Chemicals, Inc. 250
- Glencore International AG 250
- GrafTech International 250
- Hermetic Seal Technology, Inc. 251
- Honjo Chemical Corp. 251
- Hunan Xiangtan Electrochemical Group 251
- Inco Special Products 252
- International Cobalt Co., Inc. 252
- ISE Corp. 252
- Kennametal, Inc. 253
- Lamart Corp. 253
- LG Chemical 253
- mPhase Technologies 254
- MPhase ... (Continued) 255
- Mays Chemical Co. 256
- Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp (MER) 256
- Mitsui & Co., Ltd. 257
- Mitsui Benelux 257
- Nano - C, Inc. 257
- Nanergy, Inc. 258
- Nanocyl S.A. 258
- Noah Technologies 259
- Norilsk Nickel 260
- Novolyte Technologies, Inc. 260
- OM Group 260
- Phostech Lithium 261
- Pred Materials 262
- Preminco, Ltd. 262
- Prince Minerals (American Minerals, Inc.) 262
- QNI Pty, Ltd. 263
- QuantumSphere 263
- Raymor Industries, Inc. 264
- Reade Advanced Materials 265
- Sheperd Chemical Co. 266
- Shu Powders, Ltd. 266
- Sons of Gwalia 266
- Spectrum Chemicals 267
- SQM Minsal 267
- SQM Minsal (Continued) 268
- Sheldahl Technical Materials 269
- Showa Denko K.K. (SDK) 269
- Showa ... (Continued) 270
- H.C. Starck 271
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd 271
- Superlattice Power 271
- Superlattice Power (Continued) 272
- TABLE 51 OPERATING VOLTAGE RANGE AND MAXIMUM CAPACITY COMPARISON 273
- Superior Graphite Co. 274
- Teck (Teck Cominco, Ltd.) 274
- Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 275
- T/J Technologies (A123 Systems) 276
- Timcall Graphite & Carbon 276
- Todini and Co. SPA 276
- Toray 277
- Toxco, Inc. (Lithchem International) 277
- Tronox 277
- Umicore (Union Miniere) 278
- U.S. Nanocorp 279
- U.S. Vanadium Corp. (Stratcor) 279
- Ube Industries 279
- Unidym (Arrowhead Research Corp.) 280
- Wego Chemical & Mineral 281
- Wogen Resources, Ltd. 281
- Xiamen Tungsten Co., Ltd. 281
- Xstrata Nickel (Falconbridge) 282
- LITHIUM METAL AND COMPOUNDS 282
- LITHIUM MINERS AND PROCESSORS 282
- Lithium Brine Sources 282
- TABLE 52 LITHIUM MINERALS AND BRINE: ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION BY
COUNTRY, 2002 - 2007 (METRIC TONS)1, 2 283
- Lithium ... (Continued) 284
- TABLE 53 LITHIUM BRINE PROCESSORS 285
- Lithium Brine Sources (Continued) 286
- Lithium Brine Sources (Continued) 287
- Lithium Hardrock Sources 288
- Lithium Compound Companies 288
- TABLE 54 LITHIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 289
- LITHIUM APPLICATIONS, PRODUCTION, AND CONSUMPTION 290
- TABLE 55 U.S. LITHIUM CONSUMPTION, 1994 - 2006 (METRIC TONS OF CONTAINED
LITHIUM) 290
- TABLE 56 GLOBAL LITHIUM MARKETS (%) 290
- TABLE 56 (CONTINUED) 291
- LITHIUM PRICES 291
- COPPER COMPOUNDS 292
- NICKEL AND IRON METAL AND COMPOUNDS 292
- Nickel Metal and Compounds 292
- Iron Compounds (Lithium Iron Phosphate) 293
- ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPOUNDS 294
- Manganese Dioxide Companies 295
- TABLE 57 MANGANESE DIOXIDE COMPANIES 295
- Manganese Dioxide Developments and Constraints 296
- COBALT COMPOUNDS 296
- Cobalt Companies 297
- TABLE 58 COBALT COMPOUND COMPANIES 298
- Cobalt Consumption Patterns 298
- TABLE 59 GLOBAL COBALT MARKETS 299
- TABLE 60 U.S. COBALT CONSUMPTION, 1994 - 2008 (MT OF COBALT CONTENT) 299
- Cobalt Prices 300
- TABLE 61 HISTORIC GLOBAL COBALT PRICES, 1991 - 2009 ($/LB) 300
- ALUMINUM METAL COMPOUNDS 301
- SULFUR COMPOUNDS 302
- VANADIUM COMPOUNDS 302
- TABLE 62 VANADIUM COMPOUND COMPANIES 303
- RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS 303
- INORGANIC CARBON 303
- TABLE 63 CARBON COMPOUND COMPANIES 304
- TABLE 63 (CONTINUED) 305
- FULLERENES 305
- Fullerenes (Continued) 306
- TABLE 64 FULLERENE COMPANIES 307
- TABLE 64 (CONTINUED) 308
- CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 308
- TABLE 65 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES 309
- HALOGENS 309
- TABLE 66 HALOGEN BATTERY APPLICATIONS 310
- Iodine Compounds 311
- Bromine Compounds 311
- Chlorine Compounds 311
- TABLE 67 HALOGEN COMPOUND COMPANIES 311
- LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTES 312
- TABLE 68 LITHIUM CONTAINING BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS 312
- TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 313
- LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE COMPANIES 313
- TABLE 69 LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE MATERIAL COMPANIES 313
- TABLE 69 (CONTINUED) 314
- LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATORS 315
- LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 316
- TABLE 70 BATTERY SEPARATOR COMPANIES 316
- TABLE 70 (CONTINUED) 317
- Amerace Microporous Products 317
- Asahi Kasei 317
- Bekaert (Advanced Refractory Technologies) 317
- Celgard, LLC 318
- Celgard, LLC/Continued) 319
- Dexmet Corp. 320
- Entek Membranes 320
- ExxonMobil (Tonen Chemical Affiliate) 320
- ExxonMobil ... (Continued) 321
- W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 322
- Hollingsworth and Vose Co. 322
- Lynntech, Inc. 323
- Nippon Kodoshi Corp. (NKK) 323
- Pall Corp. 323
- SK Energy Corp. 324
- TFP, Inc. 324
- Ube Industries 325
- LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS MARKET SUMMARY 325
- TABLE 71 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 326
- TABLE 72 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 326
- TABLE 73 PROJECTED GLOBAL PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 327
- TABLE 74 PROJECTED SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ACTIVE ELEMENT VALUE, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 327
- TABLE 75 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY ELECTROLYTE VALUE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
- TABLE 76 PROJECTED GLOBAL SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY SEPARATOR VALUE,
THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
- TABLE 77 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE, THROUGH
2014 ($ MILLIONS) 328
- FIGURE 3 PROJECTED GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIALS VALUE BY TYPE,
2004-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 329
Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 84
- THE DRIVING FORCES OF THE INDUSTRY 330
- TREND ANALYSIS 330
- Trend Analysis (Continued) 331
- TABLE 78 BATTERY MARKET (END USE) TREND 332
- Trend Analysis (Continued) 333
- DRIVING FORCE 1: LITHIUM BATTERY AND BATTERY MATERIAL PATENT SITUATION 334
- Patent Disputes 334
- University of Texas, Hydro Quebec, and NTT, and Others 334
- 3M, Sony, and Lenovo 335
- 3M and Panasonic 336
- DRIVING FORCE 2: IMPROVING BATTERY TECHNICAL MATURITY 336
- DRIVING FORCE 3: DEVELOPING NEW APPLICATIONS FOR LITHIUM BATTERIES 337
- DRIVING FORCE 4: EVOLVING TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS - EVS TO HEVS TO
PLUG - INS 338
- Pollution Abatement 339
- TABLE 79 ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM PHEVS, 2005 340
- TABLE 80 PEAK NEW VEHICLE MARKET SHARE FOR THE THREE PHEV ADOPTION
SCENARIOS, 2050 (%) 341
- Electric Utility Efficiency 341
- Electric Utility Efficiency (Continued) 342
- Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources 343
- Maintaining Technological Competitiveness 344
- Obama Administration Incentives 344
- Obama Administration ... (Continued) 345
- Obama Administration ... (Continued) 346
- TABLE 81 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY MANUFACTURING INITIATIVE WINNERS 347
- TABLE 81 (CONTINUED) 348
- Obama Administration ... (Continued) 349
- Obama Administration ... (Continued) 350
- DRIVING FORCE 5: PUBLIC SECTOR R&D 351
- Ames National Laboratory 352
- Argonne National Laboratory 352
- Argonne National ... (Continued) 353
- Argonne National ... (Continued) 354
- Argonne National ... (Continued) 355
- Arizona State University 356
- Battelle Memorial Institute 357
- Brookhaven National Laboratory 357
- California Institute of Technology 357
- California Institute ... (Continued) 358
- California Nanosystems Institute 359
- Center for Nanoscale Science (CNS) 360
- Clark University 360
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne 360
- Florida State University 361
- Georgia Institute Of Technology, Polymer Research Center 361
- Hunter College 361
- Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 362
- Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory 362
- John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory 362
- Kyoto University 362
- Kyushu University 362
- Laboratoire d' Electrochimie Organique Et De Photochimie Redox 363
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 363
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 363
- Los Alamos National Laboratory 364
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 364
- Massachusetts ... (Continued) 365
- Max Planck Institut Fur Festkorperforschung 366
- Michigan State University 366
- National Nanotechnology Initiative 366
- National ... (Continued) 367
- TABLE 82 NATIONAL NANOFABRICATION INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK 368
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 368
- National ... (Continued) 369
- NASA Jet Propulsion Lab 370
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 371
- North Carolina Center For Nanoscale Materials (NCCNM) 372
- North Carolina State University 373
- Northwestern University 373
- Northwestern ... (Continued) 374
- Northwestern ... (Continued) 375
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory 376
- Ohio State University 376
- Oregon State University 376
- Penn State University 376
- Pennsylvania State University, Center For Advanced Materials 377
- Purdue University Birck Nanotechnology Center 377
- Polytechnic University 378
- Princeton University 378
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) 378
- Rice University 379
- Rochester Institute of Technology 380
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 380
- Sandia National Laboratory 380
- Sandia ... (Continued) 381
- Simon Fraser University 382
- Sophia University 382
- Stanford University 383
- State University of New York (SUNY) 383
- University of Kentucky 383
- Universita La Sapienza 384
- University of Oklahoma Carbon Nanotubes Technology Center (CaNTeC) 384
- Universitat Tubingen Institut Fur Organische Chemie 385
- University of California, Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids 385
- University of Chicago 386
- University of Colorado 386
- University of Dayton Research Institute 386
- University of Durham 386
- University of Illinois 387
- University of Kentucky 387
- University of Massachusetts 387
- University of Minnesota 387
- University of Missouri 388
- University of Nevada at Las Vegas 389
- University of New Mexico 389
- University of New South Wales 390
- University of North Carolina 390
- University of Pennsylvania 390
- University of Rhode Island 391
- University of Southern California 391
- University of St. Andrews 391
- University of Texas 391
- University of Tokyo 392
- USCAR 392
- Waseda University, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and
Engineering 392
- DRIVING FORCE 6: BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL & PRODUCT SAFETY 392
- The Manufacturing and Assembly Process 392
- TABLE 83 GENERIC BATTERY MANUFACTURING TREE 393
- Product Safety Issues 394
- Alternative Designs 395
- Alternative ... (Continued) 396
- Alternative ... (Continued) 397
- Lithium Battery Patents that Address Battery Safety 398
- Battery Pack 398
- Secondary Battery with Protective Circuit 398
- Battery Capacity Calculating Method 399
- System and Method for Efficiently Implementing a Battery Controller for an
Electronic Device 399
- Material Safety Issues 399
- Material Safety ... (Continued) 400
- Material Safety ... (Continued) 401
- TABLE 84 TYPICAL C60 MSDS DATA 402
- TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 403
- TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 404
- MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 404
- MARKET CONCENTRATION FACTORS 404
- TABLE 85 LITHIUM BATTERY CONCENTRATION FACTORS 405
- TABLE 86 LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES 406
- MARKET SEGMENTATION FACTORS 406
- Mining 406
- Processing/Refining 407
- Chemical Synthesis 407
- Compounding 408
- Recycling 408
- INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES 409
- LITHIUM BATTERIES AS PART OF THE OVERALL GLOBAL BATTERY MARKET 409
- TABLE 87 TOTAL BATTERY MARKET, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 409
- DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 409
- TABLE 88 LITHIUM BATTERY DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 410
- INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 411
- LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCE SIGNIFICANCE 411
- LITHIUM BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES 412
- TABLE 89 TYPICAL RETAIL LITHIUM BATTERY PRICES, 1996 - 2009 ($) 412
- LITHIUM BATTERY MATERIAL PURCHASING INFLUENCES 412
- How Significant Are Material Prices? 412
- How Significant ... (Continued) 413
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